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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Antarctic Ecosystems : An Extreme Environment in a Changing World. (2012)
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Details
    Keywords: Ecology -- Antarctica. ; Biotic communities -- Antarctica. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (586 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781444347210
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=871516
    DDC: 577.0998/9
    Language: English
    Note: ANTARCTIC ECOSYSTEMS: An Extreme Environment in a Changing World -- CONTENTS -- Contributors -- INTRODUCTION: ANTARCTIC ECOLOGY IN A CHANGING WORLD -- Introduction -- Climate change -- The historical context -- The importance of scale -- Fisheries and conservation -- Concluding remarks -- References -- PART 1: TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER HABITATS -- 1 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN TERRESTRIAL ANTARCTIC BIODIVERSITY -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Variation across space -- 1.2.1 Individual and population levels -- 1.2.2 Species level -- 1.2.3 Assemblage and ecosystem levels -- 1.3 Variation through time -- 1.3.1 Individual level -- 1.3.2 Population level -- 1.3.3 Species level -- 1.3.4 Assemblage and ecosystem levels -- 1.4 Conclusions and implications -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 GLOBAL CHANGE IN A LOW DIVERSITY TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM: THE MCMURDO DRY VALLEYS -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The McMurdo dry valley region -- 2.3 Above-belowground interactions -- 2.4 The functioning of low diversity systems -- 2.5 Effects of global changes on coupled above-belowground subsystems -- 2.6 Temperature change: warming -- 2.7 Temperature change: cooling -- 2.8 Direct human influence: trampling -- 2.9 UV Radiation -- 2.10 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 ANTARCTIC LAKES AS MODELS FOR THE STUDY OF MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION -- 3.1 The variety of antarctic lake types -- 3.2 The physical and chemical lake environment -- 3.3 The microbial diversity of antarctic lakes -- 3.3.1 Methods for exploring Antarctic lake biodiversity -- 3.3.2 Microbial groups -- 3.3.3 Protists -- 3.3.4 Crustacea -- 3.4 Biogeography -- 3.4.1 Spatial variation and the global ubiquity hypothesis -- 3.4.2 Temporal variation and palaeolimnology -- 3.5 Evolution -- 3.5.1 Prokaryote physiology -- 3.5.2 Eukaryote physiology. , 3.6 Future perspectives -- 3.7 Acknowledgement -- References -- PART 2: MARINE HABITATS AND REGIONS -- 4 THE IMPACT OF REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM OF THE WESTERN ANTARCTIC PENINSULA -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 The oceanographic setting -- 4.1.2 The historical context -- 4.2 Predicted environmental changes along the western antarctic peninsula -- 4.3 Environmental variability and ecological response -- 4.3.1 Biotic responses to climate change: some general points -- 4.4 Responses of individual marine species to climate change -- 4.4.1 Acclimation and evolutionary responses to environmental change in antarctic marine organisms -- 4.5 Community level responses to climate change -- 4.6 Ecosystem level responses to climate change -- 4.7 What biological changes have been observed to date? -- 4.8 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 THE MARINE SYSTEM OF THE WESTERN ANTARCTIC PENINSULA -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Climate and ice -- 5.2.1 Surface air temperature -- 5.2.2 Sea ice -- 5.2.3 Climate co-variability -- 5.3 Physical oceanography -- 5.4 Nutrients and carbon -- 5.4.1 Nutrients and UCDW intrusions -- 5.4.2 Carbon cycle -- 5.4.3 Dissolved organic carbon -- 5.4.4 Sedimentation and export -- 5.5 Phytoplankton dynamics -- 5.5.1 Seasonal scale dynamics -- 5.5.2 Role of light -- 5.5.3 Role of nutrients -- 5.5.4 Annual variability in phytoplankton -- 5.6 Microbial ecology -- 5.7 Zooplankton -- 5.7.1 Community composition and distribution -- 5.7.2 Long-term trends and climate connections -- 5.7.3 Grazing and biogeochemical cycling -- 5.8 Penguins -- 5.8.1 Contaminants in penguins -- 5.9 Marine mammals -- 5.10 Synthesis: food webs of the wap -- 5.11 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL OPERATION OF THE SCOTIA SEA ECOSYSTEM -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Oceanography and sea ice. , 6.2.1 Upper-ocean circulation and characteristics in the Scotia Sea -- 6.2.2 Physical variability and long-term change -- 6.3 Nutrient and plankton dynamics -- 6.4 Krill in the scotia sea food web -- 6.4.1 Krill distribution in the Scotia Sea -- 6.4.2 Krill growth and age in the Scotia Sea -- 6.4.3 Krill reproduction and recruitment in the Scotia Sea -- 6.4.4 Krill - habitat