Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Notes on the Editor -- List of Contributors -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Enzyme-based Biorefinery for Conversion of Waste to Value-added Products -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sources and Various Types of Waste -- 1.2.1 Wastewater -- 1.2.2 Food Waste -- 1.2.3 Agricultural Waste -- 1.3 Enzymes Involved and their Role in Biorefinery -- 1.3.1 Cellulases -- 1.3.2 Hemicellulases -- 1.3.3 Amylases -- 1.3.4 Lignocellulolytic Enzymes -- 1.3.5 Pectinolytic Enzymes -- 1.3.6 Lipases -- 1.3.7 Proteases -- 1.4 Configurations of Waste Biorefineries -- 1.4.1 Waste Biorefineries with Multiple Platforms -- 1.4.2 Waste Biorefinery Output -- 1.5 Scope/Boundary Conditions of Waste Biorefineries -- 1.5.1 'Waste Biorefineries' Underlying Concepts -- 1.5.2 Technical and Economic Sustainability -- 1.5.3 Sustainability in the Environment -- 1.5.4 Market Potential -- 1.6 Implementation of Waste Biorefinery Frameworks -- 1.7 Value-Added Products Generated -- 1.7.1 Agricultural Products -- 1.7.1.1 Lignocellulosic Agricultural Byproducts -- 1.7.2 Organic Acids -- 1.7.3 Energy/Fuel -- 1.7.4 Industrial Products -- 1.7.5 Algae-based Products -- 1.7.6 Pharmaceutical Products -- 1.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Valorization of Biowaste to Biowealth Using Cellulase Enzyme During Prehydrolysis Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Process -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Materials -- 2.2.2 Pretreatment -- 2.2.3 Yeast Culture -- 2.2.4 PSSF Experiment -- 2.2.5 Ethanol Tolerance Assay -- 2.2.6 Analytical Methods -- 2.2.7 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Culture Media Fermentation -- 2.3.2 Ethanol Tolerance Assay. , 2.3.3 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Enzyme-associated Bioconversion of Agro-waste Materials via Macrofungi Cultivation for Sustainable Next-gen Ecosystems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Agro-waste as a Key To Sustainability -- 3.3 Macrofungi: An Incredible Enzyme Factory -- 3.4 Bioconversion: A Fundamental Concept of Biorefinery Systems -- 3.4.1 Different Bioconversion Pathways -- 3.4.2 Concepts of Biorefineries -- 3.4.3 Bioconversion of Agro-wastes -- 3.5 Macrofungal Cultivation: An Enzyme-associated Biorefinery Process -- 3.5.1 An Integrated Biorefinery System of Macrofungal Cultivation -- 3.5.2 The Technological Evolution of the System -- 3.5.3 Solid-state and Submerged Fermentation Systems for Utilization of Agro-waste -- 3.5.4 Advantages of Using Macrofungi and Agro-waste -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Extremophilic Bacteria and Archaea in the Valorization of Metalloids: Arsenic, Selenium, and Tellurium -- 4.1 Means and Inputs of Metalloids Into the Environment -- 4.2 Bioremediation Processes Using Extremophilic Microorganisms -- Benefits Over Physicochemical Technologies -- 4.3 Extremophilic Microorganisms and their Versatility in the Removal of Metalloids -- 4.4 Economics and Feasibility for Bioremediation Processes -- References -- Chapter 5: Enzyme Purification Strategies -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Prerequisites for Enzyme Purification -- 5.2.1 Source and Enzyme Type -- 5.2.2 Assay -- 5.3 Conventional Enzyme Purification Strategies -- 5.3.1 Based On Charge/Solubility -- 5.3.1.1 Precipitation -- 5.3.1.2 Ion Exchange Chromatography -- 5.3.1.3 Isoelectric Focusing Electrophoresis -- 5.3.2 Based on the Size -- 5.3.2.1 Dialysis/Ultrafiltration -- 5.3.2.2 Centrifugation -- 5.3.2.3 Size Exclusion/Gel Filtration Chromatography -- 5.3.3 Based On Affinity. , 5.3.3.1 Affinity Chromatography -- 5.3.3.2 Adsorption Chromatography -- 5.3.3.3 Affinity Precipitation -- 5.4 Other Enzyme Purification Strategies -- 5.4.1 Aqueous Two-phase System (ATPS) -- 5.4.2 Three-phase Partitioning (TPP) System -- 5.