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Food web changes under ocean acidification promote herring larvae survival (2018)

Sswat, Michael ; Stiasny, Martina H. ; Taucher, Jan ; [weitere]

Nature Research

In: Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2 . pp. 836-840.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-08

Beschreibung: Ocean acidification—the decrease in seawater pH due to rising CO2 concentrations—has been shown to lower survival in early life stages of fish and, as a consequence, the recruitment of populations including commercially important species. To date, ocean-acidification studies with fish larvae have focused on the direct physiological impacts of elevated CO2, but largely ignored the potential effects of ocean acidification on food web interactions. In an in situ mesocosm study on Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) larvae as top predators in a pelagic food web, we account for indirect CO2 effects on larval survival mediated by changes in food availability. The community was exposed to projected end-of-the-century CO2 conditions (~760 µatm pCO2) over a period of 113 days. In contrast with laboratory studies that reported a decrease in fish survival, the survival of the herring larvae in situ was significantly enhanced by 19 ± 2%. Analysis of the plankton community dynamics suggested that the herring larvae benefitted from a CO2-stimulated increase in primary production. Such indirect effects may counteract the possible direct negative effects of ocean acidification on the survival of fish early life stages. These findings emphasize the need to assess the food web effects of ocean acidification on fish larvae before we can predict even the sign of change in fish recruitment in a high-CO2 ocean.

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DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0514-6

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Effects of parental acclimation and energy limitation in response to high CO2 exposure in Atlantic cod (2018)

Stiasny, Martina H. ; Mittermayer, Felix ; Göttler, G. ; [weitere]

Nature Research

In: Scientific Reports, 8 . Art.Nr. 8348.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-19

Beschreibung: Ocean acidification (OA), the dissolution of excess anthropogenic carbon dioxide in ocean waters, is a potential stressor to many marine fish species. Whether species have the potential to acclimate and adapt to changes in the seawater carbonate chemistry is still largely unanswered. Simulation experiments across several generations are challenging for large commercially exploited species because of their long generation times. For Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), we present first data on the effects of parental acclimation to elevated aquatic CO2 on larval survival, a fundamental parameter determining population recruitment. The parental generation in this study was exposed to either ambient or elevated aquatic CO2 levels simulating end-of-century OA levels (~1100 µatm CO2) for six weeks prior to spawning. Upon fully reciprocal exposure of the F1 generation, we quantified larval survival, combined with two larval feeding regimes in order to investigate the potential effect of energy limitation. We found a significant reduction in larval survival at elevated CO2 that was partly compensated by parental acclimation to the same CO2 exposure. Such compensation was only observed in the treatment with high food availability. This complex 3-way interaction indicates that surplus metabolic resources need to be available to allow a transgenerational alleviation response to ocean acidification.

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DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26711-y

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Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate administration during early life: effects on performance, immunity and microbial community of European sea bass yolk-sac larvae (2017)

Franke, Andrea ; Roth, Olivia ; Schryver, Peter De ; [weitere]

Nature Research

In: Scientific Reports, 7 (1). Art.No. 15022.

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Publikationsdatum: 2020-06-18

Beschreibung: The reliable production of marine fish larvae is one of the major bottlenecks in aquaculture due to high mortalities mainly caused by infectious diseases. To evaluate if the compound poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) might be a suitable immunoprophylactic measure in fish larviculture, its capacity to improve immunity and performance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) yolk-sac larvae was explored. PHB was applied from mouth opening onwards to stimulate the developing larval immune system at the earliest possible point in time. Larval survival, growth, microbiota composition, gene expression profiles and disease resistance were assessed. PHB administration improved larval survival and, furthermore, altered the larva-associated microbiota composition. The bacterial challenge test using pathogenic Vibrio anguillarum revealed that the larval disease resistance was not influenced by PHB. The expression profiles of 26 genes involved e.g. in the immune response showed that PHB affected the expression of the antimicrobial peptides ferritin (fer) and dicentracin (dic), however, the response to PHB was inconsistent and weaker than previously demonstrated for sea bass post-larvae. Hence, the present study highlights the need for more research focusing on the immunostimulation of different early developmental stages for gaining a more comprehensive picture and advancing a sustainable production of high quality fry.

