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  • Articles  (246)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-07-07
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-12-10
    Description: In January 2020, a scientific borehole planning workshop sponsored by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program was convened at Cornell University in the northeastern United States. Cornell is planning to drill test wells to evaluate the potential to use geothermal heat from depths in the range of 2700–4500 m and rock temperatures of about 60 to 120 ∘C to heat its campus buildings. Cornell encourages the Earth sciences community to envision how these boreholes can also be used to advance high-priority subsurface research questions. Because nearly all scientific boreholes on the continents are targeted to examine iconic situations, there are large gaps in understanding of the “average” intraplate continental crust. Hence, there is uncommon and widely applicable value to boring and investigating a “boring” location. The workshop focused on designing projects to investigate the coupled thermal–chemical–hydrological–mechanical workings of continental crust. Connecting the practical and scientific goals of the boreholes are a set of currently unanswered questions that have a common root: the complex relationships among pore pressure, stress, and strain in a heterogeneous and discontinuous rock mass across conditions spanning from natural to human perturbations and short to long timescales. The need for data and subsurface characterization vital for decision-making around the prospective Cornell geothermal system provides opportunities for experimentation, measurement, and sampling that might lead to major advances in the understanding of hydrogeology, intraplate seismicity, and fluid/chemical cycling. Subsurface samples could also enable regional geological studies and geobiology research. Following the workshop, the U.S. Department of Energy awarded funds for a first exploratory borehole, whose proposed design and research plan rely extensively on the ICDP workshop recommendations.
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  • 3
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    Unknown
    Technische Universität Berlin
    Publication Date: 2021-03-08
    Description: Background: Agriculture is a large and dynamic sector, essential for the supply of the population and thus in a complex area of tension. The growing population and the resulting need for optimization, greater efficiency and intensification are in direct conflict with the demand for sustainability, environmental compatibility and, above all, mitigation of climate change and its consequences. Precision agriculture can make a decisive contribution to increasing efficiency in particular. Because through the targeted and demand-oriented application of fertilizers and pesticides, but also spatially variable sowing, resources can be used better and in the best case even increase yields. Above all, if fertilizers are applied in the way that the plants need and can absorb them, in contrast to uniform application across the entire field, a surplus that can be washed into the groundwater can be avoided. A basis is therefore needed on which this variable application of resources can be determined. In practice, maps of current condition in the form of zones in the field or on-the-go measurements from sensors on the tractor are often used here. However, for comprehensive planning and holistic cultivation of crop, current and past spatial information maps, such as zone maps, are necessary. Satellite data are a data basis for such zones, as they are available in various types, current and retrospective and cover large areas spatially. Objective: This work explores possibilities to derive this zoning from satellite data and developes different approaches. The interrelations between satellite data, geoinformation data and agricultural data such as yield will be investigated and combined. The focus of the method development is the applicability in practice and the associated requirements of the farmer. Data: For method development and analysis 179 RapidEye scenes, 512 Landsat scenes, 43 Sentinel-2 scenes and 21 Planetscope scenes were used. Furthermore, the soil map „Bodenschätzung“, which not only transmits the information about the respective soil type, but also a quantification of the fertility respectively the yield potential in the form of „Bodenzahl“ and „Ackerzahl“. Digital terrain models in different spatial resolutions were used as well as in-situ measurements of nutrients, electrical conductivity and phenology. Methods and Results: In this thesis two methods and a data analysis are presented. The first method uses only optical satellite data (RapidEye) and processes these automatically into five relative yield zones, which reflect the expected relative yield averaged over several years. The method independently selects the appropriate data sets for a prescribed field, using different thresholds resulting from the reflectance values of individual bands. The zones are then separated on the basis of quantile values using an synthetic, averaged raster of the near infrared bands. The method is validated with actual yield data using the characteristics of box plots. The yield zones generated can then be used as management zones in precision farming. The second method also generates relative yield zones, suitable for use as a management zone, using RapidEye satellite data as well as soil map and relief information. This data fusion for yield zone modeling is based on belief structures and uses the Transferable Belief Model. Thus, individual expert knowledge from practical agriculture can be integrated into the fusion process. The knowledge generated in the course of method development about the relationship between remote sensing and GIS data and the actual yield on the field will be extended and consolidated in a large-scale data analysis with a time series of 13 years and 755 satellite scenes. It shows that there is a strong correlation between satellite data and yield data (up to a correlation value of r = 0.75, some values even higher). However, this correlation depends strongly on the phenological timing of - in this case - cereals and canola. In addition, the spectral and spatial resolution, as well as the growing conditions and the soil available water. Conclusion: Satellite data are very well suited for agricultural applications and for the derivation of management zones for precision crop cultivation. However, a lot of expert knowledge has to be applied in the selection of the appropriate remote sensing data as well as in the processing and methodology. The scientific and practical use of remote sensing data should be adapted to the specific problem and external conditions.
