Note: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Biogeochemical Processes -- Chapter 1: Geochemistry of Cold Hydrocarbon Seeps: An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Redox Cascade -- 1.3 Methane Oxidation -- 1.4 Seep Carbonate Formation -- 1.5 Iron and Sulfur Cycling at Seeps -- 1.6 Isotope Geochemistry of Cold Seeps -- 1.6.1 Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Seep Carbonates -- 1.6.2 Carbonate-Clumped Isotopes -- 1.6.3 C and O Isotopes in Shells of Seep Fauna -- 1.6.4 Strontium and Neodymium Isotopes -- 1.6.5 Sulfur Isotopes -- 1.7 Elemental Geochemistry of Cold Seeps -- 1.7.1 Rare Earth Elements -- 1.7.2 Non-lanthanide Elements -- 1.8 Summary -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 2: Biomarkers in Ancient Hydrocarbon Seep Carbonates -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 What Are Biomarkers? -- 2.1.2 Pioneer Studies on Biomarkers at Cold Seeps -- 2.2 Basic Guide to Biomarker Studies of Ancient Seeps -- 2.2.1 Sample Preparation, Lipid Extraction, and Analysis -- 2.2.2 Effects of Allochthonous Biomarkers, Thermal Maturity, and Biodegradation -- 2.3 Biomarkers of AOM-Performing Microbes -- 2.3.1 Biomarkers of ANME Archaea -- 2.3.2 Biomarkers of SRB Partners -- 2.4 Biomarkers of Aerobic Methanotrophs -- 2.5 Stable Carbon Isotope Signatures of Seep-Related Biomarkers -- 2.5.1 Carbon Isotopic Composition of ANME Biomarkers -- 2.5.2 Carbon Isotopic Composition of SRB Biomarkers -- 2.5.3 Carbon Isotopic Composition of Aerobic Methanotroph Biomarkers -- 2.6 AOM Community and Seep Environment -- 2.6.1 Factors Controlling the Distribution of AOM Communities -- 2.6.2 Micro-distribution of AOM Communities in Seep Carbonates -- 2.7 Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 3: Ancient Seep Carbonates: From Outcrop Appearance to Microscopic Petrography -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Size of Seep Deposits -- 3.2.1 Extant Seep Deposits. , 3.2.2 Ancient Seep Deposits -- 3.3 Macroscopic Appearance -- 3.3.1 Extant Seep Carbonates -- 3.3.2 Ancient Seep Carbonates -- 3.4 Macroscopic Petrography -- 3.4.1 Extant Seep Carbonates -- 3.4.2 Ancient Seep Carbonates -- 3.5 Microscopic Petrography -- 3.5.1 Extant Seep Carbonates -- 3.5.2 Ancient Seep Carbonates -- 3.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- Part II: Seep Biota -- Chapter 4: Microbes in Modern and Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Current Knowledge on Extant Systems -- 4.3 Paths to Fossilization (Taphonomy) -- 4.4 Microbial Fossil Record at Seeps -- 4.5 Search Strategy for Future Studies -- 4.5.1 Targeting Particular Petrofabrics -- 4.5.2 Utilization of More Focused Technologies -- 4.5.3 Connection with Clearer Geochemical Proxies -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Crustaceans in Cold Seep Ecosystems: Fossil Record, Geographic Distribution, Taxonomic Composition, and Biology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Crustaceans in Fossil Cold Seeps: A Quantitative Analysis -- 5.3 Decapod Crustaceans -- 5.3.1 Modern Occurrences and Composition -- 5.3.2 Biology -- 5.3.3 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 5.3.3.1 Body Fossils -- 5.3.3.2 Burrows -- 5.3.3.3 Fecal Pellets -- 5.3.3.4 Repair Scars -- 5.4 Ostracods -- 5.4.1 Modern Occurrences and Composition -- 5.4.2 Biology -- 5.4.3 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 5.5 Barnacles -- 5.5.1 Modern Occurrences and Composition -- 5.5.2 Biology -- 5.5.3 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Non-calcareous Tubeworms in Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Non-calcareous Tubeworms -- 6.2.1 Family Siboglinidae -- 6.2.1.1 Overview -- 6.2.1.2 Biology -- 6.2.1.3 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 6.2.1.4 Classification and Tube Characters -- 6.2.2 Family Chaetopteridae -- 6.2.2.1 Overview -- 6.2.2.2 Biology. , 6.2.2.3 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 6.2.2.4 Classification and Tube Characters -- 6.3 Other Organic Tube Dwellers at Seeps -- 6.4 Agglutinated Tube Dwellers at Seeps -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Calcareous Tubeworms in Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Calcareous Tubeworms -- 7.2.1 Family Serpulidae -- 7.2.1.1 Overview -- 7.2.1.2 Biology -- 7.2.1.3 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 7.2.1.4 Classification and Tube Characters -- 7.