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  • 1
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    Coral macrobioerosion is accelerated by ocean acidification and nutrients (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2014]. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Geological Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geology 43 (2015): 7-10, doi: 10.1130/G36147.1.
    Description: Coral reefs exist in a delicate balance between calcium carbonate (CaCO3) production and CaCO3 loss. Ocean acidification (OA), the CO2-driven decline in seawater pH and CaCO3 saturation state (Ω), threatens to tip this balance by decreasing calcification, and increasing erosion and dissolution. While multiple CO2 manipulation experiments show coral calcification declines under OA, the sensitivity of bioerosion to OA is less well understood. Previous work suggests that coral and coral reef bioerosion increase with decreasing seawater Ω. However, in the surface ocean, Ω and nutrient concentrations often covary, making their relative influence difficult to resolve. Here, we exploit unique natural gradients in Ω and nutrients across the Pacific basin to quantify the impact of these factors, together and independently, on macrobioerosion rates of coral skeletons. Using an automated program to quantify macrobioerosion in 3-D computerized tomography (CT) scans of coral cores, we show that macrobioerosion rates of live Porites colonies in both low-nutrient (oligotrophic) and high-nutrient (〉1 µM nitrate) waters increase significantly as Ω decreases. However, the sensitivity of macrobioerosion to Ω is ten times greater under high-nutrient conditions. Our results demonstrate that OA (decreased Ω) alone can increase coral macrobioerosion rates, but the interaction of OA with local stressors exacerbates its impact, accelerating a shift toward net CaCO3 removal from coral reefs.
    Description: This work was supported by NSF OCE 1041106 to A.L.C. and K.E.S., NSF OCE 1220529 to A.L.C., TNC award PNA/WHOI061810 to A.L.C., NSF Graduate Research Fellowships to T.M.D. and H.C.B., and a WHOI-OLI post-doctoral fellowship to K.E.S.
    Description: 2015-11-14
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 2
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    Repeat bleaching of a central Pacific coral reef over the past six decades (1960–2016) (2018)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Communications Biology 1 (2018): 177, doi:10.1038/s42003-018-0183-7.
    Description: The oceans are warming and coral reefs are bleaching with increased frequency and severity, fueling concerns for their survival through this century. Yet in the central equatorial Pacific, some of the world’s most productive reefs regularly experience extreme heat associated with El Niño. Here we use skeletal signatures preserved in long-lived corals on Jarvis Island to evaluate the coral community response to multiple successive heatwaves since 1960. By tracking skeletal stress band formation through the 2015-16 El Nino, which killed 95% of Jarvis corals, we validate their utility as proxies of bleaching severity and show that 2015-16 was not the first catastrophic bleaching event on Jarvis. Since 1960, eight severe (〉30% bleaching) and two moderate (〈30% bleaching) events occurred, each coinciding with El Niño. While the frequency and severity of bleaching on Jarvis did not increase over this time period, 2015–16 was unprecedented in magnitude. The trajectory of recovery of this historically resilient ecosystem will provide critical insights into the potential for coral reef resilience in a warming world.
    Description: Funding for this study was provided by National Science Foundation awards OCE 1537338, OCE 1605365, and OCE 1031971 to A.L.C., and the Robertson Foundation to A.L.C., National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships to T.M.D. and A.E.A., and a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship to H.E.R.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    Comparison of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature variability and trends with Sr/Ca records from multiple corals (2016)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography 31 (2016): 252–265, doi:10.1002/2015PA002897.
    Description: Coral Sr/Ca is widely used to reconstruct past ocean temperatures. However, some studies report different Sr/Ca-temperature relationships for conspecifics on the same reef, with profound implications for interpretation of reconstructed temperatures. We assess whether these differences are attributable to small-scale oceanographic variability or “vital effects” associated with coral calcification and quantify the effect of intercolony differences on temperature estimates and uncertainties. Sr/Ca records from four massive Porites colonies growing on the east and west sides of Jarvis Island, central equatorial Pacific, were compared with in situ logger temperatures spanning 2002–2012. In general, Sr/Ca captured the occurrence of interannual sea surface temperature events but their amplitude was not consistently recorded by any of the corals. No long-term trend was identified in the instrumental data, yet Sr/Ca of one coral implied a statistically significant cooling trend while that of its neighbor implied a warming trend. Slopes of Sr/Ca-temperature regressions from the four different colonies were within error, but offsets in mean Sr/Ca rendered the regressions statistically distinct. Assuming that these relationships represent the full range of Sr/Ca-temperature calibrations in Jarvis Porites, we assessed how well Sr/Ca of a nonliving coral with an unknown Sr/Ca-temperature relationship can constrain past temperatures. Our results indicate that standard error of prediction methods underestimate the actual error as we could not reliably reconstruct the amplitude or frequency of El Niño–Southern Oscillation events as large as ± 2°C. Our results underscore the importance of characterizing the full range of temperature-Sr/Ca relationships at each study site to estimate true error.