    Description: Hintergrund: Die Landwirtschaft ist ein großer und dynamischer Sektor, essentiell für die Versorgung der Bevölkerung und dadurch in einem komplexen Spannungsfeld. Die steigende Bevölkerung und der dadurch bestehende Bedarf an Optimierung, mehr Effizienz und Intensivierung steht im direkten Konflikt mit dem Anspruch nach Nachhaltigkeit, Umweltverträglichkeit aber vor allem der Eindämmung des Klimawandels und seiner Folgen. Gerade bei Fragen der Effizienzsteigerung kann der Bereich der Präzisionslandwirtschaft einen entscheidenden Beitrag leisten. Denn durch die gezielte und bedarfsorientierte Anwendung von Dünger und Pflanzenschutzmitteln, aber auch die gezielte und räumlich variable angepasste Aussaat, können Ressource besser genutzt werden und im besten Falle den Ertrag sogar steigern. Vor allem wenn Düngemittel so ausgebracht werden, wie die Pflanzen ihn benötigen und aufnehmen können, im Gegensatz zu einer uniformen Ausbringung über das ganze Feld hinweg, kann ein Überschuss, welcher in das Grundwasser ausgewaschen werden kann, vermieden werden. Es braucht also eine Grundlage, auf welcher diese variable Ausbringung von Ressourcen bestimmt wird. Hier werden in der Praxis oft Zustandskarten in Form von Zonen im Feld verwendet oder „on-the-go“-Messungen von Sensoren auf dem Traktor. Für die umfassende Planung und eine holistische Bearbeitung der Bestände sind aber aktuelle und zurückliegende, wie zusammenfassende Zustandskarten, beziehungsweise Zonenkarten nötig. Eine Datengrundlage für solche Zonen sind Satellitendaten, da sie in verschiedenster Art, aktuell und retroperspektiv vorliegen und große Flächen räumlich erfassen. Ziel: Diese Arbeit erforscht Möglichkeiten aus Satellitendaten eben diese Zonierung abzuleiten und sucht dabei verschiedene Herangehensweisen. Es sollen die Zusammenhänge zwischen Satellitendaten, Daten der Geoinformation und landwirtschaftlicher Daten wie Ertrag untersucht und miteinander kombiniert werden. Im Fokus der Methodenentwicklung steht die Anwendbarkeit in der Praxis und die somit einhergehenden Anforderungen des Landwirtes. Daten: Für die Methodenentwicklung und die Analyse wurden 179 RapidEye Szenen, 512 Landsat-Szenen, 43 Sentinel-2 Szenen und 21 Planetscope-Szenen verwendet. Weiterhin die Bodenkarte Bodenschätzung, welche nicht nur die Informationen über die jeweilige Bodenart übermittelt, aber auch eine Quantifizierung der Fruchtbarkeit beziehungsweise des Ertragspotentials in Form von „Bodenzahl“ und „Ackerzahl“. Digitale Geländemodell in unterschiedlichen räumlichen Auflösungen wurden verwendet, ebenso wie in-situ-Messungen von Nährstoffen, elektrischer Leitfähigkeit und Phänologie. Methoden und Ergebnisse: In dieser Doktorarbeit werden zwei Methoden und eine Datenanalyse vorgestellt. Die erste Methode verwendet einzig optische Satellitendaten (RapidEye) und verarbeitet diese automatisiert zu fünf relativen Ertragszonen, welche den zu erwartenden relativen Ertrag gemittelt über mehrere Jahre spiegelt. Die Methode wählt dabei eigenständig die passenden Datensätze für ein vorgeschriebenes Feld aus, unter Verwendung verschiedener Schwellwerte, die sich aus den Rückstrahlwerten einzelner Bänder ergeben. Auf Basis eines gemittelten Rasters der Bänder des nahen Infrarots werden dann auf Basis von Quartilswerten die Zonen separiert. Die Methode wird mit tatsächlichen Ertragsdaten mithilfe der Charakteristika von Boxplots validiert Die erzeugten Ertragszonen können dann als Bearbeitungszonen in der Präzisionslandwirtschaft verwendet werden. Die zweite Methode erzeugt ebenfalls relative Ertragszonen, geeignet für die Verwendung als Management Zone, verwendet neben RapidEye Satellitendaten auch die Informationen der Bodenkarte und des Reliefs. Diese Datenfusion zur Modellierung von Ertragszonen basiert auf Überzeugungsstrukturen und verwendet das Transferable Belief Model. Somit kann individuelles Expertenwissen aus der praktischen Landwirtschaft in den Fusionsprozess integrieren werden. Die Erkenntnisse, die im Laufe der Methodenentwicklung über die Zusammenhänge von Fernerkundungs- und GIS Daten und dem tatsächlichen Ertrag auf dem Feld generiert wurden, werden in einer großangelegten Datenanalyse mit einer Zeitreihe von 13 Jahren und 755 Satellitenszenen erweitert und gefestigt. Sie zeigt, dass es einen starken Zusammenhang zwischen Satellitendaten und Ertragsdaten gibt (bis zu einem Korrelationswert von r = 0.75, einzelne