Note: COVER -- APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY: Principles and Practice -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- PLATES -- FIGURES -- TABLES -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 1 INTRODUCTION: THE EMERGENCE OF APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- INTRODUCTION: WEATHER, CLIMATE AND EVERYDAY LIFE -- THE DEVELOPMENT OF APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY -- DEFINITIONS, APPLICATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS -- ATMOSPHERIC CONCERN AND AWARENESS -- CLIMATE IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 1: APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY: THE 'TOOLS' OF RESEARCH -- 2 GROUND AND REMOTELY SENSED MEASUREMENTS -- INTRODUCTION: DATA REQUIREMENTS AND SOURCES -- A COMPARISON OF OLD AND NEW INSTRUMENTATION -- THE OLD-STYLE INSTRUMENTS -- THE NEW GENERATION OF INSTRUMENTS -- REMOTE SENSING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- INTRODUCTION: THE VALUE OF STATISTICS -- TIME SERIES ANALYSIS -- SPATIAL ANALYSIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 CLIMATE MODELS -- INTRODUCTION: MODELLING THE CLIMATE SYSTEM -- GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELS -- CLIMATE IMPACT MODELS -- INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT MODELS -- CLIMATE MODEL EVALUATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- INTRODUCTION: ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES -- HISTORY OF ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- CURRENT MANAGEMENT APPROACHES TO AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS -- INTEGRATION OF AIR ISSUES -- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ATMOSPHERE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 2: CLIMATE AND THE PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 6 HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES AND WATER RESOURCES -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT -- HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES -- IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE -- IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 GLACIERS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND GLACIERS -- GLACIER TYPES: PHYSICAL AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS. , GLACIERS: CONSTITUENT ZONES AND CLIMATE CONTROLS -- THE CONVERSION OF SNOW TO GLACIER ICE AND THE ROLE OF CLIMATE -- GLACIER MASS BALANCE AND CLIMATE CONTROLS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATIC GEOMORPHOLOGY -- CLIMATE AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES -- CLIMATE CHANGE AND LANDFORMS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 SOILS -- INTRODUCTION: SOIL CLIMATE -- THE SOIL -- THE SOIL ATMOSPHERE -- SOIL CLIMATE -- CLIMATE AND SOIL GEOGRAPHY -- SOILS AND THE GREENHOUSE GASES -- EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SOILS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 VEGETATION -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND VEGETATION -- VEGETATION COMMUNITIES IN THE GEOLOGICAL PAST -- CLIMATE AND VEGETATION TODAY -- CLIMATE AND VEGETATION IN THE FUTURE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 ANIMAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND LIFE -- ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE -- BIOCLIMATIC ZONES -- CLIMATIC INSTABILITY -- SOURCES OF ENERGY -- BIOCHEMICAL ACCLIMATIZATION -- ECTOTHERMY AND ENDOTHERMY -- THE ECTOTHERM WAY -- THE ENDOTHERM WAY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 3: CLIMATE AND THE CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 12 COMFORT, CLOTHING AND HEALTH -- INTRODUCTION: HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND MICROCLIMATE MANAGEMENT -- HOMEOTHERMY AND ADAPTATION -- THE HUMAN ENERGY BALANCE -- THERMAL STRESS ESTIMATES -- THE CLOTHING ENVELOPE -- THERMAL COMFORT -- ACCLIMATIZATION -- ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS ON PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOUR -- ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS ON MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 13 TOWN PLANNING, ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -- HOT, HUMID CLIMATES -- HOT, ARID