Anmerkung: 9780128130827_WEB01 -- Front Cover -- Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences -- Copyright -- Permission Acknowledgement -- Upper Ocean Processes -- Penetrating Shortwave Radiation -- References -- Shelf Sea and Shelf Slope Fronts -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Submesoscale Processes -- References -- Surface Films -- References -- Upper Ocean Heat and Freshwater Budgets -- References -- Further Reading -- Relevant Web Pages -- Upper Ocean Mean Horizontal Structure -- Further Reading -- Upper Ocean Mixing -- Further Reading -- Upper Ocean Structure: Ekman Transport and Pumping -- Further Reading -- Upper Ocean Structure: Responses to Strong Atmospheric Forcing Events -- References -- Further Reading -- Upper Ocean Vertical Structure -- Further Reading -- Wave-Driven Upper Ocean Processes -- References -- Further Reading -- Wind- and Buoyancy-Forced Upper Ocean -- References -- Further Reading -- Elemental Distribution -- Elemental Distribution: Overview -- References -- Relevant Websites -- Anthropogenic Trace Elements in the Ocean -- Further Reading -- Artificial Radionuclides -- References -- Further Reading -- Conservative Elements -- References -- Further Reading -- Metalloids and Oxyanions -- Further Reading -- Oxygen -- References -- Further Reading -- Platinum Group Elements and Their Isotopes in the Ocean -- References -- Rare Earth Elements and Their Isotopes in the Ocean -- References -- Further Reading -- Refractory Metals -- Further Reading -- Trace Metal Nutrients -- Further Reading -- Transition Metals and Heavy Metal Speciation -- References -- Further Reading -- Ocean Process Tracers -- CFCs and SF6 as Tracers of Ocean Processes -- References -- Compound-Specific Radiocarbon Measurements -- Further Reading -- Radiocarbon-Based Insights into the Biogeochemical Cycles of Marine Dissolved and Particulate Organic Carbon. , References -- Cosmogenic Isotopes -- Further Reading -- Nitrogen Isotopes in the Ocean -- Further Reading -- Noble Gases and the Cryosphere -- References -- Further Reading -- Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing and Related Discharges -- Further Reading -- Modeling of Ocean Carbon System -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Open Ocean Distribution and Applications of Natural and Bomb-Produced Delta14C -- Conclusions -- Reference -- Further Reading -- Oxygen Isotopes in the Ocean -- References -- Further Reading -- Redox-Sensitive Metals -- Further Reading -- The Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition of the Oceans -- References -- Further Reading -- Tracer Release Experiments -- Further Reading -- Tracers of Ocean Productivity -- Further Reading -- Tritium-Helium Dating -- Further Reading -- Uranium-Thorium Decay Series in the Oceans: Overview -- References -- Further Reading -- Uranium-Thorium Radionuclides in Ocean Profiles -- Further Reading -- Volcanic Helium -- References -- Further Reading -- Nutrient Cycling -- Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Cycle -- References -- Further Reading -- Nitrogen Cycle -- References -- Ocean Carbon Cycle -- References -- Ocean Iron Fertilization -- References -- Further Reading -- Phosphorus Cycle -- Further Reading -- Redfield Ratio -- References -- The Global Marine Silica Budget: Sources and Sinks -- References -- Further Reading -- Primary Production -- Approaches to Measuring Marine Primary Production -- Further Reading -- Aquatic Flow Cytometry -- References -- Relevant Websites -- Bacterioplankton -- Further Reading -- Bioluminescence -- Further Reading -- Cephalopods -- Further Reading -- Continuous Plankton Recorders -- Further Reading -- Copepods -- References -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Dynamics of Bacteria and Phytoplankton in the Surface Ocean -- References -- Further Reading -- Krill -- Further Reading. , Marine Algal Genomics and Evolution -- Further Reading -- Marine Cyanobacteria: Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus -- Further Reading -- Marine Plankton Communities -- Further Reading -- Nekton -- Further