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  • 1
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    (Supplement S1) Silicon oxide and Potassium + Sodium oxide from the PACManus hydrothermal area (2015)
    PANGAEA
    In:  MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University Bremen | Supplement to: Thal, Janis; Tivey, Maurice; Yoerger, Dana; Jöns, Niels; Bach, Wolfgang (2014): Geologic setting of PACManus hydrothermal area — High resolution mapping and in situ observations. Marine Geology, 355, 98-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.05.011
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Description: This study presents a systematic analysis and interpretation of autonomous underwater vehicle-based microbathymetry combined with remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video recordings, rock analyses and temperaturemeasurements within the PACManus hydrothermal area located on Pual Ridge in the Bismarck Sea of eastern Manus Basin. The data obtained during research cruise Magellan-06 and So-216 provides a framework for understanding the relationship between the volcanism, tectonismand hydrothermal activity. PACManus is a submarine felsic vocanically-hosted hydrothermal area that hosts multiple vent fields locatedwithin several hundredmeters of one another but with different fluid chemistries, vent temperatures and morphologies. The total area of hydrothermal activity is estimated to be 20,279m**2. Themicrobathymetrymaps combinedwith the ROV video observations allow for precise high-resolution mapping estimates of the areal extents of hydrothermal activity.We find the distribution of hydrothermal fields in the PACManus area is primarily controlled by volcanic features that include lava domes, thick andmassive blocky lava flows, breccias and feeder dykes. Spatial variation in the permeability of local volcanic facies appears to control the distribution of venting within a field.We define a three-stage chronological sequence for the volcanic evolution of the PACManus based on lava flow morphology, sediment cover and lava SiO2 concentration. In Stage-1, sparsely to moderately porphyritic dacite lavas (68-69.8 wt.% SiO2) erupted to form domes or cryptodomes. In Stage-2, aphyric lava with slightly lower SiO2 concentrations (67.2-67.9 wt.% SiO2) formed jumbled and pillowed lava flows. In the most recent phase Stage-3, massive blocky lavaswith 69 to 72.5wt.% SiO2were erupted throughmultiple vents constructing a volcanic ridge identified as the PACManus neovolcanic zone. The transition between these stages may be gradual and related to progressive heating of a silicic magma following a recharge event of hot, mantle-derived melts.
    Keywords: 193-1188A; 193-1189A; 193-1190C; 193-1191A; BAMBUS; Bismarck Sea; CONDRILL; Date/Time of event; DRILL; Drilling/drill rig; Eastern Manus Basin; Electron microprobe JEOL JXA 8900R; Event label; J2-208; J2-209; J2-210; J2-211; J2-212; J2-213; J2-214; J2-216; J2-222; Joides Resolution; Latitude of event; Leg193; Location; Longitude of event; MAGELLAN-06; Manus Basin; Melville; Method/Device of event; MGLN06MV; Potassium oxide and Sodium oxide; Reference of data; Remote operated vehicle; Remote operated vehicle Jason II; ROV; ROVJ; Sample code/label; Silicon dioxide; SO166; SO166_58GTV; SO216; SO216-41-1; SO216-43-1; Sonne; Television-Grab; TVG
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 116 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 2
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    Fluid compositions and mineralogy of precipitates from Mid Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vents at 4°48'S (2009)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-02
    Description: The effect of volcanic activity on submarine hydrothermal systems has been well documented along fast- and intermediate-spreading centers but not from slow-spreading ridges. Indeed, volcanic eruptions are expected to be rare on slow-spreading axes. Here we report the presence of hydrothermal venting associated with extremely fresh lava flows at an elevated, apparently magmatically robust segment center on the slow-spreading southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 5°S. Three high-temperature vent fields have been recognized so far over a strike length of less than 2 km with two fields venting phase-separated, vapor-type fluids. Exit temperatures at one of the fields reach up to 407°C, at conditions of the critical point of seawater, the highest temperatures ever recorded from the seafloor. Fluid and vent field characteristics show a large variability between the vent fields, a variation that is not expected within such a limited area. We conclude from mineralogical investigations of hydrothermal precipitates that vent-fluid compositions have evolved recently from relatively oxidizing to more reducing conditions, a shift that could also be related to renewed magmatic activity in the area. Current high exit temperatures, reducing conditions, low silica contents, and high hydrogen contents in the fluids of two vent sites are consistent with a shallow magmatic source, probably related to a young volcanic eruption event nearby, in which basaltic magma is actively crystallizing. This is the first reported evidence for direct magmatic-hydrothermal interaction on a slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge.