interactions in the Scotia Sea -- 6.4.5 Krill population variability and change in the Scotia Sea -- 6.4.6 Krill in the Scotia Sea food web -- 6.5 Food web operation -- 6.5.1 Trophic links -- 6.5.2 Spatial operation of the food web -- 6.6 Ecosystem variability and long-term change -- 6.7 Concluding comments -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 THE ROSS SEA CONTINENTAL SHELF: REGIONAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, TROPHIC INTERACTIONS, AND POTENTIAL FUTURE CHANGES -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Physical setting -- 7.3 Biological setting -- 7.3.1 Lower trophic levels -- 7.3.2 Mid-trophic levels -- 7.3.3 Fishes and mobile predators -- 7.3.4 Upper trophic levels -- 7.3.5 Benthos -- 7.4 Food web and biotic interactions -- 7.5 Conclusions -- 7.5.1 Uniqueness of the Ross Sea -- 7.5.2 Potential impacts of climate change -- 7.5.3 Conservation and the role of commercial fishing activity in the Ross Sea -- 7.5.4 Research needs and future directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 PELAGIC ECOSYSTEMS IN THE WATERS OFF EAST ANTARCTICA (30 E-150 E) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The region -- 8.2.1 The east (80 E-150 E) -- 8.2.2 The west (30 E-80 E) -- 8.3 Ecosystem change off east antarctica -- Summary -- References -- 9 THE DYNAMIC MOSAIC -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Historical and geographic perspectives -- 9.3 Disturbance -- 9.3.1 Ice effects -- 9.3.2 Asteroid impacts -- 9.3.3 Sediment instability and hypoxia -- 9.3.4 Wind and wave action -- 9.3.5 Pollution -- 9.3.6 UV irradiation. , 9.3.7 Volcanic eruptions -- 9.3.8 Trawling -- 9.3.9 Non-indigenous species (NIS) -- 9.3.10 Freshwater -- 9.3.11 Temperature stress -- 9.3.12 Biological agents of physical disturbance -- 9.4 Colonisaton of antarctic sea-beds -- 9.4.1 Larval abundance -- 9.4.2 Hard substrata -- 9.4.3 Soft sediments -- 9.5 Implications of climate change -- 9.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 SOUTHERN OCEAN DEEP BENTHIC BIODIVERSITY -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 History of antarctic biodiversity work -- 10.3 Geological history and evolution of the antarctic -- 10.3.1 Indian Ocean -- 10.3.2 South Atlantic -- 10.3.3 Weddell Sea -- 10.3.4 Drake Passage and Scotia Sea -- 10.4 Benthic composition and diversity of meio-, macro- and megabenthos -- 10.4.1 Meiofauna -- 10.4.2 Macrofaunal composition and diversity -- 10.4.3 Megafaunal composition and diversity -- 10.5 Phylogenetic relationships of selected taxa -- 10.5.1 Foraminifera -- 10.5.2 Isopoda -- 10.5.3 Tanaidacea -- 10.5.4 Bivalvia -- 10.5.5 Polychaeta -- 10.5.6 Cephalopoda -- 10.6 Biogeography and endemism -- 10.6.1 Porifera -- 10.6.2 Foraminifera -- 10.6.3 Metazoan meiofauna -- 10.6.4 Peracarida -- 10.6.5 Mollusca -- 10.6.6 Echinodermata -- 10.6.7 Brachiopoda -- 10.6.8 Polychaeta -- 10.6.9 Bryozoa -- 10.7 Relationship of selected faunal assemblages to environmental variables -- 10.7.1 Large-scale patterns with depth -- 10.7.2 Patterns influenced by other environmental or physical factors -- 10.7.3 Isopoda -- 10.8 Similarities and differences between antarctic and other deep-sea systems -- 10.8.1 The environment -- 10.8.2 A direct comparison between the deep sea of the SO and the World Ocean -- 10.8.3 Dispersal and recruitment between the SO and the rest of the world -- 10.8.4 The special case of chemosynthetically-driven deep-sea systems -- 10.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 11 ENVIRONMENTAL FORCING AND SOUTHERN OCEAN MARINE PREDATOR POPULATIONS -- 11.1 Climate change: recent, rapid, regional warming -- 11.2 Using oscillatory climate signals to predict future change in biological communities -- 11.3 Potential for regional impacts on the biosphere -- 11.4 Confounding isues in identifying a biological signal -- 11.5 Regional ecosystem responses as a consequence of variation in regional food webs -- 11.6 Where biological signals will be most apparent -- 11.7 The southwest atlantic -- 11.8 The indian ocean -- 11.9 The pacific ocean -- 11.10 Similarities between the atlantic, indian and pacific oceans -- 11.11 What ENSO can tell us -- 11.12 Future scenarios -- References -- PART 3: MOLECULAR ADAPTATIONS AND EVOLUTION -- 12 MOLECULAR ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF ANTARCTIC NOTOTHENIOID FISHES* -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Surviving the big chill - notothenioid freezing avoidance by antifreeze proteins -- 12.2.1 Freezing challenge in frigid Antarctic marine environment -- 12.2.2 Historical paradigm of teleost freezing avoidance -- 12.2.3 Paradigm shift I: the 'larval paradox' -- 12.2.4 Paradigm shift II: liver is not the source of blood AFGP in notothenioids -- 12.2.5 Gut versus blood - importance of intestinal freeze avoidance -- 12.2.6 Non-hepatic source of plasma AFGP -- 12.2.7 Alterations in environments and dynamic evolutionary change in notothenioid AFGP gene families -- 12.2.8 Summary comments - antifreeze protein gain in Antarctic notothenioid fish -- 12.3 Haemoprotein loss and cardiovascular adaptation in icefishes - dr. no to the rescue? -- 12.3.1 Vertebrates without haemoglobins - you must be kidding! -- 12.3.2 Haemoprotein loss in icefishes: an evolutionary perspective -- 12.3.3 Cellular correlates of haemoprotein loss -- 12.3.4 The icefish cardiovascular system. , 12.3.5 Compensatory adjustment of the icefish cardiovascular system in a regime of reduced interspecific competition? Enter Dr. NO.