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Overview of the Enzyme Support System of Immobilization for Enhanced Efficiency and Reuse of Enzymes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Advantages of Enzyme Immobilization -- 6.3 Factors for the Cost of Enzyme Immobilization -- 6.4 Enzyme Immobilization Methodology and Strategies -- 6.4.1 Adsorption of Enzymes -- 6.4.2 Entrapment/Encapsulation of Enzymes -- 6.4.3 Covalent Immobilization of Enzymes -- 6.4.4 Cross-linking of Enzymes -- 6.5 Material Selection and Types for Immobilization of Enzymes -- 6.5.1 Organic Materials Used for Immobilization -- 6.5.1.1 Natural Polymers -- 6.5.1.1.1 Alginate, Cellulose, Chitin and Chitosan, Starch, Sepharose -- 6.5.2 Some Synthetic Polymers for Immobilization -- 6.5.3 Inorganic Supports for Immobilization -- 6.6 Surface Analysis Technologies for the Characterization of Immobilization -- 6.6.1 Analysis Technologies for Immobilized Enzymes -- 6.7 General Reactors Utilized in Industry for Biocatalysis Reactions -- 6.7.1 Enzyme Application -- 6.7.2 Immobilized Enzymes in the Food Industry -- 6.7.3 HFSC Production by D-glucose/Xylose Isomerases -- 6.7.4 Epimerase Action on Allulose -- 6.7.5 Immobilized Enzymes for the Chemical Industry -- 6.7.6 Lipase CalB for Chiral Amines -- 6.7.7 Acrylates and Organosilicone Esters or Amides Processing by Lipase CalB -- 6.7.8 Role of Enzymes Immobilization in Pharmaceutical Industry -- 6.7.9 Lipase CalB for Odanacatib -- 6.7.10 Sofosbuvir Bio-catalysis by Lipase CalB -- 6.7.11 Importance of Enzyme Immobilization in Biomedical Devices and Biosensors -- 6.7.11.1 Lipases in Biomedical Devices. , 6.7.11.2 Urease in Medical Devices -- 6.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Nanobiotechnology in Enzyme-based Biorefinement and Valorization of Waste -- 7.1 Overview of Nanobiotechnology -- 7.1.1 Historical Basis -- 7.1.2 Nanomaterials: Types and Definition -- 7.1.3 Effect of Nanomaterials on Organisms -- 7.1.3.1 NPs Effect on Biofilms -- 7.1.3.2 NPs Effect on Host Microbiota -- 7.2 Waste Feedstocks for Valorization -- 7.2.1 Organic Wastes -- 7.2.2 Inorganic Wastes -- 7.3 Microbially Synthesized Nanomaterials -- 7.3.1 Metal Containing Nanoparticles -- 7.3.2 Bioplastics -- 7.3.3 Biofertilizers -- 7.4 Protein-mediated Nanomaterial Refinement -- 7.4.1 Cell-free Systems and Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 7.4.2 Nanowire Production by Electrically Active Bacteria -- 7.4.3 Photosynthetic NP Production -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Bioinformatics Integration to Biomass Waste Biodegradation and Valorization -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 First-generation Valorisation -- 8.2.1 Overview of Primary Methods -- 8.2.2 Biogas Production -- 8.2.3 Biohydrogen Production -- 8.2.3.1 Basic Concepts of Biohydrogen Generation by Biohythane and Dark Fermentation -- 8.2.3.2 Biohydrogen and Biohythane Synthesis from Biowaste: Techniques and Applications -- 8.2.3.2.1 Method of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) -- 8.2.3.2.2 Method of Organic Loading Rate (OLR) -- 8.2.3.2.3 Hydrogenotrophic Activity Inhibition -- 8.2.3.2.4 Biohydrogen and Biomethane Yields -- 8.2.3.3 The Two-phase Methodology of Automatic Control and Its Successful Application Using Research Developments and Potential Barriers -- 8.3 Second-generation Valorization -- 8.3.1 Overview of Primary Methods -- 8.3.2 Key Challenges -- 8.3.3 Applications of Functional Foods -- 8.4 Bioinformatics Systems: Tools and Databases -- 8.4.1 Databases. , 8.4.1.1 The University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database (UM-BBD) -- 8.4.1.2 OxDBase -- 8.4.1.3 The Bionemo Database -- 8.4.1.4 MetaCyc -- 8.4.1.5 BioCyc -- 8.4.2 Pathway Prediction Systems -- 8.4.2.1 The UM-BBD-Pathway Prediction System (PPS) -- 8.4.2.2 PathPred -- 8.4.2.3 The Biochemical Network Integrated Computer Explorer (BNICE) -- 8.4.2.4 From Metabolite to Metabolite (FMM) -- 8.4.2.5 Metabolic Tinker -- 8.4.3 Chemical Toxicity Prediction Using Computational Methodologies -- 8.4.4 Next-generation Sequencing: Genome Sequences of Xenobiotic Degrading Bacteria -- 8.5 Computer-aided Molecular Design (CAMD) -- 8.5.1 CAMD Software -- 8.5.1.1 Library-based -- 8.5.1.2 Intelligent -- 8.6 Technology Coefficients -- 8.7 Biomethanization: Green Waste Valorisation Technology -- 8.7.1 