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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 30 (1995), S. 374-383 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Auriferous skarns are associated with post- and late-kinematic Hercynian granites that intruded into Cambro-Ordovician to Devonian sediments of the central Pyrenees. We determined the age of the Andorra granite and the associated skarn at 305 ± 3 Ma by U-Pb dating titanite from the endo-skarn. The sulfur isotopic composition from sulfides in the skarn (Cardellach et al. 1992) shows a significant variation with isotopically light sulfur (δ34S ≈ +3) in the barren skarns and heavy sulfur (δ34S ≈ +11) in the gold-bearing skarns. Outwards, it increasingly resembles sulfur from arsenopyrite disseminations in the Cambro-Ordovician sediments. The lead isotopic composition from sulfides of the skarns is very homogeneous (206Pb/204Pb = 18.410, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.699, 208Pb/204Pb = 38.574) in contrast to the one in gold-bearing arsenopyrite veins and in arsenopyrite disseminations in the sediments (e.g. 206Pb/204Pb varies from 18.54 to 30.36). Combined, sulfur and lead isotope data indicate that the lead in the skarn is dominantly derived from the granite, whereas the sulfur is derived at variable portions from both the granite and the sediments.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 123 (1996), S. 138-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The highest grade of metamorphism and associated structural elements in orogenic belts may be inherited from earlier orogenic events. We illustrate this point using magmatic and metamorphic rocks from the southern steep belt of the Lepontine Gneiss Dome (Central Alps). The U-Pb zircon ages from an anatectic granite at Verampio and migmatites at Corcapolo and Lavertezzo yield 280–290 Ma, i.e., Hercynian ages. These ages indicate that the highest grade of metamorphism in several crystalline nappes of the Lepontine Gneiss Dome is pre-Alpine. Alpine metamorphism reached sufficiently high grade to reset the Rb-Sr and K-Ar systematics of mica and amphibole, but generally did not result in crustal melting, except in the steep belt to the north of the Insubric Line, where numerous 29 to 26 Ma old pegmatites and aplites had intruded syn- and post-kinematically into gneisses of the ductile Simplon Shear Zone. The emplacement age of these pegmatites gives a minimum estimate for the age of the Alpine metamorphic peak in the Monte Rosa nappe. The U-Pb titanite ages of 33 to 31 Ma from felsic porphyritic veins represent a minimum-age estimate for Alpine metamorphism in the Sesia Zone. A porphyric vein emplaced at 448±5 Ma (U-Pb monazite) demonstrates that there existed a consolidated Caledonian basement in the Sesia Zone.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 50 (1994), S. 271-285 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Proterozoische Sulfidvererzungen im proterozoischen Grundgebirge weisen Bleiisotopenzusammensetzungen auf, die auf eine Mischungslinie im206Pb/204Pb-207Pb/204Pb Diagramm fallen. Die proterozoischen Vererzungen enthalten eine Komponente radiogenen Bleis, welches im Verlaufe der kaledonischen Orogenese aus dem proterozoischen Grundgebirge ausgelaugt wurde. Wenig oder nicht deformierte Abschnitte in den proterozoischen Sulfidvererzungen weisen weniger radiogene Bleiisotopenzusammensetzungen auf, als Bruch- und Scherzonen in denselben Vererzungen. Diese Zonen mit radiogenem, kaledonischem Blei weisen auch höhere Blei-, Zink- und Gold-Gehalte auf als die übrigen Teile der Vererzung, was andeutet, daß diese Metalle zusammen mit dem radiogenen Blei zu einem viel späteren Zeitpunkt in die Vererzung eingebracht worden sind. Die proterozoischen Vererzungen bewirkten die Metallausfällung aus Fluiden, die entlang von kaledonisch mobilisierten Verwerfungen und Scherzonen flossen.