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzyme electrophoresis, genetic identity and description of a new genus and species of heteronemertean (Nemertea, Anopla) from northwestern Spain and North Wales (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 266 (1993), S. 219-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Heteronemertea ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The anoplan order Heteronemertea, particularly the genera Cerebratulus, Lineus and Micrura, contains a very large number of nominate species, many of which are inadequately described. As a consequence, systematic difficulties are encountered with the identification of many taxa in this group, especially those originally established primarily on the basis of their external features. The present paper concerns heteronemerteans collected from two locations, the Foz Estuary (north-western Spain) and Llandudno (North Wales). The Spanish collection included specimens identified as Lineus longissimus (Gunnerus), whilst samples from Llandudno contained large numbers of Lineus viridis (Müller); samples of a third similar but apparently undescribed species were found at both locations. Starch gel electrophoresis showed that samples of the apparent third species were genetically almost identical from each of the two locations, but were clearly different from the two described Lineus species. Histological studies of the unknown specimens revealed anatomical characters, including the unique feature of a proboscis epithelium ciliated throughout its length, which exclude it from any known heteronemertean taxon; it is accordingly placed in a new genus and species, for which the name Riseriellus occultus is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013370
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic differentiation of populations of the common intertidal nemerteans Lineus ruber and Lineus viridis (Nemertea, Anopla) (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 365 (1997), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Heteronemertea ; genetic differentiation ; North Atlantic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Specimens of the common intertidal nemerteans Lineus ruber and L. viridis were collected fromsites along the west and Southwest coasts of Britain,northern France and North America. Allele frequenciesof up to 13 putative enzyme loci were estimated forall populations of L. ruber and L.viridis. Estimates of genetic variation were low forpopulations of L. ruber (Hobs 0.008–0.052)but were higher for populations of L. viridis(Hobs 0.068–0.153). Exacttests for conformity of observed genotype frequenciesto those expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumfailed to detect significant deviations for L.ruber or L. viridis. F-statistics wereaffected by small sample size and low expected valuesin some populations, but, FST wassignificantly different from zero for most lociexamined for both Lineus ruber and L.viridis. This indicated a significant degree ofpopulation structuring for both species (only amoderate level of gene-flow). Intraspecificcomparisons of genetic distance and genetic identityshowed little evidence of genetic differentiationbetween populations separated by large geographicdistances (1000s of km). There was no apparentrelationship between genetic distance betweenpopulations and the geographic distance separatingthem. Possible explanations for this lack of geneticdifferentiation between populations of L. ruberand L. viridis are discussed. These include alack of variation in the enzyme loci sampled caused bypopulation dynamics, balancing selection in the enzymeloci sampled, large introductions between populationsand passive dispersal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003110022640
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  • 4
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    The discovery of new deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities in the Southern Ocean and implications for biogeography (2012)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS Biology 10 (2012): e1001234, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001234.
