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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham :Springer International Publishing AG,
    Keywords: Stochastic control theory. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (598 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783030823313
    Series Statement: Probability Theory and Stochastic Modelling Series ; v.101
    DDC: 519.2
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Why Stochastic Distributed Parameter Control Systems? -- 1.2 Two Fundamental Issues in Control Theory -- 1.3 Range Inclusion and the Duality Argument -- 1.4 Two Basic Methods in This Book -- 2 Some Preliminaries in Stochastic Calculus -- 2.1 Measures and Probability, Measurable Functions and Random Variables -- 2.2 Integrals and Expectation -- 2.3 Signed/Vector Measures, Conditional Expectation -- 2.3.1 Signed Measures -- 2.3.2 Distribution, Density and Characteristic Functions -- 2.3.3 Vector Measures -- 2.3.4 Conditional Expectation -- 2.4 A Riesz-Type Representation Theorem -- 2.4.1 Proof of the Necessity for a Special Case -- 2.4.2 Proof of the Necessity for the General Case -- 2.4.3 Proof of the Sufficiency -- 2.5 A Sequential Banach-Alaoglu-Type Theorem in the Operator Version -- 2.6 Stochastic Processes -- 2.7 Stopping Times -- 2.8 Martingales -- 2.8.1 Real Valued Martingales -- 2.8.2 Vector-Valued Martingales -- 2.9 Brownian Motions -- 2.9.1 Brownian Motions in Finite Dimensions -- 2.9.2 Construction of Brownian Motions in one Dimension -- 2.9.3 Vector-Valued Brownian Motions -- 2.10 Stochastic Integrals -- 2.10.1 Itô's Integrals w.r.t. Brownian Motions in Finite Dimensions -- 2.10.2 Itô's Integrals w.r.t. Vector-Valued Brownian Motions -- 2.11 Properties of Stochastic Integrals -- 2.11.1 Itô's Formula for Itô's Processes (in a Strong Form) -- 2.11.2 Burkholder-Davis-Gundy Inequality -- 2.11.3 Stochastic Fubini Theorem -- 2.11.4 Itô's Formula for Itô's processes in a Weak Form -- 2.11.5 Martingale Representation Theorem -- 2.12 Notes and Comments -- 3 Stochastic Evolution Equations -- 3.1 Stochastic Evolution Equations in Finite Dimensions -- 3.2 Well-Posedness of Stochastic Evolution Equations -- 3.2.1 Notions of Solutions -- 3.2.2 Well-Posedness in the Sense of Mild Solution. , 3.3 Regularity of Mild Solutions to Stochastic Evolution Equations -- 3.3.1 Burkholder-Davis-Gundy Type Inequality and Time Regularity -- 3.3.2 Space Regularity -- 3.4 Notes and Comments -- 4 Backward Stochastic Evolution Equations -- 4.1 The Case of Finite Dimensions and Natural filtration -- 4.2 The Case of Infinite Dimensions -- 4.2.1 Notions of Solutions -- 4.2.2 Well-Posedness in the Sense of Mild Solution for the Case of Natural Filtration -- 4.3 The Case of General Filtration -- 4.4 The Case of Natural Filtration Revisited -- 4.5 Notes and Comments -- 5 Control Problems for Stochastic Distributed Parameter Systems -- 5.1 An Example of Controlled Stochastic Differential Equations -- 5.2 Control Systems Governed by Stochastic Partial Differential Equations -- 5.3 Some Control Problems for Stochastic Distributed Parameter Systems -- 5.4 Notes and Comments -- 6 Controllability for Stochastic Differential Equations in Finite Dimensions -- 6.1 The Control Systems With Controls in Both Drift and Diffusion Terms -- 6.2 Control System With a Control in the Drift Term -- 6.3 Lack of Robustness for Null/Approximate Controllability -- 6.4 Notes and Comments -- 7 Controllability for Stochastic Linear Evolution Equations -- 7.1 Formulation of the Problems -- 7.2 Well-Posedness of Stochastic Systems With Unbounded Control Operators -- 7.3 Reduction to the Observability of Dual Problems -- 7.4 Explicit Forms of Controls for the Controllability Problems -- 7.5 Relationship Between the Forward and the Backward Controllability -- 7.5.1 The Case of Bounded Control Operators -- 7.5.2 The Case of Unbounded Control Operators -- 7.6 Notes and Comments -- 8 