Methodology -- 8.7.1.1 Site Sampling and Biomethanization Facilities -- 8.7.1.2 Next-generation Sequencing -- 8.7.1.3 Sequencing Data Processing -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Cell Surface Engineering: A Fabrication Approach Toward Effective Valorization of Waste -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Conventional Strategies Used in the Production of Bioethanol -- 9.3 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP) -- 9.3.1 Structural Composition of Natural Cellulosomes of Clostridium thermocellum and Recombinant Minicellulosomes -- 9.4 Protein Cell Surface Display -- 9.4.1 Approaches for Cell Surface Display -- 9.4.2 Yeast - Arming Yeast -- 9.5 Cell Surface Engineering in the Valorization of Waste -- 9.5.1 Construction of Whole-cell Biocatalyst for Biofuel Production -- 9.5.2 For Bioadsorption of Heavy and Toxic Metal and Bioremediation -- 9.6 Evolution of Enzymes by Cell Surface Engineering -- 9.6.1 Tailoring GPI Anchors -- 9.6.2 Inhibitor Tolerance -- 9.6.3 Metabolic Engineering Approach -- 9.6.4 Genetic Engineering Approach. , 9.6.5 Immobilization of Enzymes on the Cell Surface.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editor -- Contributors -- Conflict of Interest -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Pretreatment Methods for Overcoming Biomass Recalcitrance -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Structural Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 1.2.1 Cellulose -- 1.2.2 Hemicellulose -- 1.2.3 Lignin -- 1.3 Chemical Interactions Among the Components of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 1.3.1 Intrapolymer Linkages -- 1.3.2 Interpolymer Linkages -- 1.4 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 1.4.1 Physical Pretreatment -- 1.4.1.1 Mechanical Grinding -- 1.4.1.2 Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment -- 1.4.1.3 Pretreatment by Radiation -- 1.4.2 Chemical Pretreatment -- 1.4.2.1 Dilute Acid Pretreatment -- 1.4.2.2 Dilute Alkali Pretreatment -- 1.4.2.3 Ionic Liquids -- 1.4.2.4 Organosolv Pretreatment -- 1.4.2.5 Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatment -- 1.4.3 Physicochemical Pretreatment -- 1.4.3.1 Steam Explosion -- 1.4.3.2 Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX) -- 1.4.3.3 Oxidative Pretreatment -- 1.4.4 Biological Pretreatment -- 1.4.5 Combination of Pretreatment Methods -- 1.4.5.1 Alkaline Pretreatment Combined with Dilute Acid Pretreatment -- 1.4.5.2 Dilute Acid Pretreatment Combined with Steam Explosion Pretreatments -- 1.4.5.3 Microwave-assisted Alkali Pretreatment -- 1.5 Formation of Inhibitors During Pretreatment of Biomass -- 1.5.1 Origin of Inhibitors and Mechanism of Inhibition -- 1.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuels Production, an Integrated Approach -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Supply Chain Network and Biomass Process Integration -- 2.2.1 Supply Chain Network Structures -- 2.2.2 Biomass Conversion Processes and Integration of Biological Processes. , 2.3 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Feedstock Sources for Biological Processes -- 2.3.1 Mechanical Pretreatments -- 2.3.1.1 High-pressure Homogenization (HPH) -- 2.3.1.2 Steam Explosion Pretreatment -- 2.3.1.3 Hot Water -- 2.3.1.4 Microwave Radiation -- 2.3.2 Chemical Pretreatments -- 2.3.2.1 Acid-Base Pretreatments -- 2.3.2.2 Ammonia-base Pretreatments -- 2.3.2.3 Organic Solvents -- 2.3.2.4 Organic Solvents Combined with Oxidants -- 2.3.2.5 Microwave-assisted Solvolysis -- 2.3.2.6 Ionic Liquids -- 2.3.3 Lignin Recovery in Pulp Mills -- 2.4 Biological Processes for Integration with Biomass Activities or Other Conversion Processes -- 2.4.1 Hydrolysis and Fermentation for Ethanol Production -- References -- Chapter 3: Laccase-mediated Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Status and Future Prospects -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of Laccases -- 3.2.1 Fungal Laccase -- 3.2.2 Bacterial Laccase -- 3.2.3 Plant Laccase -- 3.2.4 Insect Laccase -- 3.3 Structural Characteristics of Laccase -- 3.4 The Catalytic Mechanism of Laccase -- 3.5 Approaches for Better Biocatalytic Action of Laccase -- 3.6 Perspective -- 3.