    Description: Since the first discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the Galápagos Rift in 1977, numerous vent sites and endemic faunal assemblages have been found along mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins at low to mid latitudes. These discoveries have suggested the existence of separate biogeographic provinces in the Atlantic and the North West Pacific, the existence of a province including the South West Pacific and Indian Ocean, and a separation of the North East Pacific, North East Pacific Rise, and South East Pacific Rise. The Southern Ocean is known to be a region of high deep-sea species diversity and centre of origin for the global deep-sea fauna. It has also been proposed as a gateway connecting hydrothermal vents in different oceans but is little explored because of extreme conditions. Since 2009 we have explored two segments of the East Scotia Ridge (ESR) in the Southern Ocean using a remotely operated vehicle. In each segment we located deep-sea hydrothermal vents hosting high-temperature black smokers up to 382.8°C and diffuse venting. The chemosynthetic ecosystems hosted by these vents are dominated by a new yeti crab (Kiwa n. sp.), stalked barnacles, limpets, peltospiroid gastropods, anemones, and a predatory sea star. Taxa abundant in vent ecosystems in other oceans, including polychaete worms (Siboglinidae), bathymodiolid mussels, and alvinocaridid shrimps, are absent from the ESR vents. These groups, except the Siboglinidae, possess planktotrophic larvae, rare in Antarctic marine invertebrates, suggesting that the environmental conditions of the Southern Ocean may act as a dispersal filter for vent taxa. Evidence from the distinctive fauna, the unique community structure, and multivariate analyses suggest that the Antarctic vent ecosystems represent a new vent biogeographic province. However, multivariate analyses of species present at the ESR and at other deep-sea hydrothermal vents globally indicate that vent biogeography is more complex than previously recognised.
    Description: The ChEsSo research programme was funded by a NERC Consortium Grant (NE/DO1249X/1) and supported by the Census of Marine Life and the Sloan Foundation, and the Total Foundation for Biodiversity (Abyss 2100)(SVTH) all of which are gratefully acknowledged. We also acknowledge NSF grant ANT-0739675 (CG and TS), NERC PhD studentships NE/D01429X/1(LH, LM, CNR), NE/H524922/1(JH) and NE/F010664/1 (WDKR), a Cusanuswerk doctoral fellowship, and a Lesley & Charles Hilton-Brown Scholarship, University of St. Andrews (PHBS).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction: promoting marine scientific research and enabling equitable benefit sharing (2021)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Rogers, A. D., Baco, A., Escobar-Briones, E., Gjerde, K., Gobin, J., Jaspars, M., Levin, L., Linse, K., Rabone, M., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Sellanes, J., Shank, T. M., Sink, K., Snelgrove, P. V. R., Taylor, M. L., Wagner, D., & Harden-Davies, H. Marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction: promoting marine scientific research and enabling equitable benefit sharing. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, (2021): 667274, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.667274.