Reading -- Pelagic Biogeography -- References -- Further Reading -- Phytoplankton Size Structure -- Further Reading -- Phytoplankton, Calcareous Nanoplankton-The Coccolithophores -- Further Reading -- Plankton -- Further Reading -- Plankton Viruses -- Further Reading -- Plankton: Gelatinous Zooplankton -- Further Reading -- Primary Production Distribution -- References -- Further Reading -- Primary Production Processes -- Further Reading -- Protozoa, Planktic Foraminifera -- References -- Protozoa, Radiolarians -- Further Reading -- Small-Scale Physical Processes and Plankton Biology -- Further Reading -- Ecosystems and Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics (food webs) -- ArtificialReefs -- Further Readings -- Coastal Ocean Acidification: Carbonate Chemistry and Ecosystem Effects -- References -- Cold-Water Coral Reefs -- References -- Further Reading -- Relevant Website -- Corals and Human Disturbance -- Further Reading -- Diversity of Marine Species -- Further Reading -- Food Webs -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Large Marine Ecosystems -- References -- Mesocosms: Enclosed Experimental Ecosystems in Ocean Science -- Further Reading -- Microbial Loops -- Further Reading -- Network Analysis of Food Webs -- Further Reading -- Ocean Gyre Ecosystems -- Further Reading -- Omics Techniques in Marine Microbiology -- Further Reading -- Patch Dynamics -- Further Reading -- Polar Ecosystems -- Further Reading -- Population Genetics of Marine Organisms -- Further Reading -- Upwelling Ecosystems -- Further Reading -- Back Cover -- Front Cover -- Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences -- Copyright -- Permission Acknowledgement -- Birds -- Alcidae -- Further Reading. , Gulls -- Further Reading -- Laridae, Sternidae, and Rynchopidae -- References -- Further Reading -- Phalaropes -- Further Reading -- Procellariiformes -- Further Reading -- Seabird Conservation -- Further Reading -- Seabird Foraging Ecology -- Further Reading -- Seabird Migration -- Further Reading -- Seabird Population Dynamics -- Further Reading -- Seabird Reproductive Ecology -- Further Reading -- Seabird Responses to Climate Change -- References -- Further Reading -- Seabirds and Fisheries Interactions -- Further Reading -- Seabirds as Indicators of Ocean Pollution -- Further Reading -- Sphenisciformes -- Further Reading -- The Pelecaniform Birds -- References -- Further Reading -- Fish Biology -- Fish: General Review -- Further Reading -- Antarctic Fishes -- Further Reading -- Coral Reef Fishes -- Further Reading -- Deep-Sea Fishes -- Further Reading -- Eels -- References -- Fish Ecophysiology -- Further Reading -- Fish Feeding and Foraging -- Further Reading -- Relevant Website -- Fish Larvae -- References -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Fish Locomotion -- References -- Relevant Website -- Fish Migration, Horizontal -- References -- Further Reading -- Fish Migration, Vertical -- Further Reading -- Fish Predation and Mortality -- Further Reading -- Fish Reproduction -- Further Reading -- Fish Vision -- Further Reading -- Fish: Demersal Fish (Life Histories, Behavior, Adaptations) -- Further Reading -- Fish: Hearing, Lateral Lines (Mechanisms, Role in Behavior, Adaptations to Life Underwater) -- References -- Intertidal Fishes -- Further Reading -- Mesopelagic Fish -- References -- Further Reading -- Pelagic Fishes -- References -- Further Reading -- Salmonids -- Further Reading -- Fisheries and Mariculture -- Fisheries Overview -- References -- Further Reading -- Challenges for Future Salmonid Farming -- Further Reading. , Coral Reef and Other Tropical Fisheries -- Further Reading -- Crustacean Fisheries -- References -- Further Reading -- Dynamics of Exploited Marine Fish Populations -- References -- Further Reading -- Ecosystem Effects of Fishing -- Further Reading -- Fisheries Economics -- References -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Fisheries: Pacific Salmon Fisheries -- References -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Fisheries: Multispecies Dynamics -- Further Reading -- Fishery