Exact Controllability for Stochastic Transport Equations -- 8.1 Formulation of the Problem and the Main Result -- 8.2 Hidden Regularity and a Weighted Identity. , 8.3 Observability Estimate for Backward Stochastic Transport Equations -- 8.4 Notes and Comments -- 9 Controllability and Observability of Stochastic Parabolic Systems -- 9.1 Formulation of the Problems -- 9.2 Controllability of a Class of Stochastic Parabolic Systems -- 9.2.1 Preliminaries -- 9.2.2 Proof of the Null Controllability -- 9.2.3 Proof of the Approximate Controllability -- 9.3 Controllability of a Class of Stochastic Parabolic Systems by one Control -- 9.3.1 Proof of the Null Controllability Result -- 9.3.2 Proof of the Negative Null Controllability Result -- 9.4 Carleman Estimate for a Stochastic Parabolic-Like Operator -- 9.5 Observability Estimate for Stochastic Parabolic Equations -- 9.5.1 Global Carleman Estimate for Stochastic Parabolic Equations, I -- 9.5.2 Global Carleman Estimate for Stochastic Parabolic Equations, II -- 9.5.3 Proof of the Observability Result -- 9.6 Null and Approximate Controllability of Stochastic Parabolic Equations -- 9.6.1 Global Carleman Estimate for Backward Stochastic Parabolic Equations -- 9.6.2 Proof of the Observability Estimate for Backward Stochastic Parabolic Equations -- 9.7 Notes and Comments -- 10 Exact Controllability for a Refined Stochastic Wave Equation -- 10.1 Formulation of the Problem -- 10.2 Well-Posedness of Stochastic Wave Equations With Boundary Controls -- 10.3 Main Controllability Results -- 10.4 A Reduction of the Exact Controllability Problem -- 10.5 A Fundamental Identity for Stochastic Hyperbolic-Like Operators -- 10.6 Observability Estimate for the Stochastic Wave Equation -- 10.7 Notes and Comments -- 11 Exact Controllability for Stochastic Schrödinger Equations -- 11.1 Formulation of the Problem and the Main Result -- 11.2 Well-Posedness of the Control System -- 11.3 A Fundamental Identity for Stochastic Schrödinger-Like Operators. , 11.4 Observability Estimate for Backward Stochastic Schrödinger Equations -- 11.5 Notes and Comments -- 12 Pontryagin-Type Stochastic Maximum Principle and Beyond -- 12.1 Formulation of the Optimal Control Problem -- 12.2 The Case of Finite Dimensions -- 12.3 Necessary Condition for Optimal Controls for Convex Control Regions -- 12.4 Operator-Valued Backward Stochastic Evolution Equations -- 12.4.1 Notions of Solutions -- 12.4.2 Preliminaries -- 12.4.3 Proof of the Uniqueness Results -- 12.4.4 Well-Posedness Result for a Special Case -- 12.4.5 Proof of the Existence and Stability for the General Case -- 12.4.6 A Regularity Result -- 12.5 Pontryagin-Type Maximum Principle -- 12.6 Sufficient Condition for Optimal Controls -- 12.6.1 Clarke's Generalized Gradient -- 12.6.2 A Sufficient Condition for Optimal Controls -- 12.7 Second Order Necessary Condition for Optimal Controls -- 12.8 Notes and Comments -- 13 Linear Quadratic Optimal Control Problems -- 13.1 Formulation of the Problem -- 13.2 Optimal Feedback for Deterministic LQ Problem in Finite Dimensions -- 13.3 Optimal Feedback for Stochastic LQ Problem in Finite Dimensions -- 13.3.1 Differences Between Deterministic and Stochastic LQ Problems in Finite Dimensions -- 13.3.2 Characterization of Optimal Feedbacks for Stochastic LQ Problems in Finite Dimensions -- 13.4 Finiteness and Solvability of Problem (SLQ) -- 13.5 Pontryagin-Type Maximum Principle for Problem (SLQ) -- 13.6 Transposition Solutions to Operator-Valued Backward Stochastic Riccati Equations -- 13.7 Existence of Optimal Feedback Operator for Problem (SLQ) -- 13.8 Global Solvability of Operator-Valued Backward Stochastic Riccati Equations -- 13.8.1 Some Preliminary Results -- 13.8.2 Proof of the Main Solvability Result -- 13.9 Some Examples -- 13.9.1 LQ Problems for Stochastic Wave Equations. , 13.9.2 LQ problems for Stochastic Schrödinger Equations -- 13.10 Notes and Comments -- References -- Index.