    Notes: Summary Proterozoic sulfide deposits within the basement of northern Sweden have lead isotopic compositions that fall on a mixing line in the206Pb/204Pb-207Pb/204Pb diagram. These deposits contain a highly radiogenic Phanerozoic lead component that was leached from the Proterozoic basement at around 0.4 Ga during the Caledonian orogeny. Within the Proterozoic deposits, the less radiogenic lead isotopic compositions occur in undeformed and little deformed sections, while the more radiogenic lead isotopic compositions are observed along fault, fracture, and shear zones. These zones with radiogenic Phanerozoic lead also have higher contents of lead, zinc, and gold, respectively, than the other parts of the deposits, which suggests that these metals were introduced together with the radiogenic lead at a much later event than the metals in the unaltered Proterozoic deposit. The Proterozoic deposits acted as traps for metal additions along Caledonian reactivated fault and shear zones in the Proterozoic basement.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 57 (1996), S. 243-260 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Columbit-Tantalit kann bedeutende Mengen Uran aufnehmen and schließt Blei beinahe vollständig aus. Deshalb ist das Mineral potentiell zur U-Pb Datierung geeignet. Im allgemeinen ergeben Diskordias gut definierte obere Schnittalter. Doch in einigen Fällen ergibt das Kolumbit-Tantalit U-Pb System aufgrund von gestreuten order invers diskordanten Daten, welche keinen systematischen Zusammenhang mit der Mineralchemie oder dem Fraktionierungsgrad des Pegmatites zeigen, schlecht bestimmte Schnittalter. Rekristallisation oder Einschlüsse bedingen im allgemeinen keine anomale oder gestreute U-Pb Systematik, ausser in Fällen wo die Einschlüsse Uraninit oder sekundäre Na, Ta-Phasen sind. Uraninit, dessen Auftreten mit dem lokalen Nebengestein und den Redoxbedingungen während der Pegmatitkristallisation zusammenzuhängen scheint, kann als offenes System eine inverse Diskordanz verursachen, welche von sekundären Nb, Ta-Phasen, die Pb und U von Uraninit in ihre Kristallstruktur einbauen, geerbt wird.
    Notes: Summary Columbite-tantalite can accommodate considerable amounts of uranium and excludes lead almost completely. It is thus potentially suited for U-Pb dating. Discordias generally yield closely constrained upper intercept ages. Yet, in a few cases, the U-Pb system of columbite-tantalite gives poorly constrained ages due to excess scatter or inverse discordance. These anomalous features do not show any relation with gross mineral chemistry or pegmatite fractionation. Recrystallization or the presence of exsolutions and inclusions generally do not result in anomalous and scattered U-Pb systematics, unless the inclusions are uraninite or secondary Nb, Ta-bearing phases. Open-system behavior of uraninite, whose occurrence seems to be related to the local host-rock-influenced redox conditions during pegmatite crystallization, often results in inverse discordance. Secondary Nb, Ta-bearing phases that accept Pb and U derived from uraninite inclusions into their structure may inherit this inverse discordance.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The polymetamorphic Early Proterozoic basic metavolcanites of the Kopparåsen greenstone belt, northern Sweden, contain U mineralizations which are confined to Cu-Fe-sulfide mineralizations in mylonitized zones within basic metatuffs and graphite-bearing mica schists. Trace-lead isotope data from sulfides indicate contamination of the sulfide lead with two different lead components at ca. 430 Ma. One lead component was leached from rocks with a 232Th/238U ratio of 3.0–3.2, while the other lead component had evolved in a environment with a lower 232Th/238U ratio (0.0–0.05). The source for this latter lead component underwent a U-Th separation, probably in relation to the formation of the U mineralizations. If this lead component was leached from the U mineralizations, these mineralizations have a 207Pb/206Pb model age of ca. 1,780 Ma, which is less than the least radiogenic lead model age of the supracrustal belt (ca. 2,050 Ma). A possible genetic model for the uranium mineralizations includes the transport of U with an oxidized metamorphic fluid, which was channelled into the permeable zones, and the local reduction of the fluid by sulfides, which caused the precipitation of U.