Note: FrontCover -- Philosophy of Economics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- General Preface -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Part A : General Philosophical Themes -- Realism and Antirealism about Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scientific Realism in Conventional Philosophy of Science -- 3 Ingredients of a Minimal Scientific Realism -- 4 Commonsensibles and Their Modifications in Economic Modelling -- 5 Social Construction (What?) of What? -- 6 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Rise and Fall of Popper and Lakatos in Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Early Engagements with Popper -- 3 Lakatos and The Emergence of Economic Methodology -- 4 The Movement From Popper and Lakatos -- 5 Appraising Economic Theories -- 6 Methodology After Lakatos -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Models and Modelling in Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nature of Economic Models -- 3 Working with Models -- 4 Conclusions: From Models to Modelling -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Economic Theory and Causal Inference -- 1 Reductionist and Structuralist Accounts of Causality -- 2 Structual Estimation and Causality -- 3 The Assault on Macroeconometric Models -- 4 Inferring Causes from Interventions -- 5 Graph-Theoretic Accounts of Causal Structure -- 6 A Synthetic Program for Uncovering the Causal Structure of Vars -- Bibliography -- Naturalism and The Nature of Economic Evidence -- 1 Naturalism and Evidence -- 2 Nonexperimental Evidence -- 3 Experimental Evidence -- 4 Evidence and Unrealistic Causal Models -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Some Issues Concerning The Nature of Economic Explanation -- 1 Some Controversies About Explanation -- 2 Formal Criteria For Explanation in Economics -- 3 Theoretical Entities and Explanation -- 4 When Do Models Explain? -- 5 Macro and Microexplanation -- 6 Functional Explanation and Evolutionary Economics. , 7 The Nature of Economic Causes -- 8 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Unreasonable Efficacy of Mathematics in Modern Economics -- 1 The Classical Arguments -- 2 The Role and Functions of Mathematics in Neoclassical Economics -- 3 Post-1980 Developments in Alternative Possibilities for Mathematical Formalization in Economics -- 4 A Revival of Philosophy of Mathematics for Economics? -- Bibliography -- Feminist Philosophy of Economics -- Introduction -- What Makes an Economic Inquiry Feminist? -- Is Rational Choice Theory Androcentric? -- Values and Objectivity in Economics -- "Critical Realism:" A Contested View in Feminist Philosophy of Economics -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Positive-Normative Dichotomy and Economics -- 1 Introduction to The Positive-Normative Dichotomy -- 2 The History of The Positive-Normative Dichotomy in Economics -- 3 Normative and Ethically Normative -- 4 The Entanglement of Positive and (Ethically) Normative -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Economic Theory, Anti-Economics, and Political Ideology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Anti-Economists and Markets -- 3 Economic Theory and The Normative Status of The Market -- 4 Non-Ideological Economics -- Bibliography -- Social Scientific Naturalism and Experimentation in Economics -- 1 Is Game Theory Testable? -- 2 Difficulties in Testing Game Theory -- 3 Determining Preferences -- 4 The Implications of Preference Complexities -- 5 Some Implications for Social Scientific Naturalism -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Part B : Specific Methods, Theories, Approaches, Paradigms, Schools, Traditions -- The Philosophy of Economic Forecasting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Prerequisites -- 3 Forecasting, Prediction, and Economics -- 4 The Purpose of Economics -- 5 Philosophical Questions -- 6 Causality and Control -- Bibliography. , Philosophy of Econometrics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Relevant Philosophical/Methodological Issues -- 3 Philosophy of Science and Empirical Modeling -- 4 Statistical Inference and Its Foundational Problems -- 5 Error-Statistics (E-S) and Inductive Inference -- 6 Statistical Adequacy and The Reliability of Inference -- 7 Philosophical/Methodological Issues Pertaining to Econometrics -- 8 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Measurement in Economics -- 1 The Representational Theory of Measurement -- 2 Axiomatic Representational Theory of Measurement -- 3 Empirical Representational Theory of Measurement -- 4 Instrument Measurement -- 5 Reliable Measurement Results -- 6 Economic Modeling -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Geographical Economics and Its Neighbours - Forces Towards and Against Unification -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical Economics and Its Neighbours -- 3 Explanatory Unification -- 4 Intra-Disciplinary Unification of Location, Trade and Growth -- 5 Inter-Disciplinary Unification: Economics Imperialism -- 6 Unrealistic Assumptions, Idealizations and Explanatory Power -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- The Homo Economicus Conception of The Individual: An Ontological Approach -- 1 Existence as a Category of Investigation -- 2 What Exists in Economics? -- 3 The Homo Economicus Conception of the Individual -- 4 The Problem of Multiple Selves -- 5 Three Precursor Social Identity Arguments -- 6 Recent Social Identity Arguments -- 7 The Conception of The Individual in Recent Economics -- Bibliography -- Rational Choice and Some Difficulties for Consequentialism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Transitivity -- 3 Independence -- 4 Difficulties with The Formalisation of Non-Dictatorship -- 5 The Identification Problem -- 6 Summary -- Bibliography. , Rational Choice, Preferences Over Actions and Rule-Following Behavior -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rationality Principle and Rationality Hypotheses in Economics -- 3 Adjusting the Utility Function -- 4 Preferences Over Actions and Rule Following -- 5 The Rationale of Rule-Following Behavior -- 6 The Explanation of Rule-Following Behavior -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Philosophy of Game Theory -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Some Basic Concepts -- 3 Game Theory as a Normative Theory Of Rationality -- 4 Game Theory as a Predictive Theory -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- An Embarrassment of Riches: Modeling Social Preferences in Ultimatum Games -- 1 Social Preferences -- 2 Analysis Based on Bug -- 3 Variants to Bug -- 4 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Experimentation in Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theory and Experiment -- 3 Experimental Inferences -- 4 External Validity -- 5 The Philosophical Relevance of Experimental Economics' Results -- 6 Other Issues and Readings -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Behavioral Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Intellectual Backdrop -- 3 Psychological Approaches During The Late Neoclassical Period -- 4 The "New" Behavioral Economics -- 5 The Methods of Behavioral Economics -- 6 Current Directions -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- The Economic Agent: Not Human, But Important -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Economic Agency -- 3 Animal Agents -- 4 The Heartland of Economics -- 5 Behavioral Economics and Neuroeconomics: The Molar and The Molecular -- 6 People as Coordinating Equilibria -- Bibliography -- Ontological Issues in Evolutionary Economics: The Debate Between Generalized Darwinism and The Continuity Hypothesis -- Introduction -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Public Choice: A Methodological Perspective -- Introduction and Overview -- 1 Homo Oeconomicus Goes Politics. , 2 Normative Public Choice -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Judgment Aggregation: A Short Introduction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Problem of Majority Inconsistency -- 3 The Basic Model of Judgment Aggregation -- 4 A General Impossibility Result -- 5 Avoiding the Impossibility -- 6 The Relationship to Other Aggregation Problems -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- The Economics of Scientific Knowledge -- 1 The Idea of an Economics of Scientific Knowledge -- 2 The Optimisation Paradigm -- 3 Epistemic Utility Approaches -- 4 The Exchange Paradigm -- 5 Social Mechanisms for Knowledge Production -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Index of Names -- General Index.