Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Monitoring Vertebrate Populations -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Basic Concepts -- 1.1. Spatial Distribution, Abundance, and Density -- 1.2. Monitoring -- 1.3. Characterizing a Species of Interest for Assessment -- 1.4. Obtaining Parameter Estimates -- 1.5. Usefulness of Parameter Estimates -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 2. Sampling Designs and Related Topics -- 2.1. Plot Issues -- 2.2. Categorizing a Sampling Design -- 2.3. Sampling Designs for Moderately Abundant and Abundant Species -- 2.4. A Sampling Design for Rare and Clustered Species -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 3. Enumeration Methods -- 3.1. Complete Counts -- 3.2. Incomplete Counts -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 4. Community Surveys -- 4.1. Number of Species Versus Their Density -- 4.2. Assessment of Spatial Distribution -- 4.3. Assessment of Abundance or Density -- 4.4. Recommendations -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 5. Detection of a Trend in Population Estimates -- 5.1. Types of Trends -- 5.2. Variance Components -- 5.3. Testing for a Trend -- 5.4. General Comments -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 6. Guidelines for Planning Surveys -- 6.1. Step 1-Objectives -- 6.2. Step 2-Target Population and Sampling Frame -- 6.3. Step 3-Plot Design and Enumeration Method -- 6.4. Step 4-Variance among Plots -- 6.5. Step 5-Plot Selection, Plot Reselection, and Survey Frequency -- 6.6. Step 6-Computing Sample Sizes -- 6.7. Step 7-Power of a Test To Detect a Trend -- 6.8. Step 8-Iterate Previous Steps -- 6.9. Example -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 7. Fish -- 7.1. Sampling Design -- 7.2. Fish Collection Methods -- 7.3. Estimating Populations -- 7.4. Example -- 7.5. Dichotomous Key to Enumeration Methods -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 8. Amphibians and Reptiles -- 8.1. Complete Counts -- 8.2. Incomplete Counts -- 8.3. Recommendations -- Literature Cited. , Chapter 9. Birds -- 9.1. Complete Counts -- 9.2. Incomplete Counts -- 9.3. Recommendations -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 10. Mammals -- 10.1. Complete Counts -- 10.2. Incomplete Counts -- 10.3. Recommendations -- Literature Cited -- Appendix A: Glossary of Terms -- Appendix B: Glossary of Notation -- Appendix C: Sampling Estimators -- Appendix D: Common and Scientific Names of Cited Vertebrates -- Subject Index.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 THE HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM -- 1.1 System concepts -- 1.1.1 Steady state systems -- 1.2 Modeling hydrologic systems -- Summary -- Problem -- 2: DIMENSIONS, DATA AND GRAPHS -- 2.1 Dimensions -- 2.2 Data precision -- 2.3 Continuous and discrete data -- 2.4 Level of measurement -- 2.5 Hydrologic data series -- 2.6 Graphs and graphing -- Summary -- Problems -- Excel Exercise 1 -- 3: STATISTICS, PROBABILITY AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS -- 3.1 Describing data -- 3.2 Measures of central tendency -- 3.3 Measures of dispersion -- 3.4 Probability functions -- 3.5 Probability and the normal curve -- 3.6 Probability distributions -- 3.7 Fitting probability distributions -- 3.8 Testing goodness-of-fit -- 3.9 Time variations in data -- Summary -- Problems -- 4: THE ATMOSPHERIC SUBSYSTEM -- 4.1 Atmospheric water vapor -- 4.1.1 Humidity -- 4.2 Precipitation processes -- 4.3 Weather modification -- 4.4 Adiabatic processes -- 4.5 Precipitation measurement -- 4.5.1 Errors in precipitation measurement -- 4.6 Establishing a precipitation gage -- 4.7 Missing precipitation data -- 4.8 Averaging precipitation over an area -- 4.9 