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Brachiopods at Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Overview of Brachiopod Occurrences at Palaeozoic Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 8.2.1 Order: Lingulida Waagen, 1885 -- 8.2.2 Order: Rhynchonellida Kuhn, 1949 -- 8.2.3 Order: Atrypida Rzhonsnitskaia, 1960 -- 8.3 Overview of Brachiopod Occurrences at Mesozoic and Cenozoic Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 8.3.1 Lingulida Waagen, 1885 -- 8.3.2 Rhynchonellida Kuhn, 1949 -- 8.3.3 Order: Terebratulida Waagen, 1883 -- 8.4 Palaeoecological and Evolutionary Patterns: The Elusive Case of Brachiopod-Dominated Seep Communities -- 8.4.1 Ecological Constraints -- 8.4.2 Possible Controls on the Brachiopod Versus Bivalve Dominance at Seeps Over Time -- 8.4.2.1 Palaeogeographic Hypothesis and the Role of the Frasnian-Famennian Crisis -- 8.4.2.2 Feeding Strategy Hypothesis, with Constraints from Habitat Preferences and Background Seawater Sulphate Chemistry -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Extant and Fossil Sponges Associated with Hydrothermal Vent and Cold Seep Communities -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Porifera Grant, 1836 -- 9.2.1 Homoscleromorpha Bergquist, 1978 -- 9.2.2 Demospongiae Sollas, 1885 -- 9.2.3 Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870 -- 9.2.4 Calcarea Bowerbank, 1862 -- 9.3 Extant Sponges Associated with Vent and Seep Communities -- 9.4 Fossil Sponges Associated with Vent and Seep Communities. , 9.4.1 Cambrian of China -- 9.4.2 Jurassic of France and Spitsbergen -- 9.4.3 Cretaceous (Campanian) of Hokkaido, Japan -- 9.4.4 Paleogene and Neogene of Oregon and Washington, USA -- 9.5 Discussion and Summary -- References -- Chapter 10: Bivalvia in Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Family Solemyidae -- 10.2.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.2.2 Classification and Shell Characters -- 10.3 Family Nucinellidae -- 10.3.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.3.2 Classification and Shell Characters -- 10.4 Family Mytilidae -- 10.4.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.4.2 Classification and Shell Characters -- 10.5 Families Modiomorphidae and Kalenteridae -- 10.5.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.5.2 Classification and Shell Characters -- 10.6 Family Lucinidae -- 10.6.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.6.2 Classification and Shell Characters -- 10.7 Family Thyasiridae -- 10.7.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.7.2 Classification and Shell Characteristics -- 10.8 Family Vesicomyidae -- 10.8.1 Fossil Record and Evolution -- 10.8.2 Classification and Shell Characters -- 10.9 The Anomalodesmata -- 10.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: A Review of Gastropods at Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Abyssochrysoidea -- 11.2.1 Hokkaidoconchidae -- 11.2.2 Abyssochrysidae -- 11.2.3 Paskentanidae -- 11.2.4 Alviniconchinae New Subfamily -- 11.2.5 Desbruyeresidae New Family -- 11.2.6 Provannidae -- 11.2.7 Rubyspiridae New Family -- 11.3 Neomphalida -- 11.4 Limpets -- 11.4.1 Cocculinida -- 11.4.2 Lepetellida -- 11.4.3 Patellida -- 11.5 Trochomorph Vetigastropods -- 11.5.1 Seguenziida -- 11.5.2 Trochida -- 11.5.2.1 Colloniidae Cossmann in Cossmann and Peyrot, 1917 -- 11.6 Neritimorpha -- 11.7 Neogastropoda -- 11.7.1 Purpurinidae and Pseudotritonidae -- 11.7.2 Buccinoidea -- 11.7.3 Conoidea -- 11.7.4 Muricoidea. , 11.8 Heterobranchia -- 11.8.1 Cephalaspidea -- 11.8.2 Orbitestellidae -- 11.8.3 Hyalogyrinidae -- 11.8.4 Xylodisculidae -- 11.9 Other Groups -- 11.9.1 Rissoidae -- 11.9.2 Aporrhaidae -- 11.9.3 Ampullinidae and Naticidae -- 11.9.4 Eulimidae -- 11.10 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 12: Ammonites as Inhabitants of Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Ammonite Paleobiology -- 12.3 Methane Seep Deposits -- 12.3.1 Antarctica -- 12.3.2 Argentina -- 12.3.3 Canadian Arctic -- 12.3.4 England -- 12.3.5 France -- 12.3.6 Greenland -- 12.3.7 Japan -- 12.3.8 Morocco -- 12.3.9 New Zealand -- 12.3.10 Novaya Zemlya -- 12.3.11 Oregon, USA -- 12.3.12 Spitsbergen (Svalbard) -- 12.3.13 Turkey -- 12.3.14 Western Interior, USA -- 12.4 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 13: Echinoderms at Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps and Cognate Communities -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Occurrences -- 13.2.1 Antarctica -- 13.2.2 England -- 13.2.3 France -- 13.2.4 Germany -- 13.2.5 Greenland -- 13.2.6 Italy -- 13.2.7 Japan -- 13.2.8 Morocco -- 13.2.9 Namibia -- 13.2.10 New Zealand -- 13.2.11 Novaya Zemlya -- 13.2.11.1 Poland -- 13.2.12 Svalbard -- 13.2.13 Turkey -- 13.2.14 Washington State, USA -- 13.2.15 Western Interior, USA -- 13.3 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 14: Vertebrates: Skate and Shark Egg Capsules at Ancient Hydrocarbon Seeps -- 14.1 Overview and Examples -- References -- Part III: Fossil Seep Ecosystems -- Chapter 15: Methane Seeps in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, USA -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Geologic Setting -- 15.3 Geomorphology of Seep Deposits -- 15.4 Geographic Distribution -- 15.5 Stratigraphic Distribution -- 15.6 Methods of Study -- 15.7 Oxygen and Carbon Isotopic Composition -- 15.8 Origin of Methane -- 15.9 Seep Duration -- 15.10 Seep Structure and Faunal Distribution. , 15.11 Faunal Composition.