Management, Human Dimension -- Further Reading -- Fishery Manipulation Through Stock Enhancement or Restoration -- References -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Fishing Methods and Fishing Fleets -- Further Reading -- Luxury Seafood Trade: Extinction vs. Lavishness -- Further Reading -- Mariculture Overview -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Mariculture, Economic, and Social Impacts -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Marine Fishery Resources, Global State of -- Further Reading -- Mediterranean Mariculture -- References -- Further Reading -- Relevant Website -- Molluskan Fisheries -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Ocean Ranching -- Further Reading -- Open Ocean Fisheries for Deep-Water Species -- References -- Further Reading -- Open Ocean Fisheries for Large Pelagic Species -- References -- Further Reading -- Oysters: Shellfish Farming -- References -- Further Reading -- Relevant Websites -- Seaweeds and their Mariculture -- Further Reading -- Relevant Website -- Small Pelagic Species Fisheries -- Future Research -- References -- Further Reading -- Southern Ocean Fisheries -- Further Reading -- Marine Mammals -- Baleen Whales -- References -- Further Reading -- Bioacoustics -- References -- Further Reading -- Dolphins and Porpoises -- Further Reading -- Marine Mammal Diving Physiology -- Further Reading -- Marine Mammal Evolution and Taxonomy. , Further Reading.

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- U-Th Series Nuclides in Aquatic Systems -- Copyright page -- Dedication to Karl K. Turekian -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1. Overview -- 2. Organization of the Volume -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2. U- and Th-Series Nuclides in the Atmosphere: Supply, Exchange, Scavenging, and Applications to Aquatic Processes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of U- and Th-Series Nuclides to the Atmosphere -- 3. Atmospheric Distributions -- 4. Aerosol Scavenging Residence Times Using 222Rn and its Daughters -- 5. Applications of Rn Daughters of Atmospheric Origin to Study Aquatic Processes -- 6. Processes across Aquatic Interfaces -- 7. Perspectives and Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3. U-Series Geochemistry in Weathering Profiles, River Waters and Lakes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Radionuclide Fractionation in Surface Environments -- 3. Radioactive Disequilibria in Weathering Profiles and Soils -- 4. U Series in Rivers -- 5. Review of Models for U-Series Fractionation in Surficial Environments -- 6. U-Series Disequilibria in Lakes -- 7. Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4. Investigating Groundwater Processes Using U- and Th-Series Nuclides -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Element Behavior in Groundwaters -- 3. Modeling Nuclide Transport in Aquifers -- 4. Obtaining Solutions to the Model Equations -- 5. Radon and Recoil Rates -- 6. Ra Isotopes -- 7. Th Isotopes -- 8. U Isotopes -- 9. 210Pb -- 10. Summary and Future Studies -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5. Uranium- and Thorium-Series Nuclides as Tracers of Submarine Groundwater Discharge -- 1. Introduction -- 2. How U-Th Isotopes are Used to Quantify Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) -- 3. Radium -- 4. Radon -- 5. Uranium -- 6. Synthesis of Existing Studies. , 7. Towards a Global Estimate of SGD -- 8. Perspectives and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6. U- and Th-Series Nuclides in Estuarine Environments -- 1. Introduction: Estuarine Processes -- 2. Uranium -- 3. Thorium -- 4. Radium -- 5. Radon -- 6. Lead-210 and Polonium-210 -- 7. Future Studies -- References -- Chapter 7. U- and Th-Series Nuclides as Tracers of Particle Dynamics, Scavenging and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Oceans -- 1. Abundance and Distribution of U-Th Nuclides in the Sea -- 2. Introduction to Particle Cycling and Scavenging in the Ocean -- 3. The Scavenging Process as Understood from Thorium Isotopes -- 4. Scavenging and Th Speciation -- 5. 