    Description: Growing human activity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) is driving increasing impacts on the biodiversity of this vast area of the ocean. As a result, the United Nations General Assembly committed to convening a series of intergovernmental conferences (IGCs) to develop an international legally-binding instrument (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of ABNJ [the biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) agreement] under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The BBNJ agreement includes consideration of marine genetic resources (MGR) in ABNJ, including how to share benefits and promote marine scientific research whilst building capacity of developing states in science and technology. Three IGCs have been completed to date with the fourth delayed by the Covid pandemic. This delay has allowed a series of informal dialogues to take place between state parties, which have highlighted a number of areas related to MGR and benefit sharing that require technical guidance from ocean experts. These include: guiding principles on the access and use of MGR from ABNJ; the sharing of knowledge arising from research on MGR in ABNJ; and capacity building and technology transfer for developing states. In this paper, we explain what MGR are, the methods required to collect, study and archive them, including data arising from scientific investigation. We also explore the practical requirements of access by developing countries to scientific cruises, including the sharing of data, as well as participation in research and development on shore whilst promoting rather than hindering marine scientific research. We outline existing infrastructure and shared resources that facilitate access, research, development, and benefit sharing of MGR from ABNJ; and discuss existing gaps. We examine international capacity development and technology transfer schemes that might facilitate or complement non-monetary benefit sharing activities. We end the paper by highlighting what the ILBI can achieve in terms of access, utilization, and benefit sharing of MGR and how we might future-proof the BBNJ Agreement with respect to developments in science and technology.
    Description: We would like to thank the Governments of The Kingdom of Belgium, The Principality of Monaco and Costa Rica, as well as The Prince Albert II Monaco Foundation, The Norwegian Nobel Institute, The Nobel Institute, The High Seas Alliance, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Ocean Unite and REV Ocean for supporting the High Seas Treaty Dialogues which have allowed informal discussions between States representatives on the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction agreement.
    Keywords: high seas ; marine genetic resources ; access and benefit sharing ; UNCLOS ; developing states
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    A reversal of fortunes : climate change ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ in Antarctic Peninsula penguins (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 5024, doi:10.1038/srep05024.
    Description: Climate change is a major threat to global biodiversity. Antarctic ecosystems are no exception. Investigating past species responses to climatic events can distinguish natural from anthropogenic impacts. Climate change produces ‘winners’, species that benefit from these events and ‘losers’, species that decline or become extinct. Using molecular techniques, we assess the demographic history and population structure of Pygoscelis penguins in the Scotia Arc related to climate warming after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). All three pygoscelid penguins responded positively to post-LGM warming by expanding from glacial refugia, with those breeding at higher latitudes expanding most. Northern (Pygoscelis papua papua) and Southern (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii) gentoo sub-species likely diverged during the LGM. Comparing historical responses with the literature on current trends, we see Southern gentoo penguins are responding to current warming as they did during post-LGM warming, expanding their range southwards. Conversely, Adélie and chinstrap penguins are experiencing a ‘reversal of fortunes’ as they are now declining in the Antarctic Peninsula, the opposite of their response to post-LGM warming. This suggests current climate warming has decoupled historic population responses in the Antarctic Peninsula, favoring generalist gentoo penguins as climate change ‘winners’, while Adélie and chinstrap penguins have become climate change ‘losers’.
    Description: We thank the Zoological Society of London, Quark Expeditions, Exodus Travels ltd., Oceanites, the Holly Hill Charitable Trust, the Charities Advisory Trust and an U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs grant (ANT-0739575) for funding.
    Keywords: Climate-change ecology ; Molecular ecology ; Molecular evolution ; Population genetics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    A blueprint for an inclusive, global deep-sea ocean decade field program (2021)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Howell, K. L., Hilario, A., Allcock, A. L., Bailey, D. M., Baker, M., Clark, M. R., Colaco, A., Copley, J., Cordes, E. E., Danovaro, R., Dissanayake, A., Escobar, E., Esquete, P., Gallagher, A. J., Gates, A. R., Gaudron, S. M., German, C. R., Gjerde, K. M., Higgs, N. D., Le Bris, N., Levin, L. A., Manea, E., McClain, C., Menot, L., Mestre, N. C., Metaxas, A., Milligan, R. J., Muthumbi, A. W. N., Narayanaswamy, B. E., Ramalho, S. P., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Robson, L. M., Rogers, A. D., Sellanes, J., Sigwart, J. D., Sink, K., Snelgrove, P. V. R., Stefanoudis, P., V., Sumida, P. Y., Taylor, M. L., Thurber, A. R., Vieira, R. P., Watanabe, H. K., Woodall, L. C., & Xavier, J. R. A blueprint for an inclusive, global deep-sea ocean decade field program. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, (2020): 584861, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.584861.
