Anmerkung: COVER -- APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY: Principles and Practice -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- PLATES -- FIGURES -- TABLES -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 1 INTRODUCTION: THE EMERGENCE OF APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- INTRODUCTION: WEATHER, CLIMATE AND EVERYDAY LIFE -- THE DEVELOPMENT OF APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY -- DEFINITIONS, APPLICATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS -- ATMOSPHERIC CONCERN AND AWARENESS -- CLIMATE IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 1: APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY: THE 'TOOLS' OF RESEARCH -- 2 GROUND AND REMOTELY SENSED MEASUREMENTS -- INTRODUCTION: DATA REQUIREMENTS AND SOURCES -- A COMPARISON OF OLD AND NEW INSTRUMENTATION -- THE OLD-STYLE INSTRUMENTS -- THE NEW GENERATION OF INSTRUMENTS -- REMOTE SENSING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- INTRODUCTION: THE VALUE OF STATISTICS -- TIME SERIES ANALYSIS -- SPATIAL ANALYSIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 CLIMATE MODELS -- INTRODUCTION: MODELLING THE CLIMATE SYSTEM -- GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELS -- CLIMATE IMPACT MODELS -- INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT MODELS -- CLIMATE MODEL EVALUATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- INTRODUCTION: ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES -- HISTORY OF ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- CURRENT MANAGEMENT APPROACHES TO AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS -- INTEGRATION OF AIR ISSUES -- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ATMOSPHERE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 2: CLIMATE AND THE PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 6 HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES AND WATER RESOURCES -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT -- HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES -- IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE -- IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 GLACIERS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND GLACIERS -- GLACIER TYPES: PHYSICAL AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS. , GLACIERS: CONSTITUENT ZONES AND CLIMATE CONTROLS -- THE CONVERSION OF SNOW TO GLACIER ICE AND THE ROLE OF CLIMATE -- GLACIER MASS BALANCE AND CLIMATE CONTROLS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATIC GEOMORPHOLOGY -- CLIMATE AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES -- CLIMATE CHANGE AND LANDFORMS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 SOILS -- INTRODUCTION: SOIL CLIMATE -- THE SOIL -- THE SOIL ATMOSPHERE -- SOIL CLIMATE -- CLIMATE AND SOIL GEOGRAPHY -- SOILS AND THE GREENHOUSE GASES -- EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SOILS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 VEGETATION -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND VEGETATION -- VEGETATION COMMUNITIES IN THE GEOLOGICAL PAST -- CLIMATE AND VEGETATION TODAY -- CLIMATE AND VEGETATION IN THE FUTURE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 ANIMAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND LIFE -- ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE -- BIOCLIMATIC ZONES -- CLIMATIC INSTABILITY -- SOURCES OF ENERGY -- BIOCHEMICAL ACCLIMATIZATION -- ECTOTHERMY AND ENDOTHERMY -- THE ECTOTHERM WAY -- THE ENDOTHERM WAY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 3: CLIMATE AND THE CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 12 COMFORT, CLOTHING AND HEALTH -- INTRODUCTION: HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND MICROCLIMATE MANAGEMENT -- HOMEOTHERMY AND ADAPTATION -- THE HUMAN ENERGY BALANCE -- THERMAL STRESS ESTIMATES -- THE CLOTHING ENVELOPE -- THERMAL COMFORT -- ACCLIMATIZATION -- ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS ON PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOUR -- ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS ON MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 13 TOWN PLANNING, ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -- HOT, HUMID CLIMATES -- HOT, ARID CLIMATES -- COLD CLIMATES - POLAR REGIONS -- OTHER CLIMATES -- APPLICATIONS IN URBAN PLANNING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 14 INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE, INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES. , LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES -- INDUSTRY OPERATION -- CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS -- COMMERCE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 15 TRANSPORT SYSTEMS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND TRANSPORT SERVICES -- AIR TRANSPORT -- RAIL TRANSPORT -- ROAD TRANSPORT -- WATER TRANSPORT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 16 AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES -- INTRODUCTION: NATURE AND RATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- CLIMATIC FACTORS REGULATING CROP AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION -- RESPONSES OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES -- CROP PRODUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE -- CLIMATE AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION -- FISHERIES AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 17 FORESTRY -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND FORESTS -- CLIMATE AND SUSTAINABLE FORESTS -- DYNAMICAL PERCEPTIONS -- SPATIOTEMPORAL CHAOS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 18 RECREATION AND TOURISM -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE-LEISURE INTERACTIONS -- WEATHER AND LEISURE PARTICIPATION -- WEATHER AND CLIMATE INFORMATION FOR THE TOURIST INDUSTRY -- CLIMATE CHANGE, TOURISM AND RECREATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 19 POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF CLIMATE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPACTS -- POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- SOCIAL ASPECTS -- LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 20 THE ENERGY SECTOR -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND ENERGY SUPPLY -- WORLD ENERGY SUPPLY -- ENERGY RESOURCES -- TRANSPORTATION OF ENERGY -- ENERGY CONVERSION -- ENERGY DEMAND -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 4: THE CHANGING CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENTS -- 21 URBAN CLIMATES AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- THE NATURE OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- THE NATURE OF URBAN CLIMATES -- IMPACTS OF URBAN CLIMATES ON GEC -- IMPACTS OF GEC ON URBAN CLIMATE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 22 AIR POLLUTION -- INTRODUCTION: DEFINITIONS AND CATEGORIZATION OF AIR POLLUTION -- GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS. , CONTINENTAL-SCALE POLLUTION PROBLEMS -- URBAN AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 23 CLIMATIC EXTREMES AS A HAZARD TO HUMANS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATIC EXTREMES, HAZARDS AND DISASTERS -- IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC DISASTERS -- REDUCING THE IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC DISASTERS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 24 CLIMATE CHANGE, HISTORY AND THE FUTURE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND HUMAN HISTORICAL PROCESSES -- INTO THE MEDIEVAL OPTIMUM -- INTO THE LITTLE ICE AGE -- POST·1850 CLIMATIC AMELIORATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 5: OVERVIEW -- 25 CONCLUSIONS AND SYNTHESIS -- INTRODUCTION: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES REASSESSED -- THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CLIMATE IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE RESPONSES OF THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- THE MONETARY IMPACT AND VALUE OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Anmerkung: Book Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents.

Anmerkung: Book Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents.

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Water Use, Management, and Planning in the United States -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. The Physical System -- Early Ideas about Hydrology -- Water Measurement -- The Hydrologic Cycle -- Water Balance -- Climate Change -- Chapter 2. A History of Water Development in the United States -- 1800-1900: A Time of Resource Exploitation -- 1900-1921 : The Progressive Period -- 1921-1933: Post-World War I -- 1933-1943: The New Deal -- 1943-1960: Congressional Control of Water Resource Activities -- 1960-1980: The Environmental Period -- 1980 to the Present: A Time of Changing Focus -- Chapter 3. Water Quantity Law: The Legal System -- How Laws Are Made -- The Purpose of Law -- State Law: Surface Water -- State Law: Groundwater -- Federal Law -- Transboundary Water Resources -- Chapter 4. Water Use in the United States -- Water Availability: An International View -- A Comment on Water-Use Estimates -- Water Supply and Demand: National View -- Water Supply and Demand: Regional View -- Geographic Information Systems (GIS) -- Chapter 5. Economis and Water Resources -- Price Theory: Supply and Demand -- Welfare Economics -- Cost-Benefit Analysis -- Resource and Environmental Economics -- Chapter 6. Water Demand and Supply: Management and Planning -- Water Demand -- Water Supply -- Planning and Decision Making -- Chapter 7. Offstream Water Use: Urban and Agricultural Uses -- Urban Water Systems -- Irrigation -- Chapter 8. Instream Water Use: Hydroelectric Power and Recreation -- Hydropower -- Water for Recreation -- Environmental Values and Instream Flows -- Chapter 9. Water Quality and Ecosystem Health -- The Water Molecule -- Categories of Pollutants -- Water Quality Management -- The Quality of Our Nation's Water -- The Watershed Approach to Water Quality -- Ecosystems and Water Quality. , Chapter 10. Floods and Droughts -- The Human-Ecological Model of Hazards -- Floods -- Drought -- Appendix 1: Unit Conversions and Equivalents -- Appendix 2: Sources of Water-Related Information -- Appendix 3: Investment and Discount Factors -- Bibliography -- Index.