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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photopolymerization of N-substituted phenyl maleimide initiated with N,N-dimethyl-4-toluidine (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 643-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: photopolymerization of N-substituted phenyl maleimides ; N,N-dimethyl-4-Toluidine ; exciplex ; radical intermediate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several N-phenyl maleimides with different p-substituents have been synthesized from the maleic anhydride and relevant aromatic amine. In the presence of N,N-dimethyl-4-toluidine (DMT), the N-substituted phenyl maleimide (4-XPhMIs) could be polymerized under UV irradiation. It was observed that a new absorption appeared on the UV-Vis spectrum of the mixture solution of 4-XPhMI and DMT, which reveals the formation of charge-transfer complex in the ground state. It was found that the fluorescence of DMT was quenched by 4-XPhMI and the quenching constant of 4-XPhMI, obtained from the Stern-Volmer plot, increases with the electron-deficiency of ethylene double bond of 4-XPhMI. The dynamic quenching of the fluorescence of DMT by 4-XPhMI suggests the formation of exciplex in excited state between DMT and 4-XPhMI. The radicals formed in the systems have been detected by spin-trapping techniques and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer. Based on all of these results, it has been proposed that the initiation process of the polymerization involves the formation of exciplex and the initial radicals were produced by proton-transfer in the exciplex from DMT to 4-XPhMI. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The electropolymerization of poly(styrene-co-4-carboxyphenyl maleimide) coatings onto steel (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 62 (1996), S. 1303-1312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electropolymerization can be used to produce uniform and pin-hole free coatings on surfaces of complex shapes, due to the intrinsic characteristic of the process. In this article, the electrocopolymerization behavior of 4-carboxyphenyl maleimide (4CPMI) with styrene onto a steel surface is reported. The polymerization mechanism is by free radical, as might be expected for an aqueous reaction environment. Experimental results suggest that initially a charge transfer complex forms between styrene and 4CPMI, which is much more reactive than either of the two monomers. Alternating copolymers are always obtained at low conversion, even with significant changes in the monomer feed compositions. Because of the incorporation of rigid imide rings into the copolymer backbone, the coating formed has very good thermal properties and is thus a potential candidate for high-temperature applications. Furthermore, the copolymer dielectric constant is comparable to that of commercial polyimides, making it attractive for use in electrical and electronic insulation applications. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some Synthetic Studies Related to Perylenequinones (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1993 (1993), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Fungus pigments ; Perylenequinones, synthesis of ; Selenium dioxide oxidation ; Ullmann coupling ; Double coupling of 1,2-naphthalenediols ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two closely related routes to dimethyl 3,10-dihydro-2,11-dihydroxy-4,6,7,9-tetramethoxy-3,10-dioxo-1,12-perylenediacetate (10), one involving Ullmann phenol coupling and the other by double oxidative coupling are described. Regioselective demethylation of 10 followed by methylation or vice versa yields dimethyl 3,10-dihydro-4,9-dihydroxy-2,6,7,11-tetramethoxy-3,10-dioxo-1,12-perylenediacetate (22) which, except for its side chains, structurally resembles some of the natural perylenequinones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.199319930107
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  • 4
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    The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 4: Scientific objectives and experimental design of the PMIP4-CMIP6 Last Glacial Maximum experiments and PMIP4 sensitivity experiments (2017)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development, 10 (11). pp. 4035-4055.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 000 years ago) is one of the suite of paleoclimate simulations included in the current phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). It is an interval when insolation was similar to the present, but global ice volume was at a maximum, eustatic sea level was at or close to a minimum, greenhouse gas concentrations were lower, atmospheric aerosol loadings were higher than today, and vegetation and land-surface characteristics were different from today. The LGM has been a focus for the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) since its inception, and thus many of the problems that might be associated with simulating such a radically different climate are well documented. The LGM state provides an ideal case study for evaluating climate model performance because the changes in forcing and temperature between the LGM and pre-industrial are of the same order of magnitude as those projected for the end of the 21st century. Thus, the CMIP6 LGM experiment could provide additional information that can be used to constrain estimates of climate sensitivity. The design of the Tier 1 LGM experiment (lgm) includes an assessment of uncertainties in boundary conditions, in particular through the use of different reconstructions of the ice sheets and of the change in dust forcing. Additional (Tier 2) sensitivity experiments have been designed to quantify feedbacks associated with land-surface changes and aerosol loadings, and to isolate the role of individual forcings. Model analysis and evaluation will capitalize on the relative abundance of paleoenvironmental observations and quantitative climate reconstructions already available for the LGM.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: archive