Checking temporal consistency of a precipitation record -- 4.10 Frequency analysis of precipitation -- 4.10.1 The gamma distribution -- 4.11 Intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) -- 4.12 Risk -- Summary -- Problems -- Excel exercise 2 -- Excel exercise 3 -- 5: EVAPORATION -- 5.1 The evaporation process -- 5.1.1 Solar energy -- 5.1.2 Estimating solar radiation -- 5.1.3 Vapor pressure deficit -- 5.1.4 Wind speed -- 5.2 Methods for estimating evaporation -- 5.2.1 Evaporation pans -- 5.2.2 Continuity equations -- 5.2.3 Evaporation equations -- Summary -- Problems -- 6: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 6.1 The évapotranspiration process -- 6.1.1 Soil factors. , 6.1.2 Vegetative factors -- 6.2 Methods for estimation évapotranspiration -- 6.2.1 Water balance -- 6.2.2 Lysimeters -- 6.2.3 Potential évapotranspiration equations -- 6.3 Modeling évapotranspiration under limited soil moisture conditions -- 6.3.1 Modeling the soil as one-layer store -- 6.3.2 Modeling the soil as a two-layer store -- 6.4 Vegetation modification -- Summary -- Problems -- 7: INFILTRATION AND SOIL MOISTURE -- 7.1 Factors controlling infiltration -- 7.2 Infiltration rate versus cumulative infiltration -- 7.3 Infiltration measurement and estimation -- 7.3.1 Infiltrometers -- 7.3.2 Rainfall simulators -- 7.3.3 Hydrograph analysis -- 7.4 Infiltration models -- 7.4.1 Horton's model -- 7.4.2 Philip's model -- 7.5 Other methods for estimating infiltration -- 7.5.1 The ϕ index -- 7.5.2 Soil classification -- 7.6 Ponding time and runoff -- 7.7 Soil water -- 7.7.1 Porosity -- 7.7.2 Soil water potential -- 7.7.3 Soil water characteristic -- 7.7.4 Water movement in the soil -- 7.7.5 Soil moisture measurement -- Summary -- Problems -- 8: GROUNDWATER -- 8.1 Groundwater defined -- 8.2 Aquifers -- 8.2.1 Unconfined aquifers -- 8.2.2 Confined aquifers -- 8.3 Properties of aquifer materials -- 8.3.1 Porosity and water storage -- 8.3.2 Hydraulic conductivity -- 8.4 Groundwater head -- 8.4.1 Hydraulic gradient -- 8.4.2 The three-point method -- 8.5 Groundwater flow -- 8.5.1 Darcy's Law -- 8.5.2 Groundwater discharge -- 8.6 Groundwater and wells -- 8.7 Groundwater flow to wells -- 8.7.1 Steady flow -- 8.7.2 Unsteady flow -- 8.8 Two and three dimensional flow -- 8.9 Groundwater models -- 8.10 Groundwater quality and contaminant transport -- 8.10.1 Multiphase flow -- 8.10.2 Dissolved contaminant transport -- 8.11 Wellhead protection -- 8.12 Groundwater regions in the United States -- Summary -- Problems -- 9: THE WATER BALANCE. , 9.1 Components of the water balance -- 9.2 The water balance procedure -- 9.2.1 Steps in calculating an average water balance -- 9.2.2 An example water balance calculation -- 9.2.3 Graphing the water balance -- 9.2.4 Sensitivity of the water balance to AWC -- 9.3 Applications of the water balance -- Summary -- Problems -- 10: BASIN MORPHOMETRY AND RUNOFF -- 10.1 Basin morphometry -- 10.1.1 Stream ordering -- 10.1.2 Stream length -- 10.1.3 Basin area -- 10.1.4 Basin relief and slope -- 10.2 Runoff kinematics -- 10.2.1 Continuity -- 10.2.2 Motion: Laminar versus turbulent flow -- 10.3 Timing of runoff -- 10.3.1 Time of concentration -- 10.3.2 Overland flow travel time -- 10.3.3 Channel travel time -- 10.4 Runoff processes -- 10.4.1 Hortonian overland flow -- 10.4.2 Saturation overland flow -- 10.4.3 Human activities affecting runoff -- Summary -- Problems -- 11: STREAMFLOW AND FLOODS -- 11.1 Flood waves -- 11.1.1 Hydrographs -- 11.1.2 Hydrograph separation -- 11.2 Runoff volume -- 11.2.1 Infiltration-based approach -- 11.2.2 SCS curve number method -- 11.3 Peak runoff -- 11.3.1 The rational method -- 11.4 Flood frequency analysis -- 11.4.1 The normal distribution -- 11.4.2 The lognormal