226Ra-210Pb-210Po -- 6. The Role of Particle Composition -- 7. Boundary Scavenging -- 8. Calibration of Vertical Particle Fluxes -- 9. Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 8. The Bioaccumulation of U- and Th-Series Radionuclides in Marine Organisms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Radionuclides of Interest and their Bioavailability -- 3. Models of Uptake and Trophic Transfer -- 4. Biodetritus and Vertical Transport -- 5. Potential Impacts of Natural Radioactivity -- 6. Synthesis and Conclusions -- 7. Future Outlook and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9. Ocean Circulation/Mixing Studies with Decay-Series Isotopes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Transport Equations -- 3. Basic Ocean Mixing/Circulation Models -- 4. Radium Isotopes for Tracing Oceanic Mixing/Circulation -- 5. Radon-222 as a Vertical Mixing Tracer in the Deep Sea -- 6. Actinium-227 as a Diapycnal Mixing Tracer in the Deep Sea -- 7. Tracing Ocean Circulation Using Particle-Reactive Radionuclides -- 8. Closing Remarks and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10. Uranium- and Thorium-Series Radionuclides in Marine Groundwaters -- 1. Introduction. , 2. U- and Th-Series Radionuclides in High-Temperature Marine Groundwaters: Hydrothermal Fluids -- 3. U- and Th-Series Radionuclides in Low-Temperature Marine Groundwaters: Sediment Pore Water -- 4. Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11. Sediment Signatures of U- and Th-Series Nuclides and their Application as Paleoceanographic Tracers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Long-Lived U-Series Nuclides in Sediments -- 3. Short-Lived U-Series Nuclides in Sediments: Application to Sediment Mixing and Accumulation -- 4. Authigenic Uranium as a Tracer of Sediment Redox State -- 5. Use of 230Th as a Constant Flux Proxy -- 6. 231Pa/230Th: Proxy for Particle Flux and Productivity -- 7. 231Pa/230Th: Proxy of Ocean Circulation -- 8. Modeling Studies -- 9. Manganese Crusts and Nodules -- 10. Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Appendix A. Charts of the 238U, 235U, 232Th, and 241Am Decay Series with Principal Modes of Decay, their Intensities and Energies -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of Data -- References -- Appendix B. Systematics of Radioactive Decay -- 1. Overview of Decay Equations -- 2. Examples of Applications -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Biogeochemical Processes -- Chapter 1: Geochemistry of Cold Hydrocarbon Seeps: An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Redox Cascade -- 1.3 Methane Oxidation -- 1.4 Seep Carbonate Formation -- 1.5 Iron and Sulfur Cycling at Seeps -- 1.6 Isotope Geochemistry of Cold Seeps -- 1.6.1 Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Seep Carbonates -- 1.6.2 Carbonate-Clumped Isotopes -- 1.6.3 C and O Isotopes in Shells of Seep Fauna -- 1.6.4 Strontium and Neodymium Isotopes -- 1.6.5 Sulfur Isotopes -- 1.7 Elemental Geochemistry of Cold Seeps -- 1.7.1 Rare Earth Elements -- 1.7.2 Non-lanthanide Elements -- 1.8 Summary -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 2: Biomarkers in Ancient Hydrocarbon Seep Carbonates -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 What Are Biomarkers? -- 2.1.2 Pioneer Studies on Biomarkers at Cold Seeps -- 2.2 Basic Guide to Biomarker Studies of Ancient Seeps -- 2.2.1 Sample Preparation, Lipid Extraction, and Analysis -- 2.2.2 Effects of Allochthonous Biomarkers, Thermal Maturity, and Biodegradation -- 2.3 Biomarkers of AOM-Performing Microbes -- 2.3.1 Biomarkers of ANME Archaea -- 2.3.2 Biomarkers of SRB Partners -- 2.4 Biomarkers of Aerobic Methanotrophs -- 2.5 Stable Carbon Isotope Signatures of Seep-Related Biomarkers -- 2.5.1 Carbon Isotopic Composition of ANME Biomarkers -- 2.5.2 Carbon Isotopic Composition of SRB Biomarkers -- 2.5.3 Carbon Isotopic Composition of Aerobic Methanotroph Biomarkers -- 2.6 AOM Community and Seep Environment -- 2.6.1 Factors Controlling the Distribution of AOM Communities -- 2.6.2 Micro-distribution of AOM Communities in Seep Carbonates -- 2.7 Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 3: Ancient Seep Carbonates: From Outcrop Appearance to Microscopic Petrography -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Size of Seep Deposits -- 3.2.1 Extant Seep Deposits. , 3.2.2 Ancient Seep Deposits -- 3.3 Macroscopic Appearance -- 3.3.1 Extant Seep Carbonates -- 3.3.2 Ancient Seep Carbonates -- 3.4 Macroscopic Petrography -- 3.4.1 Extant Seep Carbonates -- 3.4.2 Ancient Seep Carbonates -- 3.5 Microscopic Petrography -- 3.5.1 Extant Seep Carbonates -- 3.5.2 Ancient Seep Carbonates -- 3.