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-10-4035-2017
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  • 5
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    Storm-time evolution of ELF/VLF waves observed by DEMETER satellite (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: In this paper, using the data of sunsynchronous satellite DEMETER, we investigated the storm-time variations of ELF/VLF waves during the intense CME-driven storms from 2005 to 2009. The results show that there is a good correlation between the enhancement of ELF/VLF waves and the CME events. Immidately following the enhanced wave activity driven by CMEs during the initial phase, the wave intensity decreases temporarily at the beginning of storm main phase. The strongest waves predominantly occur from the late main phase to early recovery phase. The ELF waves below 3 kHz are significantly intensified during the whole storm time, while the high-frequency waves above 3 kHz seem strengthened only during the late main and early recovery phase. The ELF waves below 3 kHz can exist in a wide L-shell range, with the intensity peaking at L ~ 3-4. High-frequency waves at f  〉 9 kHz exist mostly outside the plasmapause. The stronger ELF/VLF waves on the dayside can last longer time than those on the nightside.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    MicroRNA-26a suppresses angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting HGF-cmet pathway (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-22
    Description: We previously found that miR-26a could suppress tumor growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Since angiogenesis is important for tumor growth and metastasis, in this study, we further investigated the possible roles of miR-26a in tumor angiogenesis. Down-regulation of miR-26a was found to correlate with an increased angiogenic potential of HCC. Through gain- and loss-of-function studies, miR-26a was demonstrated to significantly inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression in HCC cells and then suppress the promoting effects of HCC cells on in vitro proliferation, migration and capillary tube formation of endothelial cells, as well as in vivo tumor angiogenesis of HCC. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was identified as a target of miR-26a. HGF simulation antagonized the effects induced by miR-26a up-regulation. In contrast, silencing HGF induced the similar effects to miR-26a. We further disclosed that miR-26a exerted its antiangiogenesis function, at least in part, by inhibiting HGF- hepatocyte growth factor receptor (cMet) and its downstream signaling pathway, in turn, suppressing VEGFA production in HCC cells and impairing VEGFR2-signaling in endothelial cells. HCC patients who had high miR-26a, low HGF, low VEGFA or low microvessel density (MVD) in tumor tissues had a better prognosis with longer overall survival (OS) and time to recurrence (TTR). In multivariate analysis, miR-26a, or in combination with HGF, was demonstrated to be an independent prognostic indicator for OS and TTR of HCC patients. Conclusion : miR-26a could suppress tumor angiogenesis of HCC through HGF-cMet signaling, and it is a new hopeful therapeutic target and prognostic marker for HCC. (H epatology 2013;)
    Print ISSN: 0270-9139
    Electronic ISSN: 1527-3350
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
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  • 7
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    Centennial- to millennial-scale monsoon changes since the last deglaciation linked to solar activities and North Atlantic cooling (2020)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Rapid monsoon changes since the last deglaciation remain poorly constrained due to the scarcity of geological archives. Here we present a high-resolution scanning X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of a 13.5 m terrace succession on the western Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) to infer rapid monsoon changes since the last deglaciation. Our results indicate that Rb∕Sr and Zr∕Rb are sensitive indicators of chemical weathering and wind sorting, respectively, which are further linked to the strength of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). During the last deglaciation, two cold intervals of the Heinrich event 1 and Younger Dryas were characterized by intensified winter monsoon and weakened summer monsoon. The EAWM gradually weakened at the beginning of the Holocene, while the EASM remained steady till 9.9 ka and then grew stronger. Both the EASM and EAWM intensities were relatively weak during the Middle Holocene, indicating a mid-Holocene climatic optimum. Rb∕Sr and Zr∕Rb exhibit an antiphase relationship between the summer and winter monsoon changes on a centennial timescale during 16–1 ka. Comparison of these monsoon changes with solar activity and North Atlantic cooling events reveals that both factors can lead to abrupt changes on a centennial timescale in the Early Holocene. During the Late Holocene, North Atlantic cooling became the major forcing of centennial monsoon events.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    PISM-LakeCC: Implementing an adaptive proglacial lake boundary into an ice sheet model (2020)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-10