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DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14785-z

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Quantifying top-down control and ecological traits of the scyphozoan Aurelia aurita through a dynamic plankton model (2018)

Ramirez-Romero, Eduardo ; Molinero, Juan Carlos ; Paulsen, Matthias ; [weitere]

Oxford Univ. Press

In: Journal of Plankton Research, 40 (6). pp. 678-692.

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Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-08

Beschreibung: Aurelia aurita (Linneaus, 1758) is a cosmopolitan scyphozoan, probably the most investigated jellyfish in temperate and highly productive coastal ecosystems. Despite a prominent top-down control in plankton food webs, a mechanistic understanding of A. aurita population dynamics and trophic interactions has been barely addressed. Here we develop a food web dynamic model to assess A. aurita role in the seasonal plankton dynamics of the Kiel Fjord, southwestern Baltic Sea. The model couples low trophic level dynamics, based on a classical Nutrient Phytoplankton Zooplankton Detritus (NPZD) model, to a stage-resolved copepod model (referencing Pseudocalanus sp.) and a jellyfish model (A. aurita ephyra and medusa) as consumers and predators, respectively. Simulations showed the relevance of high abundances of A. aurita, which appear related with warm winter temperatures, promoting a shift from a copepod-dominated food web to a ciliate and medusa dominated one. The model captured the intraspecific competition triggered by the medusae abundance and characterized by a negative relationship between population density and individual size/weight. Our results provide a mechanistic understanding of an emergent trait such as size shaping the food web functioning, driving predation rates and population dynamics of A. aurita, driving its sexual reproductive strategy at the end of the pelagic phase.

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DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fby041

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Nutritional situation for larval Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) in two nursery areas in thewestern Baltic Sea (2014)

Paulsen, Matthias ; Hammer, Cornelius ; Malzahn, Arne ; [weitere]

Oxford Univ. Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71 (4). pp. 991-1000.

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-09-24

Beschreibung: The Greifswalder Bodden (GWB) is considered to be the most important spawning and nursery area for the western Baltic spring-spawning herring. However, the biotic and abiotic reasons for this are still unclear. Consequently, we investigated larval growth conditions in the GWB and in the Kiel Canal (KC), another nursery and spawning area of Baltic herring. We investigated prey quantity and quality [copepod abundance and essential fatty acid (EFA) concentration] as well as biochemically derived growth rates and fatty acid content of larval herring in spring 2011. A significant correlation between larval growth and larval EFA concentration could be observed in the GWB. The highest growth rates and EFA concentrations in the larval herring coincided with high food quality. Compensating effects of food quality on food quantity and vice versa could be observed in both the GWB and the KC. While larval growth rates in the KC were high early in the season, highest growth rates in the GWB were achieved late in the season. In conclusion, neither area was superior to the other, indicating similar growth conditions for larval herring within the region.

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DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fst168

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Characteristics of survivors: growth and nutritional condition of early stages of the hake species Merluccius paradoxus and M. capensis in the southern Benguela ecosystem (2012)

Grote, B. ; Ekau, W. ; Stenevik, E. K. ; [weitere]

Oxford Univ. Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69 (4). pp. 553-562.

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-06-15

Beschreibung: Larval mortality in marine fish is strongly linked to characteristic traits such as growth and condition, but the variability in these traits is poorly understood. We tried to identify the variability in growth in relation to conditions leading to greater survival chances for early stages of Cape hake, Merluccius paradoxus and M. capensis, in the Benguela upwelling ecosystem. During two cruises in 2007 and one cruise in 2008, hake larvae and juveniles were caught. Otolith microstructures revealed a larval age ranging from 2 to 29 days post-hatching (dph), whereas juvenile age was 67–152 dph. RNA:DNA ratios, used to evaluate nutritional condition, were above the relevant threshold level for growth. No strong coupling between growth and condition was detected, indicating a complex relationship between these factors in the southern Benguela ecosystem. Merluccius paradoxus juveniles caught in 2007 (the surviving larvae of 2006) had significantly higher larval growth rates than larvae hatched in 2007 and 2008, possibly indicating selection for fast growth in 2006. High selection pressure on growth could be linked to predation avoidance, including cannibalism.