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- Part II: Seep Biota -- Chapter 4: Microbes in Modern and Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Current Knowledge on Extant Systems -- 4.3 Paths to Fossilization (Taphonomy) -- 4.4 Microbial Fossil Record at Seeps -- 4.5 Search Strategy for Future Studies -- 4.5.1 Targeting Particular Petrofabrics -- 4.5.2 Utilization of More Focused Technologies -- 4.5.3 Connection with Clearer Geochemical Proxies -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Crustaceans in Cold Seep Ecosystems: Fossil Record, Geographic Distribution, Taxonomic Composition, and Biology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Crustaceans in Fossil Cold Seeps: A Quantitative Analysis -- 5.3 Decapod Crustaceans -- 5.3.1 Modern Occurrences and Composition -- 5.3.2 Biology -- 5.3.3 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 5.3.3.1 Body Fossils -- 5.3.3.2 Burrows -- 5.3.3.3 Fecal Pellets -- 5.3.3.4 Repair Scars -- 5.4 Ostracods -- 5.4.1 Modern Occurrences and Composition -- 5.4.2 Biology -- 5.4.3 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 5.5 Barnacles -- 5.5.1 Modern Occurrences and Composition -- 5.5.2 Biology -- 5.5.3 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Non-calcareous Tubeworms in Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Non-calcareous Tubeworms -- 6.2.1 Family Siboglinidae -- 6.2.1.1 Overview -- 6.2.1.2 Biology -- 6.2.1.3 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 6.2.1.4 Classification and Tube Characters -- 6.2.2 Family Chaetopteridae -- 6.2.2.1 Overview -- 6.2.2.2 Biology. , 6.2.2.3 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 6.2.2.4 Classification and Tube Characters -- 6.3 Other Organic Tube Dwellers at Seeps -- 6.4 Agglutinated Tube Dwellers at Seeps -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Calcareous Tubeworms in Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Calcareous Tubeworms -- 7.2.1 Family Serpulidae -- 7.2.1.1 Overview -- 7.2.1.2 Biology -- 7.2.1.3 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 7.2.1.4 Classification and Tube Characters -- 7.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Brachiopods at Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Overview of Brachiopod Occurrences at Palaeozoic Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 8.2.1 Order: Lingulida Waagen, 1885 -- 8.2.2 Order: Rhynchonellida Kuhn, 1949 -- 8.2.3 Order: Atrypida Rzhonsnitskaia, 1960 -- 8.3 Overview of Brachiopod Occurrences at Mesozoic and Cenozoic Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 8.3.1 Lingulida Waagen, 1885 -- 8.3.2 Rhynchonellida Kuhn, 1949 -- 8.3.3 Order: Terebratulida Waagen, 1883 -- 8.4 Palaeoecological and Evolutionary Patterns: The Elusive Case of Brachiopod-Dominated Seep Communities -- 8.4.1 Ecological Constraints -- 8.4.2 Possible Controls on the Brachiopod Versus Bivalve Dominance at Seeps Over Time -- 8.4.2.1 Palaeogeographic Hypothesis and the Role of the Frasnian-Famennian Crisis -- 8.4.2.2 Feeding Strategy Hypothesis, with Constraints from Habitat Preferences and Background Seawater Sulphate Chemistry -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Extant and Fossil Sponges Associated with Hydrothermal Vent and Cold Seep Communities -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Porifera Grant, 1836 -- 9.2.1 Homoscleromorpha Bergquist, 1978 -- 9.2.2 Demospongiae Sollas, 1885 -- 9.2.3 Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870 -- 9.2.4 Calcarea Bowerbank, 1862 -- 9.3 Extant Sponges Associated with Vent and Seep Communities -- 9.4 Fossil Sponges Associated with Vent and Seep Communities. , 9.4.1 Cambrian of China -- 9.4.2 Jurassic of France and Spitsbergen -- 9.4.3 Cretaceous (Campanian) of Hokkaido, Japan -- 9.4.4 Paleogene and Neogene of Oregon and Washington, USA -- 9.5 Discussion and Summary -- References -- Chapter 10: Bivalvia in Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Family Solemyidae -- 10.2.