    Description: Geological records show that vast proglacial lakes existed along the land terminating margins of palaeo ice sheets in Europe and North America. Proglacial lakes impact ice sheet dynamics by imposing marine-like boundary conditions at the ice margin. These lacustrine boundary conditions include changes in the ice sheet’s geometry, stress balance and frontal ablation and therefore affect the entire ice sheet’s mass balance. This interaction, however, has not been rigorously implemented in ice sheet models. In this study, the implementation of an adaptive lake boundary into the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) is described and applied to the glacial retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS). The results show that the presence of proglacial lakes locally enhances the ice flow. Along the continental ice margin, ice streams and ice lobes can be observed. Lacustrine terminating ice streams cause immense thinning of the ice sheet’s interior and thus play a significant role in the demise of the LIS. Due to the presence of lakes, a process similar to the marine ice sheet instability causes the collapse of the ice saddle over Hudson Bay, which blocked drainage via the Hudson Strait. In control experiments without a lake model, Hudson Bay is still glaciated at the end of the simulation. Future studies should target the development of parametrizations that better describe the glacial-lacustrine interactions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF AUTOPHAGY-RELATED GENE 5 FROM Spodoptera exigua AND EXPRESSION ANALYSIS UNDER VARIOUS STRESS CONDITIONS (2016)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Autophagy is not only involved in development, but also has been proved to attend immune response against invading pathogens. Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) is an important autophagic protein, which plays a crucial role in autophagosome elongation. Although ATG5 has been well studied in mammal, yeast, and Drosophila , little is known about ATG5 in lepidopteran insects. We cloned putative SeAtg5 gene from Spodoptera exigua larvae by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends method, and its characteristics and the influences of multiple exogenous factors on its expression levels were then investigated. The results showed that the putative S. exigua SeATG5 protein is highly homologous to other insect ATG5 proteins, which has a conserved Pfm domain and multiple phosphorylation sites. Next, fluorescence microscope observation showed that mCherry-SeATG5 was distributed in both nucleus and cytoplasm of Spodoptera litura Sl-HP cells and partially co-localized with BmATG6-GFP, but it almost has no significant co-localization with GFP-HaATG8. Then, the Western blot analysis demonstrated that GFP-SeATG5 conjugated with ATG12. Moreover, real-time PCR revealed that its expression levels significantly increased at the initiation of pupation and the stage of adult. In addition, the expression levels of SeAtg5 can be enhanced by the starvation, UV radiation, and infection of baculovirus and bacterium. However, the expression levels of SeAtg5 decreased at 24 h post treatments in all these treatments except in starvation. These results suggested that SeATG5 might be involved in response of S. exigua under various stress conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0739-4462
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-6327
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 10
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    PISM-LakeCC: Implementing an adaptive proglacial lake boundary in an ice sheet model (2022)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: During the Late Pleistocene and Holocene retreat of paleo-ice sheets in North America and Europe, vast proglacial lakes existed along the land terminating margins. These proglacial lakes impacted ice sheet dynamics by imposing boundary conditions analogous to a marine terminating margin. Such lacustrine boundary conditions cause changes in the ice sheet geometry, stress balance and frontal ablation and therefore affect the mass balance of the entire ice sheet. Despite this, dynamically evolving proglacial lakes have rarely been considered in detail in ice sheet modeling endeavors. In this study, we describe the implementation of an adaptive lake boundary in the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM), which we call PISM-LakeCC. We test our model with a simplified glacial retreat setup of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS). By comparing the experiments with lakes to control runs with no lakes, we show that the presence of proglacial lakes locally enhances the ice flow, which leads to a lowering of the ice sheet surface. In some cases, this also results in an advance of the ice margin and the emergence of ice lobes. In the warming climate, increased melting on the lowered ice surface drives the glacial retreat. For the LIS, the presence of lakes triggers a process similar to marine ice sheet instability, which caused the collapse of the ice saddle over Hudson Bay. In the control experiments without lakes, Hudson Bay is still glaciated when the climate reaches present-day (PD) conditions. The results of our study demonstrate that glacio-lacustrine interactions play a significant role in the retreat of land terminating ice sheet margins.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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