    Description: The ocean plays a crucial role in the functioning of the Earth System and in the provision of vital goods and services. The United Nations (UN) declared 2021–2030 as the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. The Roadmap for the Ocean Decade aims to achieve six critical societal outcomes (SOs) by 2030, through the pursuit of four objectives (Os). It specifically recognizes the scarcity of biological data for deep-sea biomes, and challenges the global scientific community to conduct research to advance understanding of deep-sea ecosystems to inform sustainable management. In this paper, we map four key scientific questions identified by the academic community to the Ocean Decade SOs: (i) What is the diversity of life in the deep ocean? (ii) How are populations and habitats connected? (iii) What is the role of living organisms in ecosystem function and service provision? and (iv) How do species, communities, and ecosystems respond to disturbance? We then consider the design of a global-scale program to address these questions by reviewing key drivers of ecological pattern and process. We recommend using the following criteria to stratify a global survey design: biogeographic region, depth, horizontal distance, substrate type, high and low climate hazard, fished/unfished, near/far from sources of pollution, licensed/protected from industry activities. We consider both spatial and temporal surveys, and emphasize new biological data collection that prioritizes southern and polar latitudes, deeper (〉 2000 m) depths, and midwater environments. We provide guidance on observational, experimental, and monitoring needs for different benthic and pelagic ecosystems. We then review recent efforts to standardize biological data and specimen collection and archiving, making “sampling design to knowledge application” recommendations in the context of a new global program. We also review and comment on needs, and recommend actions, to develop capacity in deep-sea research; and the role of inclusivity - from accessing indigenous and local knowledge to the sharing of technologies - as part of such a global program. We discuss the concept of a new global deep-sea biological research program ‘Challenger 150,’ highlighting what it could deliver for the Ocean Decade and UN Sustainable Development Goal 14.
    Description: Development of this paper was supported by funding from the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) awarded to KH and AH as working group 159 co-chairs. KH, BN, and KS are supported by the UKRI funded One Ocean Hub NE/S008950/1. AH work is supported by the CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020 + 1432 UIDB/50017/2020) that is funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)/MCTES through national funds. AA is supported by Science Foundation Ireland and the Marine Institute under the Investigators Program Grant Number SFI/15/IA/3100 co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund 2014–2020. AC is supported through the FunAzores -ACORES 01-0145-FEDER-000123 grant and by FCT through strategic project UID/05634/2020 and FCT and Direção-Geral de Politica do Mar (DGPM) through the project Mining2/2017/005. PE is funded by national funds (OE), through FCT in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19. SG research is supported by CNRS funds. CG is supported by an Independent Study Award and the Investment in Science Fund at WHOI. KG gratefully acknowledges support from Synchronicity Earth. LL is funded by the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (NA19OAR0110305) and the US National Science Foundation (OCE 1634172). NM is supported by FCT and DGPM, through the project Mining2/2017/001 and the FCT grants CEECIND/00526/2017, UIDB/00350/2020 + UIDP/00350/2020. SR is funded by the FCTgrant CEECIND/00758/2017. JS is supported by ANID FONDECYT #1181153 and ANID Millennium Science Initiative Program #NC120030. JX research is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program through the SponGES project (grant agreement no. 679849) and further supported by national funds through FCT within the scope of UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020. The Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada supports AM and PVRS. MB and the Deep-Ocean Stewardship Initiative are supported by Arcadia - A charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin. BN work is supported by the NERC funded Arctic PRIZE NE/P006302/1.
