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  • 1
    Keywords: Ice sheets Congresses ; Sea ice Congresses ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction Congresses ; Climatic changes Congresses ; Ice-atmosphere interaction ; Kongreß Konferenz ; ice sheets ; sea ice ; ocean-atmosphere interaction ; climatic changes ; climate change ;climate changes ; Konferenzschrift 1992 ; Eiszeit ; Klimaänderung ; Eiszeit ; Paläoozeanographie
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: XIV, 673 S , graph. Darst., Kt
    ISBN: 3540571671 , 0387571671
    Series Statement: NATO ASI series 12
    DDC: 551.5/2
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Note: Literaturangaben
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin, Heidelberg :Springer Berlin / Heidelberg,
    Keywords: Ice sheets--Congresses. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop Ice in the Climate System, held at Aussois, France, September 6-12, 1992.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (670 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783642850165
    Series Statement: Nato asi Subseries I: Series ; v.12
    DDC: 551.52
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Ice in the Climate System -- Copyright -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- PROLOGUE -- LIST OF AUTHORS AND PARTICIPANTS -- EXTENT AND MELTING HISTORY OF THE LATE WEICHSELIAN ICE SHEET, THE BARENTS-KARA CONTINENTAL MARGIN -- MODELLING OF THE FENNOSCANDIAN ICE SHEET -- CONTROLS ON CHANGES IN THE WEST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET -- PLASTIC MODELLING OF GLACIERS AND OUTLETS -- QUALITATIVE DYNAMICS OF MARINE ICE SHEETS -- MODELLING OF GLACIER MASS BALANCE -- OBSERVATIONS AND SIMULATIONS OF TEMPERATURE AND ICE ACCUMULATION AT THE SURFACE OF ANTARCTICA -- WORLD SEA LEVEL AND THE PRESENT MASS BALANCE OF THE ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET -- ICE, CLIMATE, AND SEA LEVEL -- DO WE KNOW WHAT IS HAPPENING? -- HEINRICH EVENTS: TRIGGERS OF OCEAN CIRCULATION CHANGE? -- HEINRICH EVENTS: CHRONOLOGY AND PROCESSES, EAST-CENTRAL LAURENTIDE ICE SHEET AND NW LABRADOR SEA -- Transport of Freshwater into the Deep Ocean by the Conveyor -- The driving force of brine rejection on the deepwater formation in the Hamburg LSG OGCM. -- THE MELTING OF CONTINENTAL ICE IN THE OCEAN AND ITS IMPACT ON SURFACE AND BOTTOM WATERS -- HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE SCENARIOS, DEEP OCEAN CIRCULATION, AND CENTURY/MILLENNIUM CLIMATE CHANGE: A SIMULATION STUDY USING AN OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE-ICE SHEET MODEL -- A SIMPLE SYSTEMS MODEL OF THE MAJOR GLACIATION CYCLES -- CLIMATE MODEL STUDIES OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ICE SHEETS AND THE ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN SYSTEM -- MODELLING ICE SHEET AND CLIMATE CHANGES THROUGH THE ICE AGES -- SIMULATION OF THE CLIMATE OF THE LAST 200 KYR WITH THE LLN 2D-MODEL -- THE LATE CENOZOIC GLACIAL REGIMES AS A COMBINED RESPONSE TO EARTH-ORBITAL VARIATIONS AND FORCED AND FREE CO2 VARIATIONS -- THE DELICACY OF THE OCEANIC THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION -- Multiple equilibria in β-plane thermohaline convection -- YOUNGER DRYAS EXPERIMENTS -- DEEP DECOUPLING OSCILLATIONS OF THE OCEANIC THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION. , THE GLACIAL OCEAN: A STUDY WITH A ZONALLY AVERAGED, THREE-BASIN OCEAN CIRCULATION MODEL -- OSCILLATORY MODES OF BEHAVIOR IN A SIMPLE MODEL OF THE ATLANTIC THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION -- CORRELATION OF GREENLAND ICE-CORE AND ICE-MARGIN δ(18O) RECORDS -- THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ICE DYNAMICS AND PALEOCLIMATE FROM ICE CORES: A STUDY OF TAYLOR DOME, ANTARCTICA -- Past Accumulation rates derived from observed annual layers in the GRIP ice core from Summit, Central Greenland. -- SEA ICE: A FACTOR IN INFLUENCING CLIMATE ON SHORT AND LON TIME SCALES -- NONLINEAR PALEOCLIMATIC VARIABILITY FROM QUATERNARY RECORDS -- THE ARCTIC RESPONSE TO CO2-INDUCED WARMING IN A COUPLED ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL -- OCEAN HEAT AND SEASONAL SEA ICE THICKNESS IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN -- QUANTITATIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF SEA-SURFACE CONDITIONS, SEASONAL EXTENT OF SEA-ICE COVER AND MELTWATER DISCHARGES IN HIGH LATITUDE MARINE ENVIRONMENTS FROM DINOFLAGELLATE CYST ASSEMBLAGES -- NORTH ATLANTIC SEA SURFACE SALINITY, ICE MELTING AND ABRUPT CLIMATIC CHANGES -- INTERANNUAL AND CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ICE OCEAN CIRCULATION MODEL -- A THERMODYNAMIC-DYNAMIC SNOW SEA-ICE MODEL.