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 28 (1993), S. 37-46 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Early Proterozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Rappen district in northern Sweden were deposited at a destructive plate margin to the south of the Archaean craton of the western Baltic Shield. The volcano-sedimentary suite was intruded by two generations of early Proterozoic granites at ca. 1.89–1.85 Ga and ca.1.82–1.78 Ga, respectively, and metamorphosed at upper amphibolite facies conditions. Small stratabound iron, copper, and zinc deposits occur in felsic to mafic tuffs and arkosic sediments. Small deposits of molybdenum, tungsten, and uranium formed during the emplacement of the younger granites. The lead isotopic compositions of sulfide trace lead from the various deposits are highly heterogeneous. In the 206Pb/204Pb–207Pb/204Pb diagram they fall on mixing arrays between little evolved early Proterozoic lead and highly radiogenic Caledonian lead. The least radiogenic lead isotopic compositions from the various deposits have a wide range of 207Pb/204Pb ratios and thus indicate variable involvement of Archaean crustal lead in the Proterozoic deposits. Deposits hosted by siliciclastic rocks have higher 207Pb/204Pb ratios than deposits hosted in mafic to felsic tuffites. The lead isotopic heterogeneity suggests that the lead in the various deposits was locally derived and, furthermore, that the sedimentary rocks in part originated from the Archaean craton to the north. Lead mixing arrays in the 206Pb/204Pb–207Pb/204Pb diagram demonstrate that in Paleozoic time radiogenic lead was mobilized and transported in the basement. Source ages calculated from the mixing arrays (ca.1.9 Ga and ca.1.8 Ga) correspond to the age of the Early Proterozoic volcanism and metamorphism respectively. One group of deposits includes lead from at least three sources and illustrates that radiogenic lead was multiply mobilized and transported in the Proterozoic basement. It occurs in deposits that occur in zones that became permeable during the reactivations of the basement.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The initial lead isotopic composition of metamorphosed and tectonically reworked sulfide deposits is not always preserved, as sulfides easily change their lead isotopic composition through incorporation of lead derived from external fluids or redistribution and recrystallization of the deposit. Sulfide trace-lead and in cases even galena-lead from such deposits may show exceedingly radiogenic lead isotopic compositions. Thus, the initial lead isotopic composition has to be estimated from other minerals. Scapolite, which is a common phase in alteration haloes associated with epigenetic sulfide deposits in northern Sweden, has very low uranium-contents. Therefore, its trace-lead contents could preserve the initial isotopic composition of the ore-forming fluids. As scapolite is more resistant to recrystallization, it is more likely to reflect the original lead isotope signature of the deposit. This is illustrated using scapolite and sulfides from the Pahtohavare Cu-Au deposit in northern Sweden, which is hosted by Palaeoproterozoic mafic tuffites and graphitic schists and was affected by a mild thermal metamorphism during the Caledonian orogeny.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Pan-African orogeny ; U ; Pb dating ; Ductile deformation ; Shear sense indicators ; Menderes massif ; Turkey ; Thrusting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Menderes massif consists of a Precambrian Core Series that preserves evidence for a polymetamorphic history and a Paleozoic/Mesozoic Cover Series that experienced only the Alpine tectonometamorphic evolution. Structural, petrographic, and geochronologic investigations in the central Menderes massif demonstrate that (a) part of the metamorphic and structural evolution of the Precambrian basement is older than the undeformed 551±1.4-Ma-old Birgi metagranite, and (b) inferred Alpine fabrics overprinting the Cover Series largely have the same attitudes as the old structures in the much older Core Series. The inferred Alpine fabrics include both contractional and extensional structures. Contraction under greenschist to amphibolite facies conditions resulted in the imbrication of the Core and Cover Series and generated an inverted metamorphic sequence by north-directed thrusting. During Alpine extension, most of the south-dipping thrust faults were reactivated as extensional shear zones under decreasing greenschist facies conditions.