Werte höher). Diese Korrelation hängt aber stark ab vom phänologischen Zeitpunkt von – in diesem Falle – Getreide und Raps. Außerdem von der spektralen und räumlichen Auflösung, sowie den Wachstumsbedingungen und dem bodenverfügbaren Wasser. Fazit: Satellitendaten eignen sich sehr gut für die Anwendung in der Landwirtschaft und für die Ableitung von Bearbeitungszonen für den Präzisionspflanzenbau. Allerdings muss in der Auswahl der passenden Fernerkundungsdaten und auch der Verarbeitung und Methodik viel Expertenwissen angewandt werden. Die wissenschaftliche und praktische Verwendung von Fernerkundungsdaten sollte an die spezifische Fragestellung und die äußeren Bedingungen angepasst werden.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The Joint Task Force, Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications (JTF SMART) Subsea Cables, is working to integrate environmental sensors for ocean bottom temperature, pressure, and seismic acceleration into submarine telecommunications cables. The purpose of SMART Cables is to support climate and ocean observation, sea level monitoring, observations of Earth structure, and tsunami and earthquake early warning and disaster risk reduction, including hazard quantification. Recent advances include regional SMART pilot systems that are the first steps to trans-ocean and global implementation. Examples of pilots include: InSEA wet demonstration project off Sicily at the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory Western Ionian Facility; New Caledonia and Vanuatu; French Polynesia Natitua South system connecting Tahiti to Tubaui to the south; Indonesia starting with short pilot systems working toward systems for the Sumatra-Java megathrust zone; and the CAM-2 ring system connecting Lisbon, Azores, and Madeira. This paper describes observing system simulations for these and other regions. Funding reflects a blend of government, development bank, philanthropic foundation, and commercial contributions. In addition to notable scientific and societal benefits, the telecommunications enterprise’s mission of global connectivity will benefit directly, as environmental awareness improves both the integrity of individual cable systems as well as the resilience of the overall global communications network. SMART cables support the outcomes of a predicted, safe, and transparent ocean as envisioned by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development and the Blue Economy. As a continuation of the OceanObs’19 conference and community white paper (Howe et al., 2019, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00424), an overview of the SMART programme and a description of the status of ongoing projects are given.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-01-19
    Description: Mit der Nationalen Forschungsdateninfrastruktur (NFDI) verfolgen Bund und Länder das Ziel, Datenbestände aus der Forschung für das deutsche Wissenschaftssystem nach den FAIR-Prinzipien systematisch zu erschließen, damit diese für Dritte besser zugänglich gemacht werden. Die NFDI wird als Netzwerk von Konsortien über einen Zeitraum von drei Jahren ab 2020 in drei aufeinanderfolgenden Förderphasen aufgebaut. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt dabei auch die Abdeckung disziplinübergreifender Querschnittsthemen. Zur Förderung des Dialogs zur NFDI in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft veranstaltete das Helmholtz Open Science Office am 4. Mai 2021 ein digitales Helmholtz Open Science Forum unter dem Motto „Helmholtz in der Nationalen Forschungsdateninfrastruktur (NFDI)“. Als Impuls für die weitere Diskussion lud das Helmholtz Open Science Office alle interessierten Mitarbeitenden der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft zu diesem virtuellen Helmholtz Open Science Forum ein. Neben einer Einführung durch das NFDI-Direktorat stellten Vorträge die Bandbreite der NFDI-Beteiligung in Helmholtz dar (z. B. Praxisberichte bereits bewilligter Konsortien sowie Vorträge zum Umgang mit der NFDI aus Perspektive eines Zentrums, eines Forschungsbereichs und einer Plattform des Inkubators “Information & Data Science”); auch wurde das Zusammenspiel von NFDI und European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) vom Büro Brüssel der Gemeinschaft beleuchtet. Im Kern stand die Identifikation und Diskussion zu Helmholtz-spezifischen Aspekten bei der Realisierung der NFDI.