CLIMATES -- COLD CLIMATES - POLAR REGIONS -- OTHER CLIMATES -- APPLICATIONS IN URBAN PLANNING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 14 INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE, INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES. , LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES -- INDUSTRY OPERATION -- CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS -- COMMERCE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 15 TRANSPORT SYSTEMS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND TRANSPORT SERVICES -- AIR TRANSPORT -- RAIL TRANSPORT -- ROAD TRANSPORT -- WATER TRANSPORT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 16 AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES -- INTRODUCTION: NATURE AND RATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- CLIMATIC FACTORS REGULATING CROP AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION -- RESPONSES OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES -- CROP PRODUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE -- CLIMATE AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION -- FISHERIES AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 17 FORESTRY -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND FORESTS -- CLIMATE AND SUSTAINABLE FORESTS -- DYNAMICAL PERCEPTIONS -- SPATIOTEMPORAL CHAOS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 18 RECREATION AND TOURISM -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE-LEISURE INTERACTIONS -- WEATHER AND LEISURE PARTICIPATION -- WEATHER AND CLIMATE INFORMATION FOR THE TOURIST INDUSTRY -- CLIMATE CHANGE, TOURISM AND RECREATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 19 POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF CLIMATE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPACTS -- POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- SOCIAL ASPECTS -- LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 20 THE ENERGY SECTOR -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND ENERGY SUPPLY -- WORLD ENERGY SUPPLY -- ENERGY RESOURCES -- TRANSPORTATION OF ENERGY -- ENERGY CONVERSION -- ENERGY DEMAND -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 4: THE CHANGING CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENTS -- 21 URBAN CLIMATES AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- THE NATURE OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- THE NATURE OF URBAN CLIMATES -- IMPACTS OF URBAN CLIMATES ON GEC -- IMPACTS OF GEC ON URBAN CLIMATE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 22 AIR POLLUTION -- INTRODUCTION: DEFINITIONS AND CATEGORIZATION OF AIR POLLUTION -- GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS. , CONTINENTAL-SCALE POLLUTION PROBLEMS -- URBAN AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 23 CLIMATIC EXTREMES AS A HAZARD TO HUMANS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATIC EXTREMES, HAZARDS AND DISASTERS -- IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC DISASTERS -- REDUCING THE IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC DISASTERS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 24 CLIMATE CHANGE, HISTORY AND THE FUTURE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND HUMAN HISTORICAL PROCESSES -- INTO THE MEDIEVAL OPTIMUM -- INTO THE LITTLE ICE AGE -- POST·1850 CLIMATIC AMELIORATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 5: OVERVIEW -- 25 CONCLUSIONS AND SYNTHESIS -- INTRODUCTION: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES REASSESSED -- THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CLIMATE IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE RESPONSES OF THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- THE MONETARY IMPACT AND VALUE OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Proficiency Testing in Analytical Chemistry -- Contents -- CHAPTER 1 Proficiency Testing in the Context of Valid Analytical Measurement -- 1.1 What is Proficiency Testing? -- 1.2 Importance of Valid Analytical Measurements -- 1.3 The VAM Proficiency Testing Project -- 1.4 The Origin and Development of Proficiency Testing -- CHAPTER 2 The Role of Proficiency Testing in Analytical Quality Assurance -- 2.1 Objectives of Proficiency