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Entlang der erosiven Front der kaledonischen Decken treten Bleiglanz- und Zinkblendeimprägnierungen in wendischen bis kambrischen, sowie teilweise ordovizischen, Sandsteinen auf, welche auf dem tief erodierten proterozoischen Baltischen Schild abgelagert und von den kaledonischen Decken überschoben worden sind. Die Bleiglanz- und Zinkblendeimprägnierungen waren infolge der Mischung von zwei hydrothermalen Lösungen in den Sandsteinen gebildet worden. ältere erzgenetische Modelle betrachteten die vererzten Sandsteine infolge der positiven Korrelation zwischen den Erzgehalten und der Faläopermeabilität als hautpsächlichen Zufuhrsweg für die vererzenden Fluide. Die Erzlösungen wurden entweder als Grundwässer und frühdiagenetische Lösungen oder als während der kaledonischen Deckenüberschiebung aus geosynklinalen Sedimenten ausgepreßte Lösungen interpretiert. Es wird hier vorgeschlagen; daß die Bildung der Vererzungen, welche Verwerfungen und Gesteinskontakte im Grundgebirge überlagern, von Strukturen im kaledonisch reaktivierten Grundgebirge kontrolliert wurde. Die geographische Verbreitung der Blei Zinkvererzungen in den Sandsteinen fällt sowohl mit mächtigen Überschiebungsdecken des Unteren Allochthons an der Gebirgsfront als auch mit Grundgebirgsaufwölbungen im Gebirgsinnern zusammen, welche beide einen tieferen Abscherungshorizont und eine möglicherweise damit zusammenhängende kräftigere Verschuppung des Grundgebirges bedingen. Eine lokal intensivere tektonische Beanspruchung des Grundgebirges resultierte in einer erhöhten großräumigen Durchlässigkeit für hydrothermale Lösungen. Aus dem Grundgebirge austretende Fluide mischten sich mit in der Überlage vorhandenen Fluiden und fällten dadurch ihren Metallgehalt aus. Das selektive Auftreten von Blei-Zinkvererzungen in den Sandsteinen ist durch deren Lage als unterste auf dem Grundgebirge abgesetzte fluidführende lithologische Einheit bedingt.
    Notes: Summary Sandstone-hosted lead-zinc impregnation deposits in Scandinavia occur in Vendian to Cambrian and, locally, Ordovician sandstones that rest unconformably on the deeply eroded Baltic Shield. The sandstones are overthrust by the Caledonian nappes or form part of the lowermost Caledonian thrust units. Sandstone-hosted lead-zinc deposits, that occur along the present erosional front of the Caledonides, contain galena and sphalerite cementing fractures and pore space. The deposits formed by fluid-mixing processes in the sandstones. Early ore genetic models considered the ore-hosting sandstones, because of the positive correlation between ore grade and palaeo-permeability, as main aquifer for the metalliferous fluids that were interpreted to be either ground-waters or hot basinal brines driven out from geosynclinal sediments during the Caledonian orogeny. It is suggested here that the distribution of sandstone-hosted lead-zinc deposits is controlled by Caledonian reactivated basement structures, as the ores overlay faults and lithologic discontinuities in the basement. The geographic distribution of the Scandinavian sandstone-hosted lead-zinc deposits coincides with areas that show both extensive thrust sheets of the Lower Allochthon unit at the front and basement culminations in the interior of the Caledonian orogen. These areas are characterized by deeper thrusting levels and probably more intense reactivation of basement faults, which made the basement more susceptible to large-scale fluid migration. Metalliferous fluids emerging from Caledonian reactivated basement faults mixed with fluids in the sedimentary cover, which resulted in metal precipitation. The lead-zinc deposits in sandstones that formed by these processes occur selectively in the lowermost permeable cover.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 79 (1990), S. 693-707 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The imbrication of the Proterozoic basement during the Caledonian orogeny was associated with fluid flow, which caused locally low-grade retrograde metamorphism of the basement, and which introduced externally derived radiogenic lead (206Pb/204Pb 〉 20.0) into permeable zones. This radiogenic lead was leached from the Proterozoic basement. To the east of the present-day Caledonian front, radiogenic lead is a pertinent geochemical tracer of the Caledonian imbrication of the Proterozoic basement, since lithostratigraphic marker beds are absent and the distribution of the retrograde metamorphism also could reflect a Proterozoic event. The distribution of radiogenic sulfide lead compositions suggests a zone of chemical and mechanical reactivation of the Proterozoic basement related to the Caledonian orogeny, that extends ca. 100 km to the east of the present border of the Caledonian nappes. Such radiogenic lead mainly occurs in conjunction with N-S to 20°E striking mylonite zones which often are bound to supracrustal rocks, e.g. such as pelitic schists and mafic vulcanites, while non-radiogenic lead compositions have been observed in mineralizations associated with acid supracrustal rocks and to the east of the imbricated and chemically active zone of the Proterozoic basement, which approximately coincides with the geographic distribution of Bouguer anomaly lows, metamorphic grade, and fault pattern.
