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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Indian Ocean and Its Role in the Global Climate System. (2024)
    San Diego :Elsevier,
    Details
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (514 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780128232866
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=31289273
    DDC: 551.69165
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- The Indian Ocean and its Role in the Global Climate System -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Glossary -- Acronyms -- Chapter 1: Introduction to the Indian Ocean -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Research history -- 3. Geology -- 4. Oceanography -- 4.1. Ocean circulation -- 4.1.1. Near-surface currents -- 4.1.2. The overturning circulation -- 4.2. Upper-ocean structure -- 4.2.1. Sea surface temperature (SST) -- 4.2.2. Upper-ocean stratification -- 4.3. Interocean basin connections and heat transport -- 5. Atmosphere -- 6. Hydrology and hydrography -- 7. Biogeochemistry, productivity, and fisheries -- 7.1. Nutrients, phytoplankton, and zooplankton -- 7.2. Oxygen, carbon, and pH -- 7.3. Productivity and fisheries -- 8. Summary and conclusions -- 9. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 2: A brief historical overview of the maritime Indian Ocean World (ancient times to 1950) -- 1. Monsoon winds, fishing, and coastwise trade: The earliest maritime peoples of the Indian Ocean rim -- 2. Arab traders and the spread of Islamic culture by sea (c. 800-1400CE) -- 3. The Chola kingdom: Maritime power of South Asia (9th-12th centuries CE) -- 4. Indian Ocean world seaborn trade from China (13th-15th centuries CE): Merchants of the Song and Ming dynasties -- 5. Sea change: Arrival of the Portuguese, armed trade, and colonization (c. 1498-1600) -- 6. Advent of the Dutch: Dutch East India Company ambitions and activities in the Indian Ocean world (c. 1600-1800) -- 7. The English East India company in the Indian Ocean world (c. 1600-1858) -- 8. Arrival of the French (18th-20th centuries) -- 9. Slave trading in the Indian Ocean -- 10. Whaling voyages in the Indian Ocean (c. 1785-1920) -- 11. The Indian Ocean world during the late colonial era (1860-1950) -- 12. Conclusion -- 13. Educational resources -- References. , Chapter 3: Past, present, and future of the South Asian monsoon -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Monsoon dynamics -- 2.1. Climatological dynamics -- 2.1.1. Warming of the summer hemisphere relative to the winter hemisphere -- 2.1.2. Warming of land relative to ocean -- 2.1.3. Asian orography -- 2.2. Subseasonal dynamics -- 3. Drivers of South Asian monsoon variability -- 3.1. Pacific Ocean drivers -- 3.2. Indian Ocean drivers -- 3.3. Atlantic Ocean drivers -- 3.4. High-latitude influences -- 4. Past variability in the South Asian monsoon -- 4.1. Late Holocene monsoon variability from stalagmite and lacustrine proxies -- 4.2. Last millennium variability from tree rings -- 5. Changes in the South Asian monsoon in a warming world -- 6. Seasonal forecasting -- 7. Conclusions -- 8. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 4: Intraseasonal variability in the Indian Ocean region -- 1. Introduction to intraseasonal ocean-atmosphere coupling -- 2. The intraseasonal oscillation -- 2.1. Overview -- 2.2. Atmospheric processes and their dynamic interpretation -- 2.3. ISO forcing of the ocean -- 2.4. Differences between boreal winter and boreal summer -- 2.5. Model limitations to ISO simulation -- 3. Intraseasonal oceanic variability -- 3.1. 1D perspective -- 3.1.1. Effects of surface fluxes on the upper ocean -- 3.1.2. Vertical Ocean dynamics -- 3.2. 2D perspective -- 3.3. Ocean layers -- 4. Ocean feedbacks to the atmosphere -- 4.1. Intraseasonal SST feedbacks to maintenance and propagation of atmospheric ISOs -- 4.2. Other modes of SST variability that affect atmospheric ISV -- 4.2.1. The SST diurnal cycle -- 4.2.2. Interannual SST variability -- 4.2.3. SST gradients -- 4.2.4. Oceanic equatorial waves -- 5. ISV and the maritime continent prediction barrier -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. Educational resources -- References. , Chapter 5: Climate phenomena of the Indian Ocean -- 1. Introduction -- 2. IOD and its flavors -- 3. Indian Ocean Basin mode and interbasin connections -- 4. Indian Ocean subtropical dipole -- 5. Ningaloo Niño/Niña -- 6. Predictability and prediction of IOD, Indian Ocean subtropical dipole, and Ningaloo Niño -- 7. Conclusions -- 8. Educational resources -- Author contributions -- References -- Chapter 6: Extreme events in the Indian Ocean: Marine