Testing -- 2.2 Aspects of Analytical Quality Assessed in Proficiency Testing -- 2.3 The Applicability of Proficiency Testing -- 2.4 The Relationship of Proficiency Testing to Other Forms of Analytical Quality Assurance -- 2.5 The Limitations of Proficiency Testing -- CHAPTER 3 Performance Scoring in Proficiency Testing - An Overview -- 3.1 The Statistical Distribution of Participants' Results -- 3.2 Approaches to Performance Scoring -- 3.3 Choice of Assigned Value -- 3.4 Choice of Target Value of Standard Deviation -- 3.5 Combination of Scores -- 3.5.1 The Rescaled Sum of z-Scores (RSZ) -- 3.5.2 The Sum of Squared z-Scores (SSZ) -- 3.6 Classification of Participants -- 3.7 Ranking of Participants -- CHAPTER 4 Organisation of Proficiency Testing Schemes - General and Management Aspects -- 4.1 Competence of Scheme Organisers -- 4.2 Scheme Objectives -- 4.3 Proficiency Tests and Other Interlaboratory Studies -- 4.4 Resources Required to Operate a Scheme -- 4.5 Essential Features of an Effective Scheme -- 4.6 Additional Features of a Scheme Based on VAM Principles -- 4.7 Participant Numbers -- 4.8 Costs of Scheme Organisation and Setting Fees -- 4.9 Liaison with Potential Participants -- 4.10 Advisory Committee -- 4.11 Higher Level Quality Body -- 4.12 Procedures for the Review of Scheme Operation -- 4.13 Certification of Schemes to External Quality Standards -- 4.14 Ethical Issues. , CHAPTER 5 The Organisation of Proficiency Testing Schemes - Technical Aspects -- 5.1 Overview -- 5.2 Essential Properties of Proficiency Test Materials -- 5.2.1 Homogeneity -- 5.2.2 Stability -- 5.2.3 Similarity to Routine Test Materials -- 5.3 Preparation of Proficiency Test Materials -- 5.4 Numbers and Nature of Test Materials -- 5.5 Homogeneity of Test Materials -- 5.6 Stability of Test Materials -- 5.7 Packaging and Dispatch of Test Materials -- 5.8 Frequency of Testing -- 5.9 Instructions to Participants -- 5.10 Use of Computer Disks by Participants for Reporting Results -- 5.11 Reporting Back to Participants -- 5.12 Assessing Participant Performance -- 5.13 Establishing the Assigned Value -- 5.13.1 Use of Certified Reference Materials -- 5.13.2 Consensus of Expert Laboratories -- 5.13.3 Formulated or 'Synthetic' Test Materials -- 5.13.4 Consensus of Participants -- 5.14 Procedure for Establishing a Consensus -- 5.15 Uncertainty of the Assigned Value -- 5.16 Setting the Target Value for Standard Deviation -- 5.17 Performance Scores -- 5.18 Classification of Performance -- 5.19 Ranking of Participants -- 5.20 Uncertainties of Measurement on Submitted Results -- CHAPTER 6 Participation in Proficiency Testing Schemes by Analytical Laboratories -- 6.1 Benefits of Proficiency Testing -- 6.2 Costs of Proficiency Testing -- 6.3 Existing Schemes -- 6.4 Practical Approach to be Adopted by Participants -- 6.5 Internal Review of Performance -- 6.6 Participant Input to Scheme Design -- 6.7 Formal Recognition of Participation -- 6.8 Integration of Proficiency Testing with Other Quality Assurance Measures -- CHAPTER 7 Proficiency Testing for End-users of Analytical Data -- 7.1 The Function of Proficiency Testing -- 7.2 Fitness for Purpose -- 7.3 Quality Procedures Necessary for Reliable Data. , 7.4 How Proficiency Testing Can Help in the Selection of Reliable Laboratories -- 7.5 Interpretation of Laboratory Performance in a Proficiency Testing Scheme -- 7.6 Resource Implications of Proficiency Testing to End-users -- 7.7 Accreditation Agencies -- 7.8 Role of End-users in Scheme Organisation -- CHAPTER 8 Proficiency Testing - The Future -- Glossary of Terms and Acronyms -- Appendix 1: Eurachem-UK Register of Proficiency Testing Schemes -- Appendix 2: Proficiency Testing Schemes Taking Part in the VAM Survey -- Appendix 3: Examples of Performance Reports Issued by PT Scheme Organisers -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- List of plates -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 The tundra plovers: an introduction -- 2 Tundra plovers and their allies -- 3 Taxonomy and geographical variation -- 4 Plumages and moults -- 5 Phylogeny and biogeography -- 6 Breeding distribution, population trends and status -- 7 Breeding season: breeding schedules and nesting -- 8 Breeding season: social behaviour -- 9 Breeding