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.2.2 Classification and Shell Characters -- 10.3 Family Nucinellidae -- 10.3.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.3.2 Classification and Shell Characters -- 10.4 Family Mytilidae -- 10.4.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.4.2 Classification and Shell Characters -- 10.5 Families Modiomorphidae and Kalenteridae -- 10.5.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.5.2 Classification and Shell Characters -- 10.6 Family Lucinidae -- 10.6.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.6.2 Classification and Shell Characters -- 10.7 Family Thyasiridae -- 10.7.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.7.2 Classification and Shell Characteristics -- 10.8 Family Vesicomyidae -- 10.8.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.8.2 Classification and Shell Characters -- 10.9 The Anomalodesmata -- 10.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: A Review of Gastropods at Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Abyssochrysoidea -- 11.2.1 Hokkaidoconchidae -- 11.2.2 Abyssochrysidae -- 11.2.3 Paskentanidae -- 11.2.4 Alviniconchinae New Subfamily -- 11.2.5 Desbruyeresidae New Family -- 11.2.6 Provannidae -- 11.2.7 Rubyspiridae New Family -- 11.3 Neomphalida -- 11.4 Limpets -- 11.4.1 Cocculinida -- 11.4.2 Lepetellida -- 11.4.3 Patellida -- 11.5 Trochomorph Vetigastropods -- 11.5.1 Seguenziida -- 11.5.2 Trochida -- 11.5.2.1 Colloniidae Cossmann in Cossmann and Peyrot, 1917 -- 11.6 Neritimorpha -- 11.7 Neogastropoda -- 11.7.1 Purpurinidae and Pseudotritonidae -- 11.7.2 Buccinoidea -- 11.7.3 Conoidea -- 11.7.4 Muricoidea. , 11.8 Heterobranchia -- 11.8.1 Cephalaspidea -- 11.8.2 Orbitestellidae -- 11.8.3 Hyalogyrinidae -- 11.8.4 Xylodisculidae -- 11.9 Other Groups -- 11.9.1 Rissoidae -- 11.9.2 Aporrhaidae -- 11.9.3 Ampullinidae and Naticidae -- 11.9.4 Eulimidae -- 11.10 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 12: Ammonites as Inhabitants of Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Ammonite Paleobiology -- 12.3 Methane Seep Deposits -- 12.3.1 Antarctica -- 12.3.2 Argentina -- 12.3.3 Canadian Arctic -- 12.3.4 England -- 12.3.5 France -- 12.3.6 Greenland -- 12.3.7 Japan -- 12.3.8 Morocco -- 12.3.9 New Zealand -- 12.3.10 Novaya Zemlya -- 12.3.11 Oregon, USA -- 12.3.12 Spitsbergen (Svalbard) -- 12.3.13 Turkey -- 12.3.14 Western Interior, USA -- 12.4 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 13: Echinoderms at Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps and Cognate Communities -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Occurrences -- 13.2.1 Antarctica -- 13.2.2 England -- 13.2.3 France -- 13.2.4 Germany -- 13.2.5 Greenland -- 13.2.6 Italy -- 13.2.7 Japan -- 13.2.8 Morocco -- 13.2.9 Namibia -- 13.2.10 New Zealand -- 13.2.11 Novaya Zemlya -- 13.2.11.1 Poland -- 13.2.12 Svalbard -- 13.2.13 Turkey -- 13.2.14 Washington State, USA -- 13.2.15 Western Interior, USA -- 13.3 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 14: Vertebrates: Skate and Shark Egg Capsules at Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 14.1 Overview and Examples -- References -- Part III: Fossil Seep Ecosystems -- Chapter 15: Methane Seeps in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, USA -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Geologic Setting -- 15.3 Geomorphology of Seep Deposits -- 15.4 Geographic Distribution -- 15.5 Stratigraphic Distribution -- 15.6 Methods of Study -- 15.7 Oxygen and Carbon Isotopic Composition -- 15.8 Origin of Methane -- 15.9 Seep Duration -- 15.10 Seep Structure and Faunal Distribution. , 15.11 Faunal Composition.