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  • 2
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: Seite 46 - 91
    Series Statement: Past Global Changes Magazine Vol. 27, No. 2
    Language: English
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Peripheral tissue injury-induced central sensitization may result from the altered biochemical properties of spinal dorsal horn. However, peripheral nerve injury-induced modification of genes in the dorsal horn remains largely unknown. Here we identified strong changes of 14 channels, 25 receptors and 42 signal transduction related molecules in Sprague–Dawley rat dorsal spinal cord 14 days after peripheral axotomy by cDNA microarray. Twenty-nine genes were further confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR, Northern blotting, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. These regulated genes included Ca2+ channel α1E and α2/δ1 subunits, α subunits for Na+ channel 1 and 6, Na+ channel β subunit, AMAP receptor GluR3 and 4, GABAA receptor α5 subunit, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α5 and β2 subunits, PKC α, βI and δ isozymes, JNK1–3, ERK2–3, p38 MAPK and BatK and Lyn tyrosine-protein kinases, indicating that several signal transduction pathways were activated in dorsal spinal cord by peripheral nerve injury. These results demonstrate that peripheral nerve injury causes phenotypic changes in spinal dorsal horn. Increases in Ca2+ channel α2/δ1 subunit, GABAA receptor α5 subunit, Na+ channels and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in both dorsal spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia indicate their potential roles in neuropathic pain control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Peripheral axotomy-induced sprouting of thick myelinated afferents (A-fibers) from laminae III–IV into laminae I–II of the spinal cord is a well-established hypothesis for the structural basis of neuropathic pain. However, we show here that the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), a neuronal tracer used to demonstrate the sprouting of A-fibers in several earlier studies, also labels unmyelinated afferents (C-fibers) in lamina II and thin myelinated afferents in lamina I, when applied after peripheral nerve transection. The lamina II afferents also contained vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and galanin, two neuropeptides mainly expressed in small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and C-fibers. In an attempt to label large DRG neurons and A-fibers selectively, CTB was applied four days before axotomy (pre-injury-labelling), and sprouting was monitored after axotomy. We found that only a small number of A-fibers sprouted into inner lamina II, a region normally innervated by C-fibers, but not into outer lamina II or lamina I. Such sprouts made synaptic contact with dendrites in inner lamina II. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was found in these sprouts in inner lamina II, an area very rich in Y1 receptor-positive processes. These results suggest that axotomy-induced sprouting from deeper to superficial layers is much less pronounced than previously assumed, in fact it is only marginal. This limited reorganization involves large NPY immunoreactive DRG neurons sprouting into the Y1 receptor-rich inner lamina II. Even if quantitatively small, it cannot be excluded that this represents a functional circuitry involved in neuropathic pain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1072-8368
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] DNA-adenine methylation at certain GATC sites plays a pivotal role in bacterial and phage gene expression as well as bacterial virulence. We report here the crystal structures of the bacteriophage T4Dam DNA adenine methyltransferase (MTase) in a binary complex with the methyl-donor product ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta mathematica sinica 16 (2000), S. 601-612 
    ISSN: 1000-9574
    Keywords: Keywords Controllability, Singular perturbation, Heat equation, Wave equation ; 1991MR Subject Classification 93B05, 93B07, 93D15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this note we analyze the exact controllability of singularly perturbed damped wave equations under more general geometric control condition than that of [1]. We show that the null controllability of the heat equation can be obtained as a singular limit of the exact controllability of such sorts of wave equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Communications in mathematical physics 213 (2000), S. 381-411 