season: sex roles and parental behaviour -- 10 Migration and non-breeding distributions -- 11 Behaviour and ecology in the non-breeding season -- 12 Diet: food and feeding -- 13 Associations with other birds -- 14 Conservation -- Appendix 1: Scientific names of birds and mammals mentioned in the book -- Appendix 2: Plumage variation in Eurasian Golden Plovers in Norway -- Appendix 3: Descriptions of plumages of the tundra plovers -- Appendix 4: The phylogeny of the tundra plovers -- Appendix 5: Breeding densities in different parts of the world -- Appendix 6a: Nest site habitats of Grey Plover -- Appendix 6b: Nest site habitats of Eurasian Golden Plover -- Appendix 6c: Nest site habitats of Pacific Golden Plover -- Appendix 6d: Nest site habitats of American Golden Plover -- Appendix 7: Duration of incubation -- Appendix 8: Sequences of tonal element in trills -- Appendix 9: Breeding season alarm calls -- Appendix 10: Geographical and temporal distribution of museum specimens used in the construction of migration routes and phenologies -- Appendix 11: Geographical distribution of references used for the migration charts and winter distribution maps -- Appendix 12: Numbers of Grey Plovers counted or estimated in various parts of their wintering range -- Appendix 13: Winter populations of Eurasian Golden Plovers in parts of their range. , Appendix 14: Numbers of American Golden Plovers counted in winter on aerial surveys along the coasts of South America -- References -- Tables -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 THE HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM -- 1.1 System concepts -- 1.1.1 Steady state systems -- 1.2 Modeling hydrologic systems -- Summary -- Problem -- 2: DIMENSIONS, DATA AND GRAPHS -- 2.1 Dimensions -- 2.2 Data precision -- 2.3 Continuous and discrete data -- 2.4 Level of measurement -- 2.5 Hydrologic data series -- 2.6 Graphs and graphing -- Summary -- Problems -- Excel Exercise 1 -- 3: STATISTICS, PROBABILITY AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS -- 3.1 Describing data -- 3.2 Measures of central tendency -- 3.3 Measures of dispersion -- 3.4 Probability functions -- 3.5 Probability and the normal curve -- 3.6 Probability distributions -- 3.7 Fitting probability distributions -- 3.8 Testing goodness-of-fit -- 3.9 Time variations in data -- Summary -- Problems -- 4: THE ATMOSPHERIC SUBSYSTEM -- 4.1 Atmospheric water vapor -- 4.1.1 Humidity -- 4.2 Precipitation processes -- 4.3 Weather modification -- 4.4 Adiabatic processes -- 4.5 Precipitation measurement -- 4.5.1 Errors in precipitation measurement -- 4.6 Establishing a precipitation gage -- 4.7 Missing precipitation data -- 4.8 Averaging precipitation over an area -- 4.9 Checking temporal consistency of a precipitation record -- 4.10 Frequency analysis of precipitation -- 4.10.1 The gamma distribution -- 4.11 Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) -- 4.12 Risk -- Summary -- Problems -- Excel exercise 2 -- Excel exercise 3 -- 5: EVAPORATION -- 5.1 The evaporation process -- 5.1.1 Solar energy -- 5.1.2 Estimating solar radiation -- 5.1.3 Vapor pressure deficit -- 5.1.4 Wind speed -- 5.2 Methods for estimating evaporation -- 5.2.1 Evaporation pans -- 5.2.2 Continuity equations -- 5.2.3 Evaporation equations -- Summary -- Problems -- 6: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 6.1 The évapotranspiration process -- 6.1.1 Soil factors. , 6.1.2 Vegetative factors -- 6.2 Methods for estimation évapotranspiration -- 6.2.1 Water balance -- 6.2.2 Lysimeters -- 6.2.3 Potential évapotranspiration equations -- 6.3 Modeling évapotranspiration under limited soil moisture conditions -- 6.3.1 Modeling the soil as one-layer store -- 6.3.2 Modeling the soil as a two-layer store -- 6.4 Vegetation modification -- Summary -- Problems -- 7: INFILTRATION AND SOIL MOISTURE -- 7.1 Factors controlling infiltration -- 7.2 Infiltration rate versus cumulative infiltration -- 7.3 Infiltration measurement and estimation -- 7.3.1 Infiltrometers -- 7.3.2 Rainfall simulators -- 7.3.3 Hydrograph analysis -- 7.4 Infiltration models -- 7.4.1 Horton's model -- 7.4.2 Philip's model -- 7.5 Other methods for estimating infiltration -- 7.5.1 The ϕ index -- 7.5.2 Soil classification -- 7.6 Ponding time