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 450 (2007), S. 813-818 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The ‘snowball Earth’ hypothesis posits the occurrence of a sequence of glaciations in the Earth’s history sufficiently deep that photosynthetic activity was essentially arrested. Because the time interval during which these events are believed to have occurred immediately preceded ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 405 (2000), S. 425-429 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Ice sheets may have reached the Equator in the late Proterozoic era (600–800 Myr ago), according to geological and palaeomagnetic studies, possibly resulting in a ‘snowball Earth’. But this period was a critical time in the evolution of multicellular animals, posing the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 409 (2001), S. 306-306 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Hyde et al. reply We are not convinced that the data discussed by Schrag and Hoffman can be interpreted in only one way. With respect to the duration of glaciation, calculations suggest that the open-water solution could have persisted up to CO2 levels of about ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 000 years ago) is one of the suite of paleoclimate simulations included in the current phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). It is an interval when insolation was similar to the present, but global ice volume was at a maximum, eustatic sea level was at or close to a minimum, greenhouse gas concentrations were lower, atmospheric aerosol loadings were higher than today, and vegetation and land-surface characteristics were different from today. The LGM has been a focus for the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) since its inception, and thus many of the problems that might be associated with simulating such a radically different climate are well documented. The LGM state provides an ideal case study for evaluating climate model performance because the changes in forcing and temperature between the LGM and pre-industrial are of the same order of magnitude as those projected for the end of the 21st century. Thus, the CMIP6 LGM experiment could provide additional information that can be used to constrain estimates of climate sensitivity. The design of the Tier 1 LGM experiment (lgm) includes an assessment of uncertainties in boundary conditions, in particular through the use of different reconstructions of the ice sheets and of the change in dust forcing. Additional (Tier 2) sensitivity experiments have been designed to quantify feedbacks associated with land-surface changes and aerosol loadings, and to isolate the role of individual forcings. Model analysis and evaluation will capitalize on the relative abundance of paleoenvironmental observations and quantitative climate reconstructions already available for the LGM.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: archive
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-04-09
    Description: The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~ 21,000 years ago) has been a major focus for evaluating how well state-of-the-art climate models simulate climate changes as large as those expected in the future using paleoclimate reconstructions. A new generation of climate models have been used to generate LGM simulations as part of the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Here we provide a preliminary analysis and evaluation of the results of these LGM experiments (PMIP4-CMIP6) and compare them with the previous generation of simulations (PMIP3-CMIP5). We show that the PMIP4-CMIP6 are globally less cold and less dry than the PMIP3-CMIP5 simulations, most probably because of the use of a more realistic specification of the northern hemisphere ice sheets in the latest simulations although changes in model configuration may also contribute to this. There are important differences in both atmospheric and ocean circulation between the two sets of experiments, with the northern and southern jet streams being more poleward and the changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation being less pronounced in the PMIP4-CMIP6 simulations than in the PMIP3-CMIP5 simulations. Changes in simulated precipitation patterns are influenced by both temperature and circulation changes. Differences in simulated climate between individual models remain large so, although there are differences in the average behaviour across the two ensembles, the new simulation results are not fundamentally different from the PMIP3-CMIP5 results. Evaluation of large-scale climate features, such as land-sea contrast and polar amplification, confirms that the models capture these well and within the uncertainty of the palaeoclimate reconstructions. Nevertheless, regional climate changes are less well simulated: the models underestimate extratropical cooling, particularly in winter, and precipitation changes. The spatial patterns of increased precipitation associated with changes in the jet streams are also poorly captured. However, changes in the tropics are more realistic, particularly the changes in tropical temperatures over the oceans. Although these results are preliminary in nature, because of the limited number of LGM simulations currently available, they nevertheless point to the utility of using paleoclimate simulations to understand the mechanisms of climate change and evaluate model performance.