    ISSN: 1432-0916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract: This paper presents an answer to an open problem in the dynamical systems of three letters: the generalized Milnor–Thurston conjecture on the existence of infinitely many plateaus of topological entropy in the two-dimensional parameter plane. The concept of equal topological entropy class is introduced by the dual star product which is a generalization of the Derrida–Gervois–Pomeau star product to the symbolic dynamics of three letters for the endomorphisms on the interval. The algebraic rules established by the dual star products for the doubly superstable kneading sequences are equivalent to the normal factorization of the Milnor–Thurston characteristic polynomials. Moreover, the classification theory of symbolic primitive and compound sequences based on the topological conjugacy in the meaning of equal entropy is completed in the topological space Σ3 of three letters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Abelmann, Andrea; Gersonde, Rainer; Knorr, Gregor; Zhang, Xu; Chapligin, Bernhard; Maier, Edith; Esper, Oliver; Friedrichsen, Hans; Lohmann, Gerrit; Meyer, Hanno; Tiedemann, Ralf (2015): The seasonal sea-ice zone in the glacial Southern Ocean as a carbon sink. Nature Communications, 6, 8136, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9136
    Publication Date: 2023-03-30
    Description: Reduced surface-deep ocean exchange and enhanced nutrient consumption by phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean have been linked to lower glacial atmospheric CO2. However, identification of the biological and physical conditions involved and the related processes remains incomplete. Here we specify Southern Ocean surface-subsurface contrasts using a new tool, the combined oxygen and silicon isotope measurement of diatom and radiolarian opal, in combination with numerical simulations. Our data do not indicate a permanent glacial halocline related to melt water from icebergs. Corroborated by numerical simulations, we find that glacial surface stratification was variable and linked to seasonal sea-ice changes. During glacial spring-summer, the mixed layer was relatively shallow, while deeper mixing occurred during fall-winter, allowing for surface-ocean refueling with nutrients from the deep reservoir, which was potentially richer in nutrients than today. This generated specific carbon and opal export regimes turning the glacial seasonal sea-ice zone into a carbon sink.
    Keywords: AWI_Paleo; Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions from Marine Sediments @ AWI
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 12 datasets
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-03-30
    Keywords: Actinomma antarctica; ANT-IX/4; Atlantic Ridge; AWI_Paleo; Depth, bottom/max; Depth, top/min; DEPTH, water; Discovery Seamount; Event label; MSN; Multiple opening/closing net; Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions from Marine Sediments @ AWI; Polarstern; PS18; PS18/259; PS18/261; PS18/263; PS18/265; PS2101-2; PS2103-3; PS2105-4; PS2107-2; Spongotrochus glacialis
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 59 data points
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  • 10
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Moffa-Sanchez, Paola; Rosenthal, Yair; Babila, Tali L; Mohtadi, Mahyar; Zhang, Xu (2019): Temperature Evolution of the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool Over the Holocene and the Last Deglaciation. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34(7), 1107-1123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018PA003455
    Publication Date: 2023-01-30
    Description: The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) contains the warmest surface ocean waters on our planet. Changes in the extent and position of the IPWP likely impacted the tropical and global climate in the past. To put recent ocean changes into a longer temporal context, we present new paleoceanographic sea surface temperature reconstructions from off Papua New Guinea (RR1313-23PC: 4.4939°S, 145.6703°E, 712 m water depth) which is at the heart of the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP), which is the warmest region within the IPWP, across the last 17,000 years. A new surface temperature dataset from the northeast South China Sea is also presented (ODP1144: 20.053°N, 117.4189°E; water depth 2037 m). In both locations we use Mg/Ca measurements on G.ruber s.s. (white) to calculate sea surface temperatures.
    Keywords: G.ruber; Holocene; Mg/Ca; Western Pacific
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 3 datasets
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