heatwaves, cyclones, and tsunamis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Marine heatwaves -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Mechanisms and relationships with climate variability and change -- 2.2.1. Subseasonal to interannual variability -- 2.2.2. Historical trends and future projection -- 2.3. Impacts of marine heatwaves -- 3. Tropical cyclones -- 3.1. TC mechanisms and control by the ocean-atmosphere background state -- 3.2. Present climate -- 3.3. Future TC projections -- 4. Tsunami -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Mechanisms of tsunami generation -- 4.2.1. Subduction zones in the Indian Ocean -- 4.2.2. Tsunami wave dynamics -- 4.3. Impact of tsunamis -- 4.4. Tsunami monitoring system -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. Educational resources -- Marine heatwaves -- Tropical cyclones -- Tsunamis -- References -- Chapter 7: Impacts of the Indian Ocean on regional and global climate -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Impacts on regional (hydro)climate -- 2.1. Impacts in Indian Ocean rim countries -- 2.2. Remote teleconnections -- 3. Indian Ocean-ENSO interactions -- 3.1. Impacts of ENSO on the Indian Ocean -- 3.2. Impacts of the Indian Ocean on ENSO -- 3.2.1. Indian Ocean Basin Mode impact -- 3.2.2. IOD impact -- 3.2.2.1. IOD simultaneous impact -- 3.2.2.2. IOD delayed impact -- 3.3. Impacts of Indian Ocean-ENSO interactions on climate predictability -- 4. The effect of long-term warming of the Indian Ocean on regional and global climate. , 4.1. Indian Ocean long-term warming -- 4.2. Effects on Indian Ocean regional climate -- 4.3. Remote effects on global climate -- 4.3.1. Effect on the tropical Pacific -- 4.3.2. Effect on the tropical Atlantic -- 4.3.3. Effect on the extratropics -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 8: Indian Ocean circulation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Monsoon circulation -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Cross-equatorial gyre circulations -- 2.3. Somali current system and western Arabian Sea -- 2.4. Eastern Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal -- 2.5. Southwest/Northeast Monsoon Currents -- 2.6. Marginal Seas -- 3. Equatorial regime -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Mean circulation -- 3.3. Wyrtki jets -- 3.4. Equatorial undercurrents -- 3.5. Equatorial waves -- 3.6. Equatorial deep jets -- 4. Southern hemisphere circulation -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Subtropical gyre circulation -- 4.3. Western boundary -- 4.4. Eastern boundary -- 5. Overturning circulations -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Shallow overturning cells -- 5.3. Deep circulation -- 5.4. Abyssal circulation -- 5.4.1. Western Indian Ocean -- 5.4.2. Eastern Indian Ocean -- 5.4.3. Abyssal warming and cooling -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 9: Oceanic basin connections -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Indonesian Throughflow -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Pathways through the Indonesian seas -- 2.3. Biogeochemistry within the Indonesian seas -- 2.4. The ITF influence on the properties and currents within the Indian Ocean -- 3. Southeastern boundary exchanges -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Exports from the Indian Ocean -- 3.2.1. The Leeuwin Current -- 3.2.2. The southern Australia current system -- 3.2.3. A deep eastern boundary current -- 3.3. Imports to the Indian Ocean -- 3.3.1. Leeuwin Undercurrent -- 3.3.2. Tasman leakage -- 3.3.3. Flinders current. , 4. The Agulhas leakage -- 4.1. Introduction to the greater Agulhas current system -- 4.2. Temporal variability of the Agulhas current and Agulhas leakage -- 4.3. Impact of the Agulhas leakage on the Atlantic Ocean -- 5. Southern Ocean water mass exchanges -- 6. Predicted changes to Interbasin boundary current connections -- 7. Conclusions -- 8. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 10: Decadal variability of the Indian Ocean and its predictability -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Observational datasets -- 3. Internal decadal climate variability -- 3.1. Remote forcing from other regions -- 3.2. Intrinsic Indian Ocean decadal variability -- 4. Externally forced signals -- 4.1. Detection and attribution of Indian Ocean warming -- 4.2. Nonuniform warming patterns -- 5. Predictability -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 11: Indian Ocean primary productivity and fisheries variability -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Indian Ocean productivity: Variability and trends -- 3. Trends in coastal fisheries -- 3.1. The