    Keywords: DERIDGE; From Mantle to Ocean: Energy-, Material- and Life-cycles at Spreading Axes; M64/1; M64/1-114-ROV; M64/1-123-ROV; M64/1-124-GTV; M64/1-125-ROV; M64/1-130-ROV; M64/1-139-GTV; M64/1-141-ROV; M64/1-146-ROV; M68/1; M68/1-03-ROV; M68/1-07-ROV; M68/1-12-ROV; M68/1-20-ROV; MARSUED2; MARSUED3; Mephisto; Meteor (1986); Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 4-11°S; MULT; Multiple investigations; Remote operated vehicle; ROV; Shrimp_Farm; Sister_Peak; Tannenbaum; Television-Grab; TVG; Two_Boats
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 3 datasets
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 3
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    Eruption of the Håkon Mosby mud volcano recorded by the long-term observatory on mud-volcano eruptions (LOOME) between 2009 and 2010 (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Feseker, Tomas; Boetius, Antje; Wenzhöfer, Frank; Blandin, Jérome; Olu, Karine; Yoerger, Dana; Camilli, Rich; German, Christopher R; de Beer, Dirk (2014): Eruption of a deep-sea mud volcano triggers rapid sediment movement. Nature Communications, 5, 5385, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6385
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Description: Submarine mud volcanoes are considered an important source of methane to the water column. However, the temporal variability of their fluid transport including mud and methane emissions is largely unknown. Assuming that this transport was continuous and at steady state, methane emissions were previously proposed to result from a dynamic equilibrium between upward migration and consumption at the seabed by methane-consuming microbes. Here we have investigated non-steady state situations of vigorous mud movements and their reflection in fluid flow, seabed temperature and bathymetry. Time series of pressure, temperature, pH and seafloor photography were collected by a benthic observatory (LOOME) for 431 days at the active Håkon Mosby mud volcano. These new data document eruptions, which were accompanied by pulses of hot subsurface fluids and triggered rapid sediment uplift and lateral movement, as well as emissions of free gas.
    Keywords: ESONET; European Seafloor Observatory Network
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 6 datasets
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 4
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    Autonomous and Remotely Operated Vehicle Technology for Hydrothermal Vent Discovery, Exploration, and Sampling (2007)
    Oceanography Society
    In:  Oceanography, 20 (1). pp. 152-161.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-18
    Description: Autonomous and remotely operated underwater vehicles play complementary roles in the discovery, exploration, and detailed study of hydrothermal vents. Beginning with clues provided by towed or lowered instruments, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) can localize and make preliminary photographic surveys of vent fields. In addition to finding and photographing such sites, AUVs excel at providing regional context through fine-scale bathymetric and magnetic field mapping. Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) enable close-up inspection, photomosaicking, and tasks involving manipulation of samples and instruments. Increasingly, ROVs are used to conduct in situ seafloor experiments. ROVs can also be used for fine-scale bathymetric mapping with excellent results, although AUVs are usually more efficient in such tasks.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2007.89
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    Autonomous Marine Robotic Technology Reveals an Expansive Benthic Bacterial Community Relevant to Regional Nitrogen Biogeochemistry (2016)
    American Chemistry Society
    In:  Environmental Science & Technology, 50 (20). pp. 11057-11065.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Benthic accumulations of filamentous, mat-forming bacteria occur throughout the oceans where bisulfide mingles with oxygen or nitrate, providing key but poorly quantified linkages between elemental cycles of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. Here we used the autonomous underwater vehicle Sentry to conduct a contiguous, 12.5 km photoimaging survey of sea-floor colonies of filamentous bacteria between 80 and 579 m water depth, spanning the continental shelf to the deep suboxic waters of the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB). The survey provided 〉31 000 images and revealed contiguous, white-colored bacterial colonization coating 〉 ∼80% of the ocean floor and spanning over 1.6 km, between 487 and 523 m water depth. Based on their localization within the stratified waters of the SBB we hypothesize a dynamic and annular biogeochemical zonation by which the bacteria capitalize on periodic flushing events to accumulate and utilize nitrate. Oceanographic time series data bracket the imaging survey and indicate rapid and contemporaneous nitrate loss, while autonomous capture of microbial communities from the benthic boundary layer concurrent with imaging provides possible identities for the responsible bacteria. Based on these observations we explore the ecological context of such mats and their possible importance in the nitrogen cycle of the SBB.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03584