and runoff -- 7.7 Soil water -- 7.7.1 Porosity -- 7.7.2 Soil water potential -- 7.7.3 Soil water characteristic -- 7.7.4 Water movement in the soil -- 7.7.5 Soil moisture measurement -- Summary -- Problems -- 8: GROUNDWATER -- 8.1 Groundwater defined -- 8.2 Aquifers -- 8.2.1 Unconfined aquifers -- 8.2.2 Confined aquifers -- 8.3 Properties of aquifer materials -- 8.3.1 Porosity and water storage -- 8.3.2 Hydraulic conductivity -- 8.4 Groundwater head -- 8.4.1 Hydraulic gradient -- 8.4.2 The three-point method -- 8.5 Groundwater flow -- 8.5.1 Darcy's Law -- 8.5.2 Groundwater discharge -- 8.6 Groundwater and wells -- 8.7 Groundwater flow to wells -- 8.7.1 Steady flow -- 8.7.2 Unsteady flow -- 8.8 Two and three dimensional flow -- 8.9 Groundwater models -- 8.10 Groundwater quality and contaminant transport -- 8.10.1 Multiphase flow -- 8.10.2 Dissolved contaminant transport -- 8.11 Wellhead protection -- 8.12 Groundwater regions in the United States -- Summary -- Problems -- 9: THE WATER BALANCE. , 9.1 Components of the water balance -- 9.2 The water balance procedure -- 9.2.1 Steps in calculating an average water balance -- 9.2.2 An example water balance calculation -- 9.2.3 Graphing the water balance -- 9.2.4 Sensitivity of the water balance to AWC -- 9.3 Applications of the water balance -- Summary -- Problems -- 10: BASIN MORPHOMETRY AND RUNOFF -- 10.1 Basin morphometry -- 10.1.1 Stream ordering -- 10.1.2 Stream length -- 10.1.3 Basin area -- 10.1.4 Basin relief and slope -- 10.2 Runoff kinematics -- 10.2.1 Continuity -- 10.2.2 Motion: Laminar versus turbulent flow -- 10.3 Timing of runoff -- 10.3.1 Time of concentration -- 10.3.2 Overland flow travel time -- 10.3.3 Channel travel time -- 10.4 Runoff processes -- 10.4.1 Hortonian overland flow -- 10.4.2 Saturation overland flow -- 10.4.3 Human activities affecting runoff -- Summary -- Problems -- 11: STREAMFLOW AND FLOODS -- 11.1 Flood waves -- 11.1.1 Hydrographs -- 11.1.2 Hydrograph separation -- 11.2 Runoff volume -- 11.2.1 Infiltration-based approach -- 11.2.2 SCS curve number method -- 11.3 Peak runoff -- 11.3.1 The rational method -- 11.4 Flood frequency analysis -- 11.4.1 The normal distribution -- 11.4.2 The lognormal distribution -- 11.4.3 The Extreme Value I distribution -- 11.4.4 The Pearson Type III distribution -- 11.4.5 The log-Pearson Type III distribution -- 11.4.6 Confidence limits -- 11.4.7 Mixed distributions -- 11.5 Regional analysis -- 11.6 The unit hydrograph -- 11.6.1 Alternate duration unit hydrographs -- 11.6.2 Unit hydrograph convolution -- 11.7 Synthetic unit hydrographs -- 11.7.1 SCS triangular synthetic unit hydrograph -- 11.7.2 Snyder's synthetic unit hydrograph -- 11.7.3 Variations on Snyder's method -- 11.8 Flow routing -- 11.8.1 Reservoir routing -- 11.8.2 Muskingum channel routing -- 11.8.3 Determining K and x -- 11.9 Streamflow measurement. , 11.9.1 Stage-discharge relations -- Summary -- Problems -- 12: DROUGHT AND WATER SUPPLY -- 12.1 Defining drought -- 12.2 Runs analysis of drought -- 12.2.1 Analysis of Oklahoma climate division 4 -- 12.3 Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) -- 12.3.1 Analysis of Oklahoma climate division 4 -- 12.4 Markov chain model of drought -- 12.4.1 Interrelating the Markov chain and runs theory -- 12.5 Water supply -- 12.5.1 Streamflow characteristics -- 12.5.2 Estimating water storage requirements -- Summary -- Problems -- 13: HYDROLOGIC MODELS AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS -- 13.1 Hydrologic models -- 13.1.1 Types of models -- 13.1.2 Deterministic versus stochastic simulation models -- 13.1.3 Classifying deterministic models -- 13.1.4 Steps in using a computer model -- 13.1.5 The HEC-1 simulation model -- 13.1.6 Model components -- 13.1.7 Kinematic wave -- 13.1.8 Input data file and schematic model structure -- 13.1.9 Example simulation using HEC-1 -- 13.1.10 Agricultural nonpoint source pollution model (AGNPS) -- 13.2 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) -- 13.2.1 Types of GIS -- 13.2.2 GIS applications to hydrology -- Summary -- Appendices -- References -- Subject index.