distribution -- 11.4.3 The Extreme Value I distribution -- 11.4.4 The Pearson Type III distribution -- 11.4.5 The log-Pearson Type III distribution -- 11.4.6 Confidence limits -- 11.4.7 Mixed distributions -- 11.5 Regional analysis -- 11.6 The unit hydrograph -- 11.6.1 Alternate duration unit hydrographs -- 11.6.2 Unit hydrograph convolution -- 11.7 Synthetic unit hydrographs -- 11.7.1 SCS triangular synthetic unit hydrograph -- 11.7.2 Snyder's synthetic unit hydrograph -- 11.7.3 Variations on Snyder's method -- 11.8 Flow routing -- 11.8.1 Reservoir routing -- 11.8.2 Muskingum channel routing -- 11.8.3 Determining K and x -- 11.9 Streamflow measurement. , 11.9.1 Stage-discharge relations -- Summary -- Problems -- 12: DROUGHT AND WATER SUPPLY -- 12.1 Defining drought -- 12.2 Runs analysis of drought -- 12.2.1 Analysis of Oklahoma climate division 4 -- 12.3 Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) -- 12.3.1 Analysis of Oklahoma climate division 4 -- 12.4 Markov chain model of drought -- 12.4.1 Interrelating the Markov chain and runs theory -- 12.5 Water supply -- 12.5.1 Streamflow characteristics -- 12.5.2 Estimating water storage requirements -- Summary -- Problems -- 13: HYDROLOGIC MODELS AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS -- 13.1 Hydrologic models -- 13.1.1 Types of models -- 13.1.2 Deterministic versus stochastic simulation models -- 13.1.3 Classifying deterministic models -- 13.1.4 Steps in using a computer model -- 13.1.5 The HEC-1 simulation model -- 13.1.6 Model components -- 13.1.7 Kinematic wave -- 13.1.8 Input data file and schematic model structure -- 13.1.9 Example simulation using HEC-1 -- 13.1.10 Agricultural nonpoint source pollution model (AGNPS) -- 13.2 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) -- 13.2.1 Types of GIS -- 13.2.2 GIS applications to hydrology -- Summary -- Appendices -- References -- Subject index.

Anmerkung: POPULATION ECOLOGY: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants, THIRD EDITION -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1: SINGLE-SPECIES POPULATIONS -- Chapter 1: Describing populations -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Population processes -- 1.3 The diagrammatic life table -- 1.3.1 General form -- 1.3.2 The common field grasshopper, an annual species -- 1.3.3 Ragwort, a biennial -- 1.3.4 More complex life cycles -- 1.3.5 Age and stage: the problems of describing some plant and animal populations -- 1.4 Conventional life tables -- 1.4.1 The cohort life table -- 1.4.2 The static life table -- 1.4.3 Resume -- 1.5 Some generalizations -- 1.6 The modular growth of organisms -- 1.7 Buried seed banks -- Chapter 2: Intraspecific competition -- 2.1 The nature of intraspecific competition -- 2.2 Three characteristics of intraspecific competition -- 2.3 Density-dependence: a fourth characteristic -- 2.4 Scramble and contest -- 2.5 Actual effects of intraspecific competition -- 2.5.1 Palmblad's data -- 2.5.2 Competition in plants: a deeper look -- 2.5.3 lndividual variability -- 2.5.4 Self-thinning in plants -- 2.5.5 Competition in Patella cochlear -- 2.5.6 Competition in the fruit fly -- 2.6 Negative competition -- Chapter 3: Models of single-species populations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Populations breeding at discrete intervals -- 3.2.1 The basic equations -- 3.2.2 Incorporation of a range of competition -- 3.2.3 Models for annual plants -- 3.3 Continuous breeding -- 3.4 The utility of the equations -- 3.4.1 Causes of population fluctuations -- 3.4.2 The equations as descriptions -- 3.4.3 'Cobwebbing'-a more general approach -- 3.5 Incorporation of age-specific fecundity and mortality -- 3.5.1 The matrix model -- 3.5.2 Using the model -- 3.5.3 A working example: Poa annua -- Part 2: INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS -- Chapter4: Interspecific competition. , 4.1 The nature of interspecific interactions -- 4.2 Interspecific competition -- 4.3 A field example: granivorous ants -- 4.4 Competition between plant species: experimental approaches -- 4.4.1 Manipulating density -- 4.4.2 Manipulating resources -- 4.5 The ecological niche -- 4.6 The Competitive Exclusion Principle -- 4.7 Competitive exclusion in the field -- 4.8 Competitive release -- 4.9 Coexistence: resource partitioning -- 4.10 Character displacement -- 4.11 Competition: its avoidance or its non-existence? -- 4.12 Competition and coexistence in plants -- 4.13 A logistic model of two-species competition -- 4.13.1 The model's utility -- 4.13.2 A test of the model: fruit fly competition -- 4.14 Analysis of competition in plants -- 4.15 Niche overlap -- 4.16 Competition and heterogeneity -- Chapter 5: Predation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Patterns of abundance -- 5.3 Coevolution, and specialization amongst predators -- 5.3.1 One explanation for the degrees of specialization -- 5.3.2 Food preference and predator switching -- 5.4 Time and timing -- 5.5 Effects on prey fitness -- 5.5.1 The effects of herbivores on plant fitness -- 5.6 'The effects of predation-rate on predator fitness -- 5.6.1 Thresholds -- 5.6.2 Food quality -- 5.7 The functional response of predators to prey availability -- 5.7.1 The 'type 2' response -- 5.7.2 The 'type 1' response -- 5.7.3 Variation in handling time and searching efficiency: 'type 3' responses -- 5.7.4 Switching and 'type 3' responses -- 5.8 Aggregated effects -- 5.8.1 Parasite-host distributions -- 5.8.2 Refuges -- 5.8.3 Partial refuges: aggregative responses -- 5.8.4 Further responses to patchiness -- 5.8.5 'Even' distributions -- 5.8.6 Underlying behaviour -- 5.8.7 'Hide-and-seek' -- 5.9 Mutual interference amongst predators -- 5.9.1 A similar effect amongst parasites -- 5.10 Interference and pseudointerference. , 5.11 Optimal foraging -- 5.12 Resume -- 5.13 Mathematical models -- 5.13.1 Host-parasitoid models -- 5.13.2 Heterogeneity in host-parasitoid interactions -- 5.13.3 A model of grazing systems -- 5.14 'Patterns of abundance' reconsidered -- 5.15 Harvesting -- 5.15.1 Characteristics of harvested populations -- 5.15.2 Harvesting in structured populations -- 5.15.3 Incorporating population structure: matrix models of harvesting -- Part 3: SYNTHESIS -- Chapter 6: Population regulation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Nicholson's view -- 6.3 Andrewartha and Birch's view -- 6.4 An example: Thrips imaginis -- 6.5 Some general conclusions -- 6.6 A life-table analysis of a Colorado beetle population -- 6.6.1 Life-table data -- 6.6.2 'Key-factor' analysis -- 6.6.3 Regulation of the population -- 6.6.4 A population model -- 6.7 The problem re-emerges -- 6.7.1 Life-table analyses -- 6.7.2 Single-species time series -- 6.7.3 Population regulation in vertebrates -- 6.8 Population regulation in plants -- 6.9 Genetic change -- 6.10 Territoriality -- 6.11 'Space capture' in plants -- 6.12 Chaos in ecological systems -- Chapter 7: Beyond population ecology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Metapopulation dynamics -- 7.2.1 Metapopulation models -- 7.2.2 Examples of metapopulations -- 7.2.3 Applications of the metapopulation concept -- 7.3 Community structure -- 7.3.1 The role of interspecific competition -- 7.3.2 The role of predation -- 7.3.3 The role of disturbance -- 7.3.4 The role of instability -- 7.3.5 The role of habitat size and diversity -- 7.3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Author index -- Organism index -- Subject index.