    Keywords: Deep sea ; Blue economy ; Ocean Decade ; Biodivercity ; Essential ocean variables
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    A global biogeographic classification of the mesopelagic zone (2017)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 126 . pp. 85-102.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: We have developed a global biogeographic classification of the mesopelagic zone to reflect the regional scales over which the ocean interior varies in terms of biodiversity and function. An integrated approach was necessary, as global gaps in information and variable sampling methods preclude strictly statistical approaches. A panel combining expertise in oceanography, geospatial mapping, and deep-sea biology convened to collate expert opinion on the distributional patterns of pelagic fauna relative to environmental proxies (temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen at mesopelagic depths). An iterative Delphi Method integrating additional biological and physical data was used to classify biogeographic ecoregions and to identify the location of ecoregion boundaries or inter-regions gradients. We define 33 global mesopelagic ecoregions. Of these, 20 are oceanic while 13 are ‘distant neritic.’ While each is driven by a complex of controlling factors, the putative primary driver of each ecoregion was identified. While work remains to be done to produce a comprehensive and robust mesopelagic biogeography (i.e., reflecting temporal variation), we believe that the classification set forth in this study will prove to be a useful and timely input to policy planning and management for conservation of deep-pelagic marine resources. In particular, it gives an indication of the spatial scale at which faunal communities are expected to be broadly similar in composition, and hence can inform application of ecosystem-based management approaches, marine spatial planning and the distribution and spacing of networks of representative protected areas
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2017.05.006
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 9
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    Observations of fauna attending wood and bone deployments from two seamounts on the Southwest Indian Ridge (2017)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 136 . pp. 122-132.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The Southwest Indian Ridge is an ultraslow-spreading mid-ocean ridge with numerous poorly-explored seamounts. The benthic fauna of seamounts are thought to be highly heterogeneous, within even small geographic areas. Here we report observations from a two-year opportunistic experiment, which was comprised of two deployments of mango wood and whale bones. One was deployed at 732 m on Coral Seamount (~32 °S) and the other at 750 m on Atlantis Bank (~41 °S), two areas with little background faunal knowledge and a significant distance from the continental shelf. The packages mimic natural organic falls, large parcels of food on the deep-sea floor that are important in fulfilling the nutritional needs and providing shelter and substratum for many deep-sea animals. A large number of species colonised the deployments: 69 species at Coral Seamount and 42 species at Atlantis Bank. The two colonising assemblages were different, however, with only 11 species in common. This is suggestive of both differing environmental conditions and potentially, barriers to dispersal between these seamounts. Apart from Xylophaga and Idas bivalves, few organic-fall specialists were present. Several putative new species have been observed, and three new species have been described from the experiments thus far. It is not clear, however, whether this is indicative of high degrees of endemism or simply a result of under-sampling at the regional level.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.07.003
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  • 10
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    Low connectivity between ‘scaly-foot gastropod’ (Mollusca: Peltospiridae) populations at hydrothermal vents on the Southwest Indian Ridge and the Central Indian Ridge (2015)
    Springer
    In:  Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 15 (4). pp. 663-670.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Hydrothermal vents on mid-oceanic ridges are patchily distributed and host many taxa endemic to deep-sea chemosynthetic environments, whose dispersal may be constrained by geographical barriers. The aim of this study was to investigate the connectivity of three populations of the ‘scaly-foot gastropod’ (Chrysomallon squamiferum Chen et al., 2015), a species endemic to hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean, amongst two vent fields on the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) and Longqi field, the first sampled vent field on the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). Connectivity and population structure across the two mid-oceanic ridges were investigated using a 489-bp fragment of the cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI) gene. Phylogeographical approaches used include measures of genetic differentiation (FST), reconstruction of parsimony haplotype network, mismatch analyses and neutrality tests. Relative migrants per generation were estimated between the fields. Significant differentiation (FST = 0.28–0.29, P 〈 0.001) was revealed between the vent field in SWIR and the two in CIR. Signatures were detected indicating recent bottleneck events followed by demographic expansion in all populations. Estimates of relative number of migrants were relatively low between the SWIR and CIR, compared with values between the CIR vent fields. The present study is the first to investigate connectivity between hydrothermal vents across two mid-ocean ridges in the Indian Ocean. The phylogeography revealed for C. squamiferum indicates low connectivity between SWIR and CIR vent populations, with implications for the future management of environmental impacts for seafloor mining at hydrothermal vents in the region, as proposed for Longqi.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0224-8
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