Note: POPULATION ECOLOGY: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants, THIRD EDITION -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1: SINGLE-SPECIES POPULATIONS -- Chapter 1: Describing populations -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Population processes -- 1.3 The diagrammatic life table -- 1.3.1 General form -- 1.3.2 The common field grasshopper, an annual species -- 1.3.3 Ragwort, a biennial -- 1.3.4 More complex life cycles -- 1.3.5 Age and stage: the problems of describing some plant and animal populations -- 1.4 Conventional life tables -- 1.4.1 The cohort life table -- 1.4.2 The static life table -- 1.4.3 Resume -- 1.5 Some generalizations -- 1.6 The modular growth of organisms -- 1.7 Buried seed banks -- Chapter 2: Intraspecific competition -- 2.1 The nature of intraspecific competition -- 2.2 Three characteristics of intraspecific competition -- 2.3 Density-dependence: a fourth characteristic -- 2.4 Scramble and contest -- 2.5 Actual effects of intraspecific competition -- 2.5.1 Palmblad's data -- 2.5.2 Competition in plants: a deeper look -- 2.5.3 lndividual variability -- 2.5.4 Self-thinning in plants -- 2.5.5 Competition in Patella cochlear -- 2.5.6 Competition in the fruit fly -- 2.6 Negative competition -- Chapter 3: Models of single-species populations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Populations breeding at discrete intervals -- 3.2.1 The basic equations -- 3.2.2 Incorporation of a range of competition -- 3.2.3 Models for annual plants -- 3.3 Continuous breeding -- 3.4 The utility of the equations -- 3.4.1 Causes of population fluctuations -- 3.4.2 The equations as descriptions -- 3.4.3 'Cobwebbing'-a more general approach -- 3.5 Incorporation of age-specific fecundity and mortality -- 3.5.1 The matrix model -- 3.5.2 Using the model -- 3.5.3 A working example: Poa annua -- Part 2: INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS -- Chapter4: Interspecific competition. , 4.1 The nature of interspecific interactions -- 4.2 Interspecific competition -- 4.3 A field example: granivorous ants -- 4.4 Competition between plant species: experimental approaches -- 4.4.1 Manipulating density -- 4.4.2 Manipulating resources -- 4.5 The ecological niche -- 4.6 The Competitive Exclusion Principle -- 4.7 Competitive exclusion in the field -- 4.8 Competitive release -- 4.9 Coexistence: resource partitioning -- 4.10 Character displacement -- 4.11 Competition: its avoidance or its non-existence? -- 4.12 Competition and coexistence in plants -- 4.13 A logistic model of two-species competition -- 4.13.1 The model's utility -- 4.13.2 A test of the model: fruit fly competition -- 4.14 Analysis of competition in plants -- 4.15 Niche overlap -- 4.16 Competition and heterogeneity -- Chapter 5: Predation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Patterns of abundance -- 5.3 Coevolution, and specialization amongst predators -- 5.3.1 One explanation for the degrees of specialization -- 5.3.2 Food preference and predator switching -- 5.4 Time and timing -- 5.5 Effects on prey fitness -- 5.5.1 The effects of herbivores on plant fitness -- 5.6 'The effects of predation-rate on predator fitness -- 5.6.1 Thresholds -- 5.6.2 Food quality -- 5.7 The functional response of predators to prey availability -- 5.7.1 The 'type 2' response -- 5.7.2 The 'type 1' response -- 5.7.3 Variation in handling time and searching efficiency: 'type 3' responses -- 5.7.4 Switching and 'type 3' responses -- 5.8 Aggregated effects -- 5.8.1 Parasite-host distributions -- 5.8.2 Refuges -- 5.8.3 Partial refuges: aggregative responses -- 5.8.4 Further responses to patchiness -- 5.8.5 'Even' distributions -- 5.8.6 Underlying behaviour -- 5.8.7 'Hide-and-seek' -- 5.9 Mutual interference amongst predators -- 5.9.1 A similar effect amongst parasites -- 5.10 Interference and pseudointerference. , 5.11 Optimal foraging -- 5.12 Resume -- 5.13 Mathematical models -- 5.13.1 Host-parasitoid models -- 5.13.2 Heterogeneity in host-parasitoid interactions -- 5.13.3 A model of grazing systems -- 5.14 'Patterns of abundance' reconsidered -- 5.15 Harvesting -- 5.15.1 Characteristics of harvested populations -- 5.15.2 Harvesting in structured populations -- 5.15.3 Incorporating population structure: matrix models of harvesting -- Part 3: SYNTHESIS -- Chapter 6: Population regulation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Nicholson's