Note: Front Cover -- Tropical and Extratropical Air-Sea Interactions -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1 Introduction to atmosphere and ocean variability and air-sea interactions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Atmospheric heat budget -- 1.3 Atmosphere and ocean circulations -- 1.4 Ocean circulation, upwelling, and climate variations -- 1.5 Summary -- References -- 2 Impact of atmosphere-ocean interactions on propagation and initiation of boreal winter and summer intraseasonal oscillations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Observed characteristics of tropical intraseasonal oscillation and intraseasonal sea surface temperature anomaly -- 2.2.1 Observed intraseasonal oscillation-sea surface temperature anomaly relationship -- 2.2.2 Cause of the intraseasonal sea surface temperature anomaly -- 2.3 Impact of air-sea interaction on tropical intraseasonal oscillation -- 2.3.1 Role of air-sea interaction in affecting overall intraseasonal oscillation variance -- 2.3.2 Impact of air-sea interaction on intraseasonal oscillation propagation -- 2.3.2.1 Impact on eastward propagation in boreal winter -- 2.3.2.2 Impact on northward propagation in boreal summer -- 2.3.3 Role of ocean feedback in Madden-Julian oscillation initiation -- 2.3.4 Theoretical air-sea interaction frameworks on intraseasonal timescale selection -- 2.4 Summary and concluding remark -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Air-sea interaction in tropical Pacific: The dynamics of El Niño/Southern Oscillation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 El Niño/Southern Oscillation theory -- 3.2.1 Sporadic mode -- 3.2.2 Oscillatory mode -- 3.2.3 Asymmetry -- 3.3 Diversity and flavors -- 3.4 Teleconnection -- 3.5 Predictability -- 3.6 Decadal and future climate -- 3.7 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 The El Niño Modoki -- 4.1 What El Niño Modoki is? -- 4.2 Debate. , 4.3 Distinctions and nonlinearities -- 4.4 Teleconnections -- 4.5 Climate change -- 4.6 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5 Air-sea interactions in tropical Indian Ocean: The Indian Ocean Dipole -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Indian Ocean Dipole as a phenomenon: the unique event of 2019 -- 5.3 Indian Ocean Dipole and Indian summer monsoon rainfall -- 5.4 Indian Ocean Dipole interactions with ENSO and ENSO Modoki -- 5.5 Other teleconnections -- 5.6 Indian Ocean Dipole predictions -- 5.7 Indian Ocean Dipole in future climate -- 5.8 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 The Indo-western Pacific Ocean capacitor effect -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Mechanism and predictability -- 6.2.1 The wind-evaporation-sea surface temperature feedback in the tropical western North Pacific -- 6.2.2 The Indian Ocean capacitor -- 6.2.2.1 Persistent Indian Ocean warming -- 6.2.2.2 The Kelvin wave-induced surface Ekman divergence -- 6.2.3 The Indo-western Pacific Ocean capacitor mode -- 6.2.4 Seasonal predictions -- 6.3 Climate impacts -- 6.3.1 The Pacific-Japan pattern -- 6.3.2 Extremes in Southeast and East Asia -- 6.3.2.1 Heat waves -- 6.3.2.2 Heavy rains -- 6.3.2.3 Tropical cyclones -- 6.3.3 South Asia -- 6.4 Long-term modulations -- 6.4.1 Historical changes -- 6.4.2 Future changes -- 6.5 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 7 The Atlantic zonal mode: Dynamics, thermodynamics, and teleconnections -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Data description and definition -- 7.3 Climatological annual cycle of the equatorial Atlantic -- 7.4 Dynamical and thermodynamical elements of equatorial Atlantic variability -- 7.4.1 Introduction -- 7.4.2 Composite evolution of the Atlantic zonal mode -- 7.4.3 Phase locking -- 7.4.4 Negative Atlantic zonal mode events-symmetry -- 7.4.5 Atlantic Niño II -- 7.4.6 Noncanonical Atlantic zonal mode events. , 7.4.7 Thermodynamic Atlantic zonal mode -- 7.4.8 Initiation of Atlantic zonal mode events -- 7.5 Linkage to tropical Atlantic variability -- 7.5.1 Link to the meridional mode -- 7.5.2 Link to the Benguela Niño -- 7.6 Relations of equatorial Atlantic variability to terrestrial precipitation and remote basins -- 7.6.1 Impact on tropical precipitation -- 7.6.2 Impact of the Atlantic zonal mode on El Niño-Southern Oscillation -- 7.6.3 Impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the Atlantic zonal mode -- 7.7 Representation of equatorial Atlantic variability in global climate models -- 7.7.1 Mean state biases -- 7.7.2 Errors in the simulated variability -- 7.8 Prediction of equatorial Atlantic variability -- 7.9 Low-frequency modulation of equatorial Atlantic variability and the impact of climate change -- 7.10 Summary and open questions -- 7.10.1 Summary -- 7.10.2 Open questions -- 7.10.2.1 What maintains the equatorial surface easterlies in boreal spring? -- 7.10.2.2 What is the role of atmospheric vertical momentum transport in interannual variability? -- 7.10.2.3 What is the cause of the asymmetric relation between equatorial surface zonal winds and Atlantic intertropical con... -- 7.10.2.4 What causes the inconsistent influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the Atlantic zonal mode? -- 7.10.2.5 To what extent does equatorial Atlantic variability contribute to the development of El Niño-Southern Oscillation ... -- 7.10.2.6 What are the theoretical limits of Atlantic zonal mode predictability? -- 7.10.2.7 What is the role of global climate model mean state biases in the tropical Atlantic on basin interaction and globa... -- 7.10.3 Ways forward -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 The Ningaloo Niño/Niña: Mechanisms, relation with other climate modes and impacts -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Mechanisms -- 8.2.1 Remote oceanic forcing. , 8.2.2 Remote atmospheric forcing -- 8.2.3 Local ocean-atmosphere coupled feedback -- 8.2.4 Thermodynamics -- 8.3 Relations with other climate modes -- 8.4 Impacts -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 9 Interannual-to-decadal variability and predictability in South Atlantic and Southern Indian Oceans -- 9.1 South Atlantic and Indian Ocean subtropical dipoles -- 9.2 Predictability of the subtropical dipoles -- 9.3 Decadal variability over the South Atlantic and Southern Indian Oceans -- 9.4 Predictability of the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean decadal variability -- 9.5 Summary -- References -- 10 The other coastal Niño/Niña-the Benguela, California, and Dakar Niños/Niñas -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The upwelling regions and their variability -- 10.2.1 Benguela system -- 10.2.2 Baja California system -- 10.2.3 Dakar system -- 10.3 Representation of coastal Niños in climate models -- 10.4 Future of the upwelling regions -- 10.5 Summary and outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 Impacts of strong warm ocean currents on development of extratropical cyclones through the warm and cold conveyor belts:... -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Role of warm currents in the maintenance of baroclinicity -- 11.3 Role of moisture and heat supply from warm currents in cyclone development -- 11.4 The Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension, and their variability -- 11.5 Summary and conclusion -- 11.5.1 Summary -- 11.5.2 Open questions -- 11.5.3 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Useful resources -- Index -- Back Cover.