western Indian Ocean -- 3.1.1. Description of the fisheries -- 3.1.2. Socio-economic importance -- 3.1.3. Vulnerability to climate change -- 3.2. North Indian Ocean -- 3.2.1. Description of the fisheries -- 3.2.2. Socio-economic importance -- 3.2.3. Vulnerability to climate change -- 3.3. The Eastern Indian Ocean -- 3.3.1. Description of fisheries -- 3.3.2. Socio-economic importance -- 3.3.3. Vulnerability to climate change -- 4. Trends in tuna fisheries -- 4.1. Outlook for tuna fisheries in the Indian Ocean -- 4.2. Status and management of tuna and billfish stocks -- 4.3. Vulnerability to climate change -- 5. Conclusion -- 6. Educational resources -- References -- Chapter 12: Oxygen, carbon, and pH variability in the Indian Ocean -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The northern Indian Ocean oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). , 1.2. Role of the Indian Ocean in the global carbon cycle.
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  • 2
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    The 2nd International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2): Motivating New Exploration in a Poorly Understood Basin. (2016)
    ASLO
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin, ASLO, 25(4), pp. 117-124, ISSN: 1539-607X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Description: Overview The Indian Ocean remains one of the most poorly sampled and overlooked regions of the world ocean. Today, more than 25% of the world’s population lives in the Indian Ocean region and the population of most Indian Ocean rim nations is increasing rapidly. These increases in population are giving rise to mul- tiple stressors in both coastal and open ocean environments. Combined with warming and acidification due to global climate change, these regional stressors are resulting in loss of biodi- versity in the Indian Ocean and also changes in the phenology and biogeography of many spe- cies. These pressures have given rise to an urgent need to understand and predict changes in the Indian Ocean, but the measurements that are needed to do this are still lacking. In response, SCOR, IOC, and IOGOOS have stimulated a second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2). An international Science Plan and an Implementation Strategy for IIOE-2 have been developed, the formulation of national plans is well underway in several countries, and new research initiatives are being motivated. An Early-Career Scientist Network for Indian Ocean Research has self-organized to support the Expedition. The success of IIOE-2 will be gauged not just by how much it advances our understanding of the complex and dynamic Indian Ocean system, but also by how it con- tributes to sustainable development of marine resources, environmental stewardship, ocean and climate forecasting, and training of the next generation of ocean scientists. We encourage ASLO members to get involved.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    United States contributions to the Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (US IIOE-2) (2018)
    US Steering Committee
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: From the Preface: The purpose of this document is to motivate and coordinate U.S. participation in the Second International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2) by outlining a core set of research priorities that will accelerate our understanding of geologic, oceanic, and atmospheric processes and their interactions in the Indian Ocean. These research priorities have been developed by the U.S. IIOE-2 Steering Committee based on the outcomes of an interdisciplinary Indian Ocean science workshop held at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography on September 11-13, 2017. The workshop was attended by 70 scientists with expertise spanning climate, atmospheric sciences, and multiple sub-disciplines of oceanography. Workshop participants were largely drawn from U.S. academic institutions and government agencies, with a few experts invited from India, China, and France to provide a broader perspective on international programs and activities and opportunities for collaboration. These research priorities also build upon the previously developed International IIOE-2 Science Plan and Implementation Strategy. Outcomes from the workshop are condensed into five scientific themes: Upwelling, inter-ocean exchanges, monsoon dynamics, inter-basin contrasts, marine geology and the deep ocean. Each theme is identified with priority questions that the U.S. research community would like to address and the measurements that need to be made in the Indian Ocean to address them.