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Eruption of a deep-sea mud volcano triggers rapid sediment movement (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Communications, 5 (5385).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: Submarine mud volcanoes are important sources of methane to the water column. However, the temporal variability of their mud and methane emissions is unknown. Methane emissions were previously proposed to result from a dynamic equilibrium between upward migration and consumption at the seabed by methane-consuming microbes. Here we show non-steady-state situations of vigorous mud movement that are revealed through variations in fluid flow, seabed temperature and seafloor bathymetry. Time series data for pressure, temperature, pH and seafloor photography were collected over 431 days using a benthic observatory at the active Hakon Mosby Mud Volcano. We documented 25 pulses of hot subsurface fluids, accompanied by eruptions that changed the landscape of the mud volcano. Four major events triggered rapid sediment uplift of more than a metre in height, substantial lateral flow of muds at average velocities of 0.4m per day, and significant emissions of methane and CO2 from the seafloor.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6385
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    Rapid dispersal of a hydrothermal plume by turbulent mixing (2010)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 57 (8). pp. 931-945.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-01
    Description: The water column imprint of the hydrothermal plume observed at the Nibelungen field (8 18'S 13 degrees 30'W) is highly variable in space and time. The off-axis location of the site, along the southern boundary of a non-transform ridge offset at the joint between two segments of the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is characterized by complex, rugged topography, and thus favorable for the generation of internal tides, subsequent internal wave breaking, and associated vertical mixing in the water column. We have used towed transects and vertical profiles of stratification, turbidity, and direct current measurements to investigate the strength of turbulent mixing in the vicinity of the vent site and the adjacent rift valley, and its temporal and spatial variability in relation to the plume dispersal. Turbulent diffusivities K(rho) were calculated from temperature inversions via Thorpe scales. Heightened mixing (compared to open ocean values) was observed in the whole rift valley within an order of K(rho) around 10(-3) m(2) s(-1). The mixing close to the vent site was even more elevated, with an average of K(rho) = 4 x 10(-2) m(2) s(-1). The mixing, as well as the flow field, exhibited a strong tidal cycle, with strong currents and mixing at the non-buoyant plume level during ebb flow. Periods of strong mixing were associated with increased internal wave activity and frequent occurrence of turbulent overturns. Additional effects of mixing on plume dispersal include bifurcation of the particle plume, likely as a result of the interplay between the modulated mixing strength and current speed, as well as high frequency internal waves in the effluent plume layer, possibly triggered by the buoyant plume via nonlinear interaction with the elevated background turbulence or penetrative convection. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.010
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    First active hydrothermal vents on an ultraslow-spreading center: Southwest Indian Ridge (2012)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-01
    Description: The ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge is a major tectonic province, representing one of the important end-member mid-ocean-ridge types for its very slow and oblique spreading, and providing the only known route for migration of chemosynthetic deep-sea vent fauna between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. We report the investigation of the first active high-temperature hydrothermal field found on any ultraslow mid-ocean ridge worldwide. Located on Southwest Indian Ridge at 37°47'S, 49°39'E, it consists of three zones extending ~1000 m laterally, and it is one of four recently discovered active and inactive vent sites within a 250-km-long magmatically robust section. Our results provide the first direct evidence for potentially widespread distribution of hydrothermal activity along ultraslow-spreading ridges—at least along magmatically robust segments. This implies that the segment sections with excess heat from enhanced magmatism and suitable crustal permeability along slow and ultraslow ridges might be the most promising areas for searching for hydrothermal activities. It is surprising that the special vent fauna appear to indicate some complex affinity to those on the Central Indian Ridge, southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the southwest Pacific Ocean.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 9
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    Detachment shear zone of the Atlantis Massif core complex, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30°N (2006)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 7 (2006): Q06016, doi:10.1029/2005GC001109.