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DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fss020

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A comparison of the nutritional condition of herring larvae as determined by two biochemical methods - tryptic enzyme activity and RNA/DNA ratio measurements (1992)

Ueberschär, Bernd ; Clemmesen, Catriona

Oxford Univ. Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, 49 . pp. 245-249.

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-06-15

Beschreibung: Two biochemical methods for measuring larval fish condition – tryptic enzyme activity and RNA/DNA ratio measurement - were applied to laboratory-reared and wild-caught herring larvae. The comparison of both methods when applied to laboratory-reared herring larvae showed that tryptic enzyme activity and RNA/DNA ratio are linear and positively correlated under constant nutritional conditions. Wild-caught larvae were transferred to the laboratory and used to compare both indicators in relation to shortterm changes in food availability and long-term starvation periods (13 days). In the starvation experiments with the wild-caught larvae the lowest trypsin values were obtained after 3–4 days and a significant decrease in RNA/DNA ratios was obtained after 5–6 days. Prolongation of the starvation time did not result in a further significant change in either parameter. The results of the study demonstrate the usefulness of both methods in monitoring nutritional condition offish larvae in field samples.

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DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/49.2.245

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Transcriptome profiling reveals exposure to predicted end-of-century ocean acidification as a stealth stressor for Atlantic cod larvae (2019)

Mittermayer, Felix H. ; Stiasny, Martina H. ; Clemmesen, Catriona ; [weitere]

Nature Research

In: Scientific Reports, 9 (1). Art.Nr. 16908.

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-01-31

Beschreibung: Ocean acidification (OA), a direct consequence of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration dissolving in ocean waters, is impacting many fish species. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed physiological impacts in fish. We used RNAseq to characterize the transcriptome of 3 different larval stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to simulated OA at levels (1179 µatm CO2) representing end-of-century predictions compared to controls (503 µatm CO2), which were shown to induce tissue damage and elevated mortality in G. morhua. Only few genes were differentially expressed in 6 and 13 days-post-hatching (dph) (3 and 16 genes, respectively), during a period when maximal mortality as a response to elevated pCO2 occurred. At 36 dph, 1413 genes were differentially expressed, most likely caused by developmental asynchrony between the treatment groups, with individuals under OA growing faster. A target gene analysis revealed only few genes of the universal and well-defined cellular stress response to be differentially expressed. We thus suggest that predicted ocean acidification levels constitute a “stealth stress” for early Atlantic cod larvae, with a rapid breakdown of cellular homeostasis leading to organismal death that was missed even with an 8-fold replication implemented in this study.

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DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52628-1

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Diatom production in the marine enviroment: implications for larval fish growth and condition (2001)

St.John, M. ; Clemmesen, Catriona ; Lund, T. ; [weitere]

Oxford Univ. Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, 58 . pp. 1106-1113.

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Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-18

Beschreibung: To test the effects of diatom production on larval fish growth and condition, laboratory experiments were performed with larval North Sea cod reared on different algal food chains. These food chains were based on cultures of (a) the diatoms Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira weissflogii; (b) the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra; (c) the flagellate Rhodomonas baltica; (d) a diet composed of both Skeletonema and Heterocapsa food chains (1:1), and (e) a starvation group. These algae were fed to cultures of adult Acartia tonsa. Copepod eggs were collected, hatched, and the N1 nauplii (200l−1) were fed to post-yolk-sac larval cod. Results indicate that larval growth rates are significantly influenced by the content of essential fatty acids of the algal food source: growth rates were positively correlated with the content of DHA (C22:6ω3) and negatively with EPA (C20:5ω3). The ratio of ω3/ω6 fatty acids in the algal source had no significant effect. The highest and lowest growth rates were observed in food chains based on H. triquetra and T. weissflogii, respectively (means for days 14–16 of 4.0 and −4.7). The mixed diatom/dinoflagellate diet resulted in intermediate growth rates and condition. Regressions of growth rates against EPA and DHA content indicated no inhibitory effect of diatom production on growth in larval cod.

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DOI: 10.1006/jmsc.2001.1089

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