    Description: We thank the following organizations and programs for financial contributions, support and endorsement: the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; the U.S. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry program funded by the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; the NASA Physical Oceanography Program; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; and the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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  • 4
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    A sustained ocean observing system in the Indian Ocean for climate related scientific knowledge and societal needs (2019)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hermes, J. C., Masumoto, Y., Beal, L. M., Roxy, M. K., Vialard, J., Andres, M., Annamalai, H., Behera, S., D'Adamo, N., Doi, T., Peng, M., Han, W., Hardman-Mountford, N., Hendon, H., Hood, R., Kido, S., Lee, C., Lees, T., Lengaigne, M., Li, J., Lumpkin, R., Navaneeth, K. N., Milligan, B., McPhaden, M. J., Ravichandran, M., Shinoda, T., Singh, A., Sloyan, B., Strutton, P. G., Subramanian, A. C., Thurston, S., Tozuka, T., Ummenhofer, C. C., Unnikrishnan, A. S., Venkatesan, R., Wang, D., Wiggert, J., Yu, L., & Yu, W. (2019). A sustained ocean observing system in the Indian Ocean for climate related scientific knowledge and societal needs. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, (2019): 355, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00355.
    Description: The Indian Ocean is warming faster than any of the global oceans and its climate is uniquely driven by the presence of a landmass at low latitudes, which causes monsoonal winds and reversing currents. The food, water, and energy security in the Indian Ocean rim countries and islands are intrinsically tied to its climate, with marine environmental goods and services, as well as trade within the basin, underpinning their economies. Hence, there are a range of societal needs for Indian Ocean observation arising from the influence of regional phenomena and climate change on, for instance, marine ecosystems, monsoon rains, and sea-level. The Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS), is a sustained observing system that monitors basin-scale ocean-atmosphere conditions, while providing flexibility in terms of emerging technologies and scientificand societal needs, and a framework for more regional and coastal monitoring. This paper reviews the societal and scientific motivations, current status, and future directions of IndOOS, while also discussing the need for enhanced coastal, shelf, and regional observations. The challenges of sustainability and implementation are also addressed, including capacity building, best practices, and integration of resources. The utility of IndOOS ultimately depends on the identification of, and engagement with, end-users and decision-makers and on the practical accessibility and transparency of data for a range of products and for decision-making processes. Therefore we highlight current progress, issues and challenges related to end user engagement with IndOOS, as well as the needs of the data assimilation and modeling communities. Knowledge of the status of the Indian Ocean climate and ecosystems and predictability of its future, depends on a wide range of socio-economic and environmental data, a significant part of which is provided by IndOOS.
    Description: This work was supported by the PMEL contribution no. 4934.
    Keywords: Indian Ocean ; sustained observing system ; IndOOS ; data ; end-user connections and applications ; regional observing system ; interdisciplinary ; integration
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    Challenges associated with modeling low-oxygen waters in Chesapeake Bay : a multiple model comparison (2016)
    Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Biogeosciences 13 (2016): 2011-2028, doi:10.5194/bg-13-2011-2016.