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1- Introduction -- Evolution of Quaternary climate -- Magnetic contributors to sediments, soils, dusts and organic tissues -- A tool kit for the environmental magnetist -- Magnetic parameters -- Instrumentation -- Measurement techniques -- Magnetic units -- Magnetic properties of natural crystals -- Magnetic discrimination -- Magnetic modelling -- Magnetic investigations in Quaternary contexts -- References -- 2- The North Atlantic as a Quaternary magnetic archive -- Introduction -- Magnetism and climate in the North Atlantic -- Heinrich layers -- Mechanisms for generating Heinrich events -- The relationship between Heinrich layers and climate -- Heinrich layers and sediment sources -- Magnetic signatures of Heinrich layers -- Proximal sedimentation: the magnetic signature of Heinrich layers from the Labrador Sea -- Geographic variation in magnetic properties and the signature of Heinrich events -- Conclusions -- References -- 3- Palaeomonsoons I: the magnetic record of palaeoclimate in the terrestrial loess and palaeosol sequences -- Introduction -- The East Asian summer and winter monsoons -- Sources of the loess? -- Chronology of the Chinese loess and soil sequences -- The magnetic properties of the Chinese loess-soil sequences -- Morphology and source of the loess/soil magnetic minerals. -- The present day connection between climate and soil magnetism -- Palaeoclimate from palaeosusceptibility -- Soil chronofunctions -- Palaeoclimate reconstructions -- Other approaches to palaeoclimatic reconstruction from the Chinese loess and soils. -- Alternative views -- Magnetism-palaeosol relationships in other parts of the world -- Future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 4- Palaeomonsoons II: magnetic records of aeolian dust in Quaternary sediments of the Indian Ocean -- Introduction -- Palaeowinds from dust records in deep-sea sediments -- Central North Atlantic -- Aeolian flux to the north-west and central Pacific -- Magnetic susceptibility as a record of aeolian dust in Indian Ocean sediments -- Paramagnetic/diamagnetic contributions to magnetic susceptibility -- Zone 1 (0-1.7 m) -- Zone 2 (1.7 m-~7 m) -- Zone 3 (7-10.5 m) -- Zone 4 (10.5-~22 m) -- Zone 5 (~22-90 m) -- Magnetic mineralogy from magnetic extracts -- Mineralogy of the magnetic extracts -- Magnetic mineralogy of magnetic zones 1-5 -- Source of the paramagnetic susceptibility signal -- Source of the Owen Ridge magnetic susceptibility signal -- Summary -- Future prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5- Bacterial magnetite and the Quaternary climate record -- Introduction -- Ecology and physiology of magnetogenic bacteria -- Magnetotactic bacteria -- Dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria -- Ecology -- Identification of bacterial magnetosomes in Quaternary sediments and soils -- Magnetic identification -- Identification of bacterial magnetite by microscopy -- Bacterial magnetite in Quaternary sediments -- Marine sediments -- Conclusions: bacterial magnetite and the Quaternary climate record -- References -- 6- Incidence and significance of magnetic iron sulphides in Quaternary sediments and soils -- Introduction -- The structural properties of the iron-sulphide system -- Physical structures and low temperature phase fields -- Magnetic properties of the ferrimagnetic iron sulphides -- Greigite -- Monoclinic pyrrhotite -- Occurrences of ferrimagnetic iron sulphides in freshwater sediments and terrestrial environments -- Palaeosalinity in the Baltic -- Iron sulphides in marine sediments. , Chemical remanent magnetizations carried by iron sulphides: magnetostratigraphic conundrums -- Self-reversal of iron sulphides -- The future -- Methods -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7- Holocene environmental change from magnetic proxies in lake sediments -- Introduction -- Lough Neagh revisited -- Sources of magnetic minerals in lake sediments -- Holocene susceptibility trends -- Long term decreasing or stationary trend -- Long term increasing trend -- Recent records -- Detrital records -- Dilution effects -- Particle-size -- Sediment sources -- Mixing models -- Core correlation and sediment loads -- Magnetic properties as records of diagenesis or authigenesis. -- Magnetic proxies of climate change through glacial-interglacial cycles -- Records of atmospheric deposition -- Fire histories and tephra deposits -- Pollution records -- Final comments -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8- Magnetic monitoring of air-, land- and water-pollution -- Introduction -- Atmospheric pollutants -- Heavy metals in fly-ashes -- Magnetic minerals associated with atmospheric particulates -- Magnetic properties of coal-fired airborne particles -- Magnetic minerals, heavy metals and road traffic -- Magnetic airborne particles and identification of pollution sources -- Occupational exposure -- Magnetic mapping of atmospheric deposition of pollution -- Soil magnetometry and anthropogenic pollution -- Magnetic measurements on miscellaneous carriers of airborne particles -- Magnetic properties and pollution of fluvial and marine sediments -- Miscellaneous ('non-industrial pollution') -- Extraterrestrial versus volcanic magnetite -- Eolian sedimentation and iron contribution to aerosols -- Coupling between magnetic minerals and heavy metals -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 9- Environmental factors affecting geomagnetic field palaeointensity estimates from sediments -- Introduction -- Sediment palaeointensity normalization techniques -- Holocene palaeointensity estimates -- Late Pleistocene palaeointensity estimates -- Brunhes palaeointensity estimates -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 10- Magnetic cyclostratigraphy: high-resolution dating in and beyond the Quaternary and analysis of periodic changes in… -- Introduction -- Orbital cycles and astronomical time-scales -- The orbital cycles -- A breakthrough in geological dating: astronomical time-scales for the late Neogene -- Cyclicity and diagenesis within the marine sedimentary environment -- Cyclic variations in diagenetic conditions -- Sapropels -- Bed-to-bed, marine-continental correlations -- The early Pliocene Ptolemais formation -- Synthesis: conclusions and outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- The Contributors -- An Overview of Indian Research Efforts on Marine Wood-boring and Fouling Organisms -- Living Attached: Aufwuchs, Fouling, Epibiosis -- Natural Antifouling Compounds from Marine Organisms: A Review -- Succession in Microfouling -- Chemical Cues in Marine Invertebrate Larval Settlement -- Biofouling Control: Current Methods and New Approaches with Emphasis on Power Plant Cooling Water Systems -- Microfouling Bacteria -- Marine Microfouling Algae: The Diatoms -- Sponges -- Hydroids -- Sea Anemones -- Serpulids -- Amphipods -- Barnacles -- Mussels and Oysters -- Ascidians -- Organism Index.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Contents -- List of plates -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 The tundra plovers: an introduction -- 2 Tundra plovers and their allies -- 3 Taxonomy and geographical variation -- 4 Plumages and moults -- 5 Phylogeny and biogeography -- 6 Breeding distribution, population trends and status -- 7 Breeding season: breeding schedules and nesting -- 8 Breeding season: social behaviour -- 9 Breeding season: sex roles and parental behaviour -- 10 Migration and non-breeding distributions -- 11 Behaviour and ecology in the non-breeding season -- 12 Diet: food and feeding -- 13 Associations with other birds -- 14 Conservation -- Appendix 1: Scientific names of birds and mammals mentioned in the book -- Appendix 2: Plumage variation in Eurasian Golden Plovers in Norway -- Appendix 3: Descriptions of plumages of the tundra plovers -- Appendix 4: The phylogeny of the tundra plovers -- Appendix 5: Breeding densities in different parts of the world -- Appendix 6a: Nest site habitats of Grey Plover -- Appendix 6b: Nest site habitats of Eurasian Golden Plover -- Appendix 6c: Nest site habitats of Pacific Golden Plover -- Appendix 6d: Nest site habitats of American Golden Plover -- Appendix 7: Duration of incubation -- Appendix 8: Sequences of tonal element in trills -- Appendix 9: Breeding season alarm calls -- Appendix 10: Geographical and temporal distribution of museum specimens used in the construction of migration routes and phenologies -- Appendix 11: Geographical distribution of references used for the migration charts and winter distribution maps -- Appendix 12: Numbers of Grey Plovers counted or estimated in various parts of their wintering range -- Appendix 13: Winter populations of Eurasian Golden Plovers in parts of their range. , Appendix 14: Numbers of American Golden Plovers counted in winter on aerial surveys along the coasts of South America -- References -- Tables -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- The Reminiscences of Martha von Rosen -- 1 From Geppertsfeld to the Oder -- 2 From the Oder to the Elbe -- 3 An End to Flight -- 4 Life Under Soviet Occupation -- 5 Marking Time -- 6 New Surprises -- 7 Reconnaissance -- 8 Reunion -- 9 The Last Return -- The Diary of Jürgen von Rosen -- Introduction -- 1 Bellaria, Camp 14 -- 2 From Bellaria to Ile-de-France -- 3 Forced Labour Camps in France -- 4 Ried, Upper Bavaria -- Life in Canada: The Open World -- Editor's Afterword: Some Anthropological Reflections on Ethnography, War, Ethnicity and Other Matters -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z.