    Description: Near-bottom investigations of the cross section of the Atlantis Massif exposed in a major tectonic escarpment provide an unprecedented view of the internal structure of the footwall domain of this oceanic core complex. Integrated direct observations, sampling, photogeology, and imaging define a mylonitic, low-angle detachment shear zone (DSZ) along the crest of the massif. The shear zone may project beneath the nearby, corrugated upper surface of the massif. The DSZ and related structures are inferred to be responsible for the unroofing of upper mantle peridotites and lower crustal gabbroic rocks by extreme, localized tectonic extension during seafloor spreading over the past 2 m.y. The DSZ is characterized by strongly foliated to mylonitic serpentinites and talc-amphibole schists. It is about 100 m thick and can be traced continuously for at least 3 km in the tectonic transport direction. The DSZ foliation arches over the top of the massif in a convex-upward trajectory mimicking the morphology of the top of the massif. Kinematic indicators show consistent top-to-east (toward the MAR axis) tectonic transport directions. Foliated DSZ rocks grade structurally downward into more massive basement rocks that lack a pervasive outcrop-scale foliation. The DSZ and underlying basement rocks are cut by discrete, anastomosing, normal-slip, shear zones. Widely spaced, steeply dipping, normal faults cut all the older structures and localize serpentinization-driven hydrothermal outflow at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field. A thin (few meters) sequence of sedimentary breccias grading upward into pelagic limestones directly overlies the DSZ and may record a history of progressive rotation of the shear zone from a moderately dipping attitude into its present, gently dipping orientation during lateral spreading and uplift.
    Description: This work was supported by NSF grants OCE-9712430 and 0136816 to Karson and Kelley and Swiss SNF grant 2100-068055 to Früh-Green.
    Keywords: Detachment faults ; Faults ; Oceanic core complex ; Seafloor spreading ; Serpentinite ; Shear zones
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: 14440784 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 10
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    Mid-ocean ridge exploration with an autonomous underwater vehicle (2009)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Oceanography Society, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 20, 4 (2007): 52-61.
    Description: Human-occupied submersibles, towed vehicles, and tethered remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) have traditionally been used to study the deep seafloor. In recent years, however, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have begun to replace these other vehicles for mapping and survey missions. AUVs complement the capabilities of these pre-existing systems, offering superior mapping capabilities, improved logistics, and better utilization of the surface support vessel by allowing other tasks such as submersible operations, ROV work, CTD stations, or multibeam surveys to be performed while the AUV does its work. AUVs are particularly well suited to systematic preplanned surveys using sonars, in situ chemical sensors, and cameras in the rugged deep-sea terrain that has been the focus of numerous scientific expeditions (e.g., those to mid-ocean ridges and ocean margin settings). The Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE) is an example of an AUV that has been used for over 20 cruises sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Ocean Exploration (OE), and international and private sources. This paper summarizes NOAA OE-sponsored cruises made to date using ABE.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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