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼ 21 000 years ago) has been a major focus for evaluating how well state-of-the-art climate models simulate climate changes as large as those expected in the future using paleoclimate reconstructions. A new generation of climate models has been used to generate LGM simulations as part of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Here, we provide a preliminary analysis and evaluation of the results of these LGM experiments (PMIP4, most of which are PMIP4-CMIP6) and compare them with the previous generation of simulations (PMIP3, most of which are PMIP3-CMIP5). We show that the global averages of the PMIP4 simulations span a larger range in terms of mean annual surface air temperature and mean annual precipitation compared to the PMIP3-CMIP5 simulations, with some PMIP4 simulations reaching a globally colder and drier state. However, the multi-model global cooling average is similar for the PMIP4 and PMIP3 ensembles, while the multi-model PMIP4 mean annual precipitation average is drier than the PMIP3 one. There are important differences in both atmospheric and oceanic circulations between the two sets of experiments, with the northern and southern jet streams being more poleward and the changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation being less pronounced in the PMIP4-CMIP6 simulations than in the PMIP3-CMIP5 simulations. Changes in simulated precipitation patterns are influenced by both temperature and circulation changes. Differences in simulated climate between individual models remain large. Therefore, although there are differences in the average behaviour across the two ensembles, the new simulation results are not fundamentally different from the PMIP3-CMIP5 results. Evaluation of large-scale climate features, such as land–sea contrast and polar amplification, confirms that the models capture these well and within the uncertainty of the paleoclimate reconstructions. Nevertheless, regional climate changes are less well simulated: the models underestimate extratropical cooling, particularly in winter, and precipitation changes. These results point to the utility of using paleoclimate simulations to understand the mechanisms of climate change and evaluate model performance.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Southern hemispheric sea-ice impacts ocean circulation and the carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean. Sea-ice is therefore one of the key processes in past and future climate change and variability. As climate models are the only tool available to project future climate change, it is important to assess their performance against observations for a range of different climate states. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼21 000 years ago) represents an interesting target as it is a relatively well-documented period with climatic conditions very different from preindustrial conditions. Here, we analyze the LGM seasonal Southern Ocean sea-ice cover as simulated in numerical simulations as part of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) phases 3 and 4. We compare the model outputs to a recently updated compilation of LGM seasonal Southern Ocean sea-ice cover and summer sea surface temperature (SST) to assess the most likely LGM Southern Ocean state. Simulations and paleo-proxy records suggest a fairly well-constrained glacial winter sea-ice edge between 50.5 and 51∘ S. However, the spread in simulated glacial summer sea-ice is wide, ranging from almost ice-free conditions to a sea-ice edge reaching 53∘ S. Combining model outputs and proxy data, we estimate a likely LGM summer sea-ice edge between 61 and 62∘ S and a mean summer sea-ice extent of 14–15×106 km2, which is ∼20 %–30 % larger than previous estimates. These estimates point to a higher seasonality of southern hemispheric sea-ice during the LGM than today. We also analyze the main processes defining the summer sea-ice edge within each of the models. We find that summer sea-ice cover is mainly defined by thermodynamic effects in some models, while the sea-ice edge is defined by the position of Southern Ocean upwelling in others. For models included in both PMIP3 and PMIP4, this thermodynamic or dynamic control on sea-ice is consistent across both experiments. Finally, we find that the impact of changes in large-scale ocean circulation on summer sea-ice within a single model is smaller than the natural range of summer sea-ice cover across the models considered here. This indicates that care must be taken when using a single model to reconstruct past climate regimes.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-05-01
    Description: We obtained global sea-level (eustatic) estimates with a peak of ∼22 m higher than present for the Pliocene interval 2.7–3.2 Ma from backstripping in Virginia (United States), New Zealand, and Enewetak Atoll (north Pacific Ocean), benthic foraminiferal δ18O values, and Mg/Ca-δ18O estimates. Statistical analysis indicates that it is likely (68% confidence interval) that peak sea level was 22 ± 5 m higher than modern, and extremely likely (95%) that it was 22 ± 10 m higher than modern. Benthic foraminiferal δ18O values appear to require that the peak was
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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