    Description: This study was supported by an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship to A.A. and by NSF-OCE-0926986 and NSF-OCE-1031971.
    Description: 2016-08-06
    Keywords: Corals ; Paleoceanography ; Proxies
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical and pharmacology study of chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide given on a weekly schedule (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 35 (1995), S. 483-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Key words Chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide ; Pharmacokinetics ; Chemotherapy ; Phase I trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The in vitro human tumor colony-forming assay identified chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide (CQS) as an active agent at human plasma concentrations of 〉100 μg/ml. In the initial phase I trial of CQS given every 28 days, peak plasma concentrations 〉 500 μg/ml were associated with reversible dose-limiting hypoglycemia and occasional cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, we evaluated whether a weekly schedule of treatment might minimize the drug-associated toxicity while maintaining potential therapeutic concentrations. CQS was given intravenously over 1 h once per week for 4 weeks to 12 patients, beginning at a dose of 2,000 mg/m2. All patients underwent monitoring for cardiac arrhythmias and hypoglycemia. Plasma drug levels were measured following each dose. Mild hypoglycemia was the most common adverse effect. A median nadir plasma glucose concentration of 56 mg/dl was observed at a weekly dose of 2,500 mg/m2. Two patients experienced cardiac dysrhythmia while on study. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring failed to identify any significant infusion-related arrhythmia. The median CQS plasma concentration measured 24 h following a 2,000-mg/m2 dose of CQS was 〉100 μg/ ml, and the cumulative area under the concentration x time curve (AUC) determined at concentrations of ≥100 μg/ml was similar to that observed with the every-28-day schedule. The weekly schedule described herein appears to maximize the plasma AUC with an acceptable margin of safety. The recommended phase II dose and schedule for CQS is 2,000 mg/m2 given once per week. Although severe hypoglycemia is unlikely, glucose monitoring is appropriate for 6 h following CQS administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686832
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A phase II trial of m-AMSA in head and neck cancer (1981)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 6 (1981), S. 145-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty patients with advanced epidermoid carcinoma from primary sites in the head and neck region received adequate trials of therapy with m-AMSA, at starting doses of 90 or 120 mg/m2. Despite the good median performance status of the group (median 80) and the fact that 50% of the patients had received no prior chemotherapy, only one minor response was achieved. AMSA appears to have no useful activity in this dose and schedule in patients with epidermoid head and neck cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262333
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical and pharmacology study of chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide given on a weekly schedule (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 35 (1995), S. 483-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide ; Pharmacokinetics ; Chemotherapy ; Phase I trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The in vitro human tumor colony-forming assay identified chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide (CQS) as an active agent at human plasma concentrations of 〉100 μg/ml. In the initial phase I trial of CQS given every 28 days, peak plasma concentrations 〉500 μg/ml were associated with reversible dose-limiting hypoglycemia and occasional cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, we evaluated whether a weekly schedule of treatment might minimize the drug-associated toxicity while maintaining potential therapeutic concentrations. CQS was given intravenously over 1 h once per week for 4 weeks to 12 patients, beginning at a dose of 2,000 mg/m2. All patients underwent monitoring for cardiac arrhythmias and hypoglycemia. Plasma drug levels were measured following each dose. Mild hypoglycemia was the most common adverse effect. A median nadir plasma glucose concentration of 56 mg/dl was observed at a weekly dose of 2,500 mg/m2. Two patients experienced cardiac dysrhthmia while on study. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring failed to identify any significant infusion-related arrhythmia. The median CQS plasma concentration measured 24 h following a 2,000-mg/m2 dose of CQS was 〉100 μg/ml, and the cumulative area under the concentration x time curve (AUC) determined at concentrations of ≥100 μg/ml was similar to that observed with the every-28-day schedule. The weekly schedule described herein appears to maximize the plasma AUC with an acceptable margin of safety. The recommended phase II dose and schedule for CQS is 2,000 mg/m2 given once per week. Although severe hypoglycemia is unlikely, glucose monitoring is appropriate for 6 h following CQS administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686832