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-03-23
    Description: Zum Austausch von Best Practices aus den Zentren und zur Förderung der FDM-Community in Helmholtz veranstaltete das Helmholtz Open Science Office am 3. Februar 2022 das erste „Helmholtz Open Science Praxisforum Forschungsdatenmanagement“. In dem Helmholtz-internen Forum wurden exemplarisch verschiedene Herangehensweisen aus Zentren zur Organisation des FDM vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus standen konkrete Service-Angebote zu FDM im Mittelpunkt. Außerdem wurde die Vernetzung mit externen Akteuren, z. B. im Rahmen der NFDI, EOSC oder der RDA, beleuchtet. Die regen Diskussionen verdeutlichten den hohen Bedarf nach übergreifendem Community-Building im Bereich des FDM innerhalb von Helmholtz und darüber hinaus.
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-12-14
    Description: Natural hazards and climate-related disasters disregard political borders, where additional barriers can complicate mitigation, response and recovery efforts within and between the sectors of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). The ESPREssO Project (Enhancing Synergies for Disaster Prevention in the European Union) aims to improve management of transboundary disasters by encouraging closer synergies between the CCA and DRR communities. Using targeted stakeholder interviews, questionnaires, Think Tank discussions and purpose-built serious games, ESPREssO draws on both CCA and DRR stakeholder experiences and informed perspectives in order to identify current gaps. Set within a fictitious border zone, ESPREssO’s RAMSETE II serious game challenges CCA and DRR stakeholders in making coordinated decisions before, during and after a simulated disaster, in protection of population and critical infrastructure. Results highlight the essential role of local governance mechanisms as the sharp end of the policy wedge, with current examples of proactivity that require to be championed and supported at national level in order to thrive. These good practice examples reflect the fact that transboundary settings, despite their challenges, act as fertile ground for mutual growth, offering opportunities for CCA and DRR communities to find innovative ways to cooperate and unite in developing synergies and strengthening their mutual efforts towards resilience. Stakeholders emphasise a need to invest more resources in informal cooperation and call on policy makers to recognise that each border zone raises its own unique set of complex challenges that requires flexibility and special consideration by transboundary authorities in management of disasters.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-01-24
    Description: Very large tsunamis are associated with low probabilities of occurrence. In many parts of the world, these events have usually occurred in a distant time in the past. As a result, there is low risk perception and a lack of collective memories, making tsunami risk communication both challenging and complex. Furthermore, immense challenges lie ahead as population and risk exposure continue to increase in coastal areas. Through the last decades, tsunamis have caught coastal populations off-guard, providing evidence of lack of preparedness. Recent tsunamis, such as the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, 2011 Tohoku and 2018 Palu, have shaped the way tsunami risk is perceived and acted upon. Based on lessons learned from a selection of past tsunami events, this paper aims to review the existing body of knowledge and the current challenges in tsunami risk communication, and to identify the gaps in the tsunami risk management methodologies. The important lessons provided by the past events call for strengthening community resilience and improvement in risk-informed actions and policy measures. This paper shows that research efforts related to tsunami risk communication remain fragmented. The analysis of tsunami risk together with a thorough understanding of risk communication gaps and challenges is indispensable towards developing and deploying comprehensive disaster risk reduction measures. Moving from a broad and interdisciplinary perspective, the paper suggests that probabilistic hazard and risk assessments could potentially contribute towards better science communication and improved planning and implementation of risk mitigation measures.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 9
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    GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
    Publication Date: 2022-06-20
    Description: This brochure is designed for scientists and engineers of upcoming drilling projects and explains the key steps and important challenges in planning and executing continental scientific drilling.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-12-10
    Description: Precision agriculture, as part of modern agriculture, thrives on an enormously growing amount of information and data for processing and application. The spatial data used for yield forecasting or the delimitation of management zones are very diverse, often of different quality and in different units to each other. For various reasons, approaches to combining geodata are complex, but necessary if all relevant information is to be taken into account. Data fusion with belief structures offers the possibility to link geodata with expert knowledge, to include experiences and beliefs in the process and to maintain the comprehensibility of the framework in contrast to other “black box” models. This study shows the possibility of dividing agricultural land into management zones by combining soil information, relief structures and multi-temporal satellite data using the transferable belief model. It is able to bring in the knowledge and experience of farmers with their fields and can thus offer practical assistance in management measures without taking decisions out of hand. At the same time, the method provides a solution to combine all the valuable spatial data that correlate with crop vitality and yield. For the development of the method, eleven data sets in each possible combination and different model parameters were fused. The most relevant results for the practice and the comprehensibility of the model are presented in this study. The aim of the method is a zoned field map with three classes: “low yield”, “medium yield” and “high yield”. It is shown that not all data are equally relevant for the modelling of yield classes and that the phenology of the plant is of particular importance for the selection of satellite images. The results were validated with yield data and show promising potential for use in precision agriculture.
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