    Description: As three-dimensional (3-D) aquatic ecosystem models are used more frequently for operational water quality forecasts and ecological management decisions, it is important to understand the relative strengths and limitations of existing 3-D models of varying spatial resolution and biogeochemical complexity. To this end, 2-year simulations of the Chesapeake Bay from eight hydrodynamic-oxygen models have been statistically compared to each other and to historical monitoring data. Results show that although models have difficulty resolving the variables typically thought to be the main drivers of dissolved oxygen variability (stratification, nutrients, and chlorophyll), all eight models have significant skill in reproducing the mean and seasonal variability of dissolved oxygen. In addition, models with constant net respiration rates independent of nutrient supply and temperature reproduced observed dissolved oxygen concentrations about as well as much more complex, nutrient-dependent biogeochemical models. This finding has significant ramifications for short-term hypoxia forecasts in the Chesapeake Bay, which may be possible with very simple oxygen parameterizations, in contrast to the more complex full biogeochemical models required for scenario-based forecasting. However, models have difficulty simulating correct density and oxygen mixed layer depths, which are important ecologically in terms of habitat compression. Observations indicate a much stronger correlation between the depths of the top of the pycnocline and oxycline than between their maximum vertical gradients, highlighting the importance of the mixing depth in defining the region of aerobic habitat in the Chesapeake Bay when low-oxygen bottom waters are present. Improvement in hypoxia simulations will thus depend more on the ability of models to reproduce the correct mean and variability of the depth of the physically driven surface mixed layer than the precise magnitude of the vertical density gradient.
    Description: This work was supported by the NOAA IOOS program as part of the Coastal Ocean Modeling Testbed.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 6
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    Reviews and syntheses: Present, past, and future of the oxygen minimum zone in the northern Indian Ocean (2020)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Decreasing concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the ocean are considered one of the main threats to marine ecosystems as they jeopardize the growth of higher organisms. They also alter the marine nitrogen cycle, which is strongly bound to the carbon cycle and climate. While higher organisms in general start to suffer from oxygen concentrations 〈 ∼ 63 µM (hypoxia), the marine nitrogen cycle responds to oxygen concentration below a threshold of about 20 µM (microbial hypoxia), whereas anoxic processes dominate the nitrogen cycle at oxygen concentrations of 〈 ∼ 0.05 µM (functional anoxia). The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are home to approximately 21 % of the total volume of ocean waters revealing microbial hypoxia. While in the Arabian Sea this oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) is also functionally anoxic, the Bay of Bengal OMZ seems to be on the verge of becoming so. Even though there are a few isolated reports on the occurrence of anoxia prior to 1960, anoxic events have so far not been reported from the open northern Indian Ocean (i.e., other than on shelves) during the last 60 years. Maintenance of functional anoxia in the Arabian Sea OMZ with oxygen concentrations ranging between 〉 0 and ∼ 0.05 µM is highly extraordinary considering that the monsoon reverses the surface ocean circulation twice a year and turns vast areas of the Arabian Sea from an oligotrophic oceanic desert into one of the most productive regions of the oceans within a few weeks. Thus, the comparably low variability of oxygen concentration in the OMZ implies stable balances between the physical oxygen supply and the biological oxygen consumption, which includes negative feedback mechanisms such as reducing oxygen consumption at decreasing oxygen concentrations (e.g., reduced respiration). Lower biological oxygen consumption is also assumed to be responsible for a less intense OMZ in the Bay of Bengal. According to numerical model results, a decreasing physical oxygen supply via the inflow of water masses from the south intensified the Arabian Sea OMZ during the last 6000 years, whereas a reduced oxygen supply via the inflow of Persian Gulf Water from the north intensifies the OMZ today in response to global warming. The first is supported by data derived from the sedimentary records, and the latter concurs with observations of decreasing oxygen concentrations and a spreading of functional anoxia during the last decades in the Arabian Sea. In the Arabian Sea decreasing oxygen concentrations seem to have initiated a regime shift within the pelagic ecosystem structure, and this trend is also seen in benthic ecosystems. Consequences for biogeochemical cycles are as yet unknown, which, in addition to the poor representation of mesoscale features in global Earth system models, reduces the reliability of estimates of the future OMZ development in the northern Indian Ocean.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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