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  • Articles  (109)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling and simulation design of advanced Cu alloy interconnects (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 6089-6094 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We use modeling and simulation tools to determine the beneficial additives or dopants to Cu interconnect. We have designed a virtual simulation procedure to cover several important aspects in screening a potential dopant to Cu with the assumption that grain-boundary (GB) diffusion is dominant for Cu electromigration performance. The procedure investigates dopant segregation to GB, bulk diffusion, dopant and Cu self-diffusion at the GB, and the effect of the dopant's presence on Cu diffusion at the GB. Defect formation and migration energies as well as activation energies were calculated using the state of the art ab initio method. Two primary mechanisms for a dopant to be effective were identified, namely, dopant blocking and dopant dragging mechanisms. For dopant blocking mechanism the desired dopants occupy the GB interstitial sites and block the fast diffusion pathway for Cu. In the case where Cu atoms occupy the GB interstitial sites, the desired dopants segregate to the nearby substitutional sites and drag the fast diffusing Cu. Early experimental results have confirmed model prediction for several dopants identified so far. The mean time to failure has increased more than 60% with a dopant concentration as low as 0.01 at. % in Cu and the resistivity increase can be controlled below 15% compared to undoped Cu. We demonstrate that modeling and simulation have become valuable alternatives to experiment for design of advanced materials systems for technology research and development. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1459756
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of trypsin inhibition by its specific inhibitors (1989)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 28 (1989), S. 1070-1076 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00429a022
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photovoltaic transistors based on a steady-state internal polarization effect in asymmetric semiconductor superlattices (1991)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 59 (1991), S. 393-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In semiconductor superlattices lacking the reflection symmetry, transient internal polarization fields have previously been reported. We show that a modified structure can generate a steady-state photovoltage. We then propose a new class of photovoltaic transistors in which this voltage directly controls the conductivity of the transistor channel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.105441
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Screening beneficial dopants to Cu interconnects by modeling (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 763-765 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present the results of first-principles simulations of dopant segregation to grain boundaries (GBs), dopant bulk diffusion, dopant and Cu self-diffusion at the GB, and the effect of the presence of a dopant on Cu diffusion at the GB for advanced Cu alloy interconnects. Several dopants that inhibit Cu GB diffusion were identified. Two primary mechanisms were found, namely, dopant blocking and dopant dragging. Early experimental results have confirmed model predictions for one of the several dopants (carbon) identified so far. The mean time to failure has increased more than 60% with a carbon concentration in Cu as low as 0.01 at. % and the resulting resistivity increase can be controlled below 15% compared to undoped Cu. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1445471
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ab initio modeling and experimental study of C–B interactions in Si (2002)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), S. 52-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present results of ab initio calculations for the structure and energetics of small boron-carbon-interstitial and carbon-interstitial clusters in silicon and a respective continuum model for the nucleation, growth, and dissolution of these clusters. To test our calculations, we also measure secondary-ion mass spectra of boron and carbon in a SiGeCB system, which our model reproduces well. For the considered concentration regime, we find rapid carbon diffusion, nearly immobile boron, and undersaturation of silicon self-interstitials, resulting mainly from two clusters suggested by our ab initio results, the dicarbon-interstitial cluster and the boron-carbon-interstitial cluster. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1430505
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning vectors for Streptococcus thermophilus derived from a native plasmid (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 216 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A 3.5-kb native plasmid (pND103) was identified in Streptococcus thermophilus ST2-1. Preliminary sequence analysis indicated that pND103 belongs to group I S. thermophilus plasmids. A region of approximately 2 kb appears to contain three components: a plus origin of replication (ori) typical of plasmids that replicate via rolling circle replication; a gene encoding a replication protein (rep); and a gene encoding a small heat shock protein (hsp). pND103 was then used to construct S. thermophilus/Escherichia coli hybrid cloning vectors by ligating different portions of pND103 to an origin-probe vector (pND330) composed of pUC19 and a Gram-positive erythromycin resistance gene. The shuttle vectors (pND913, pND914 and pND915) were successfully introduced back into plasmid-free S. thermophilus ST3–1 as well as to Lactococcus lactis LM0230 and E. coli JM109. Segregational and structural stability study indicated that these vectors can be maintained in these hosts. The results indicated that pND913, pND914 and pND915 are potential shuttle cloning vectors for S. thermophilus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11412.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of the unfolding of collapsed polystyrene chains above the glass transition temperature (1988)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 21 (1988), S. 515-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00180a039
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutamate receptor 1-immunopositive neurons in the gliotic CA1 area of the mouse hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Significant reduction in glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1)- and GluR2/3-immunopositive neurons was demonstrated in the hilus of the dentate gyrus in mice killed on days 1, 7 and 60 after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (PISE). In addition, GluR1 and GluR2/3 immunostaining in the strata oriens, radiatum and lacunosum moleculare of areas CA1–3 decreased drastically on days 7 and 60 after PISE. Neuronal loss observed in the above regions may account, at least in part, for a decrease in GluR immunoreactivity. By contrast, many GluR1-immunopositive neurons were observed in the gliotic area of CA1. Of these, about 42.8% were immunopositive for markers for hippocampal interneurons, namely calretinin (7.6%), calbindin (12.8%) and parvalbumin (22.4%). GluR1 or GluR2/3 and BrdU double-labelling showed that the GluR1- and GluR2/3-immunopositive neurons at 60 days after PISE were neurons that had survived rather than newly generated neurons. Furthermore, anterograde tracer and double-labelling studies performed on animals at 60 days after PISE indicated a projection from the hilus of the dentate gyrus to gliotic areas in both CA3 and CA1, where the projecting fibres apparently established connections with GluR1-immunopositive neurons. The projection to CA1 was unexpected. These novel findings suggest that the intrinsic hippocampal neuronal network is altered after PISE. We speculate that GluR1-immunopositive neurons in gliotic CA1 act as a bridge between dentate gyrus and subiculum contributing towards epileptogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04071.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osmolality and ion balance in giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii subjected to changes in salinity: role of sex (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 34 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Haemolymph osmolality, chloride and sodium concentrations of giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii adults were determined 15 days after they were transferred from freshwater to 0 (control), 7, 14 and 21‰ salinity. Haemolymph osmolality, chloride and sodium concentrations of prawns transferred to 7, 14 and 21‰ reached a constant level within 0.5, 2 and 3 days respectively. Both male and female adults exhibited strongly hyper-osmotic and hyper-ionic over the range of 0–14‰. The isosmotic point was 14.5 and 15.6‰, the iso-ionic point of chloride was 14.5 and 14.7‰, and the iso-ionic point of sodium was 16.5 and 15.7‰ for males and females respectively. The adults lost their hyper-regulatory ability and became osmo-conformic over the media of 14.5–21‰ and 15.6–21‰ and ion-conformic with respect to sodium over the media of 16.5–21‰ and 15.7–21‰ for males and females respectively. The adults displayed hypo-ionic to the media at 21‰ with respect to chloride.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00853.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutations in the gene encoding gap junction protein β-3 associated with autosomal dominant hearing impairment (1998)
    [s.l.] : Nature America Inc.
    Nature genetics 20 (1998), S. 370-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Hearing impairment is the most commonly occurring condition that affects the ability of humans to communicate. More than 50% of the cases of profound early-onset deafness are caused by genetic factors. Over 40 loci for non-syndromic deafness have been genetically mapped, and mutations in several ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/3845
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