    Abstract: Résumé L'imbrication du socle protérozoïque pendant l'orogénése calédonienne a été associée à la circulation de fluides qui ont localement provoqué un métamorphisme rétrograde du socle et qui ont transporté du plomb radiogénique externe (206Pb/204Pb 〉 20.0) dans les zones perméables. Ce plomb radiogénique a été lessivé des roches protérozoïques du socle. A l'est du front actuel des Calédonides, le plomb radiogénique représente un bon indicateur géochimique de l'imbrication calédonienne du socle protérozoïque, parce qu'il n'y a pas d'horizon de repère et que la distribution du métamorphisme rétrograde peut aussi résulter d'un événement protérozoïque. La distribution des compositions isotopiques du plomb radiogénique des sulfures indique une zone de réactivation chimique et mécanique du socle proterozoïque liée à l'orogenèse calédonienne, qui s'étend sur environ 100 km à l'est de la limite actuelle des nappes calédoniennes. Un tel plomb radiogénique se retrouve plus spécialement en relation avec des zones mylonitiques orientées N-S à 20 °E qui sont souvent confinées aux roches supracrustales, tels que des schistes pélitiques et des roches volcaniques acides. Cependant, des compositions isotopiques non radiogéniques de plomb ont été trouvées dans des minerais associés à des roches supracrustales acides, à l'est de la zone du socle protérozoïque imbriqué et activé. Cette zone coïncide approximativement avec la distribution géographique des minima des anomalies de Bouguer, des faciés métamorphiques et du type de failles.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verschuppung des proterozoischen Grundgebirges während der kaledonischen Gebirgsbildung war von einer Fluidinfiltration begleitet, die lokal eine retrograde Metamorphose des Grundgebirges bewirkte und die externes, radiogenes Blei (206Pb/206Pb 〉 20.0) in permeablen Zonen zuführte. Dieses radiogene Blei ist aus dem proterozoischen Grundgebirge ausgelaugt worden. Im Osten der heutigen Front der Kaledoniden ist das radiogene Blei ein geeigneter geochemischer Indikator der kaledonischen Verschuppung des proterozoischen Grundgebirges, da lithostratigraphische Leithorizonte fehlen und die Verteilung der retrograden Metamorphose auch ein proterozoisches Ereignis widerspiegeln könnte. Die Verteilung der radiogenen Sulfidbleizusammensetzungen deutet eine mit der kaledonischen Orogenese zusammenhängende Zone chemischer und mechanischer Mobilisierung des proterozoischen Grundgebirges an, die sich bis etwa 100 km östlich der heutigen Front der kaledonischen Decken erstreckt. Dieses radiogene Blei tritt hauptsächlich zusammen mit N-S bis 20°E streichenden Mylonitzonen auf, die oft an Suprakrustalgesteine, wie zum Beispiel pelitische Schiefer und mafische Vulkanite, gebunden sind. Im Gegensatz dazu tritt nichtradiogenes Blei hauptsächlich in Vererzungen, die mit sauren Suprakrustalgestemen assoziiert sind, und östlich der verschuppten und chemisch aktivierten Zone auf. Diese Zone fällt ungefähr mit der geographischen Verteilung der Bougueranomalieminima, des Metamorphosegrades und der Verwerfungssysteme zusammen.
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