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase I clinical trial of fludarabine phosphate (F-ara-AMP) (1985)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 15 (1985), S. 233-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary F-Ara-AMP (fludarabine phosphate) is an adenosine analogue that is resistant to deamination; it is a more potent cytotoxic compound than ara-A in experimental tumor systems. F-Ara-AMP was given by continuous IV infusion over 5 days once every 4 weeks to 27 evaluable adult patients with advanced cancer. The median Karnofsky performance status was 70% (range 50%–90%), and the median age was 58 years (range 41–74). In addition to adequate blood counts, a creatinine clearance of at least 60 ml/min was required. The initial dose level was 35 mg/m2/day. Dose-limiting myelosuppression was seen in the first patient. Subsequent patients were treated at lower doses. Myelosuppression was the only major toxicity. Leukopenia was generally more prominent than thrombocytopenia, but 2 patients experienced prolonged thrombocytopenia which prevented further therapy. Nausea was minimal, and neither renal nor neurologic toxicity was encountered. In patients with good renal function a dose of 25 mg/m2/day can be safely administered. However, because of apparent cumulative myelosuppressive effects a lower dose is more appropriate for patients who have had extensive prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263892
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The combined use of radiation therapy and lonidamine in the treatment of brain metastases (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of neuro-oncology 7 (1989), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: radiotherapy ; brain metastases ; radiosensitizer ; lonidamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lonidamine is an indazole carboxylic acid that has been shown to be synergistic with radiotherapy (RT) in tissue culture and animal models. Clinical experience has shown that lonidamine is well-tolerated, and appears to potentiate the activity of conventional chemotherapy in the treatment of brain metastases. A prospective randomized trial was undertaken to evaluate the use of lonidamine in combination with RT in the treatment of brain metastases. All patients received 3000 cGy of whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Fifty eight patients were enrolled; 31 received lonidamine plus WBRT and 27 received WBRT alone. There was no significant difference in response rate or survival between the treatment groups. Lonidamine blood levels were measured in 30 of the 31 patients who received the drug, and were therapeutic (⩾ 15 μg/ml) in 50%. Survival and response rate were unaffected by the presence or absence of a therapeutic lonidamine level. The most common side-effects of lonidamine were myalgia, testicular pain, anorexia, and ototoxicity; however, only 2 patients had to discontinue the drug because of intolerable myalgias. No serious organ toxicity or myelosuppression was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172917
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Butyrate and phenylacetate as differentiating agents: Practical problems and opportunities (1995)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 59 (1995), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: Butyrate ; differentiating agents ; phenylacetate ; phenylbutyrate ; tributyrin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Differentiating agents, including butyrate, phenylacetate and several other agents, have long been known to alter abnormal or transformed cell lines in vitro to a more normal state including phenotype and function. The effect depends on prolonged exposure to a minimum concentration of the agent. In vivo studies of butyrate and analogues have been limited, largely due to rapid in vivo metabolism. A butyrate prodrug, the triglyceride tributyrin, shows great promise in achieving effective and prolonged serum levels when given orally to mice and rats, and has been recommended for human trial. In vitro, butyrate and its mono- and triglyceride have shown potent synergy with retinoic acid, suggesting a ten-fold reduction in serum level requirements. Other butyrate prodrugs have been prepared and studied; several sugar esters of butyrate show promise.Phenylacetate, a normal mammalian metabolite, is also a potent differentiating agent, but its clinical use is limited by its objectionable odor per se and in treated subjects. Phenylbutyrate, a prodrug of phenylacetate, is more acceptable and may have greater promise.The availability of effective prodrugs of effective differentiating agents, such as tributyrin and phenylbutyrate, creates many opportunities for possible therapeutic and chemopreventive applications, especially if synergy in vivo can be demonstrated with retinoids (e.g., retinoic acid) or deltanoids (e.g., active vitamin D analogues), confirming in vitro studies. Particular disease targets would include certain leukemias, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240590831
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