view -- 6.3 Andrewartha and Birch's view -- 6.4 An example: Thrips imaginis -- 6.5 Some general conclusions -- 6.6 A life-table analysis of a Colorado beetle population -- 6.6.1 Life-table data -- 6.6.2 'Key-factor' analysis -- 6.6.3 Regulation of the population -- 6.6.4 A population model -- 6.7 The problem re-emerges -- 6.7.1 Life-table analyses -- 6.7.2 Single-species time series -- 6.7.3 Population regulation in vertebrates -- 6.8 Population regulation in plants -- 6.9 Genetic change -- 6.10 Territoriality -- 6.11 'Space capture' in plants -- 6.12 Chaos in ecological systems -- Chapter 7: Beyond population ecology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Metapopulation dynamics -- 7.2.1 Metapopulation models -- 7.2.2 Examples of metapopulations -- 7.2.3 Applications of the metapopulation concept -- 7.3 Community structure -- 7.3.1 The role of interspecific competition -- 7.3.2 The role of predation -- 7.3.3 The role of disturbance -- 7.3.4 The role of instability -- 7.3.5 The role of habitat size and diversity -- 7.3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Author index -- Organism index -- Subject index.

Note: Front Cover -- Monitoring Vertebrate Populations -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Basic Concepts -- 1.1. Spatial Distribution, Abundance, and Density -- 1.2. Monitoring -- 1.3. Characterizing a Species of Interest for Assessment -- 1.4. Obtaining Parameter Estimates -- 1.5. Usefulness of Parameter Estimates -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 2. Sampling Designs and Related Topics -- 2.1. Plot Issues -- 2.2. Categorizing a Sampling Design -- 2.3. Sampling Designs for Moderately Abundant and Abundant Species -- 2.4. A Sampling Design for Rare and Clustered Species -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 3. Enumeration Methods -- 3.1. Complete Counts -- 3.2. Incomplete Counts -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 4. Community Surveys -- 4.1. Number of Species Versus Their Density -- 4.2. Assessment of Spatial Distribution -- 4.3. Assessment of Abundance or Density -- 4.4. Recommendations -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 5. Detection of a Trend in Population Estimates -- 5.1. Types of Trends -- 5.2. Variance Components -- 5.3. Testing for a Trend -- 5.4. General Comments -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 6. Guidelines for Planning Surveys -- 6.1. Step 1-Objectives -- 6.2. Step 2-Target Population and Sampling Frame -- 6.3. Step 3-Plot Design and Enumeration Method -- 6.4. Step 4-Variance among Plots -- 6.5. Step 5-Plot Selection, Plot Reselection, and Survey Frequency -- 6.6. Step 6-Computing Sample Sizes -- 6.7. Step 7-Power of a Test To Detect a Trend -- 6.8. Step 8-Iterate Previous Steps -- 6.9. Example -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 7. Fish -- 7.1. Sampling Design -- 7.2. Fish Collection Methods -- 7.3. Estimating Populations -- 7.4. Example -- 7.5. Dichotomous Key to Enumeration Methods -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 8. Amphibians and Reptiles -- 8.1. Complete Counts -- 8.2. Incomplete Counts -- 8.3. Recommendations -- Literature Cited. , Chapter 9. Birds -- 9.1. Complete Counts -- 9.2. Incomplete Counts -- 9.3. Recommendations -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 10. Mammals -- 10.1. Complete Counts -- 10.2. Incomplete Counts -- 10.3. Recommendations -- Literature Cited -- Appendix A: Glossary of Terms -- Appendix B: Glossary of Notation -- Appendix C: Sampling Estimators -- Appendix D: Common and Scientific Names of Cited Vertebrates -- Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- The Reminiscences of Martha von Rosen -- 1 From Geppertsfeld to the Oder -- 2 From the Oder to the Elbe -- 3 An End to Flight -- 4 Life Under Soviet Occupation -- 5 Marking Time -- 6 New Surprises -- 7 Reconnaissance -- 8 Reunion -- 9 The Last Return -- The Diary of Jürgen von Rosen -- Introduction -- 1 Bellaria, Camp 14 -- 2 From Bellaria to Ile-de-France -- 3 Forced Labour Camps in France -- 4 Ried, Upper Bavaria -- Life in Canada: The Open World -- Editor's Afterword: Some Anthropological Reflections on Ethnography, War, Ethnicity and Other Matters -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.