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Lignin Peroxidases and Their Relevance in Lignin-based Circular Bioeconomy: A Microbial Treasure for Sustainable Development -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Structural Components of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 4.3 Enzymatic Systems Involved in the Cessation of the Lignocellulosic Organization -- 4.3.1 Cellulolytic Enzymes -- 4.3.2 Xylanolytic Enzymes -- 4.3.3 Ligninolytic Enzymes -- 4.3.3.1 Laccases -- 4.3.3.2 Peroxidases -- 4.4 Mechanism of Lignin Peroxidase Catalytic Reactions -- 4.5 Microbial Production of Lignin Peroxidases -- 4.6 Challenges in Lignin Peroxidase Production for Industrial Applications -- 4.7 Applications of Lignin Peroxidase. , 4.7.1 Biodegradation of Environmental Pollutants -- 4.7.2 Cosmetic Industries -- 4.7.3 Paper and Pulp Industries -- 4.7.4 Valorization of Biomass for Value-Added Products -- 4.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Structure, Properties, and Functions of Manganese Peroxidase for Enzymatic Pretreatment of Waste Biomass -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Enzyme-mediated Pretreatment of Waste Biomass -- 5.3 Manganese Peroxidase: A Brief History -- 5.4 Structure and Properties of Manganese Peroxidase -- 5.4.1 The Overall Crystal Structure -- 5.4.2 The Heme Environment and Peroxide Binding Site -- 5.4.3 The Manganese Binding Site -- 5.4.4 The Role of Calcium Ions -- 5.5 Mechanism of Action and Catalytic Pathway -- 5.5.1 Mechanism of Action on Phenolic Lignin Substrates -- 5.5.2 Mechanism of Action on Non-phenolic Lignin Substrates -- 5.6 Factors Affecting Enzyme-assisted Pretreatment -- 5.6.1 Fungal Strain -- 5.6.2 Moisture Content -- 5.6.3 Aeration -- 5.6.4 Source of Carbon -- 5.6.5 Concentration and Source of Nitrogen -- 5.6.6 Temperature -- 5.6.7 Acidity -- 5.7 Versatile Peroxidase: An Amalgam of MnP and LiP -- 5.8 Future Perspective -- 5.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 6: An Overview of Pretreatment Strategies for the Development of Enzyme-based Biorefinery with Special Emphasis on Pectinases -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 6.2.1 Different Methods of Pretreatment -- 6.2.1.1 Physical Pretreatment -- 6.2.1.1.1 Thermal Pretreatment -- 6.2.1.1.2 Mechanical Pretreatment -- 6.2.1.1.3 Ultrasound Pretreatment -- 6.2.1.2 Physicochemical Pretreatment -- 6.2.1.2.1 Steam Explosion -- 6.2.1.2.2 Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment -- 6.2.1.2.3 Radiation Pretreatment -- 6.2.1.3 Chemical Pretreatment -- 6.2.1.3.1 Acid Pretreatment -- 6.2.1.3.2 Alkaline Pretreatment. , 6.2.1.4 Biological Pretreatment -- 6.2.1.4.1 Enzymatic Pretreatment -- 6.2.1.4.2 Fungal and Microbial Consortium Pretreatment -- 6.2.1.4.3 Aerobic Digestion -- 6.3 Merits and Demerits of Different Pretreatment Methods -- 6.4 Pretreatment of Lignocellulose Biomass Using Pectinase Enzyme -- 6.4.1 Structure of Pectinase Enzyme -- 6.4.2 Mechanism of Pectinase in the Pretreatment of Waste Biomass -- 6.5 Future Prospects and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Chitinases: Structure, Function, and Valorization of Marine Shell Waste -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Chitin and Its Derivatives: Their Structures and Properties -- 7.3 Conventional Methods of Chitin Recovery -- 7.3.1 Chemical Conversion of Chitin to Chitosan and Chito- oligosaccharide -- 7.4 Classification of Chitinases -- 7.4.1 Structural Diversity of Chitinases -- 7.4.2 Chitinases: Types and Mechanism of Action -- 7.5 Screening, Production, and Purification of Chitinases -- 7.5.1 Screening and Isolation of Chitinase Producing Organisms -- 7.5.1.1 Screening of Bacteria -- 7.5.1.2 Screening of Fungi -- 7.5.2 Production of Chitinase -- 7.5.3 Extraction and Purification of Chitinases -- 7.6 Chitinase Assay Development -- 7.7 Role of Chitinases -- 7.8 Application of Chitinases -- 7.8.1 Enzymatic Valorization of Marine Waste -- 7.8.2 Effect of Pretreatment Process -- 7.8.3 Chitinase for Hydrolysis -- 7.9 Future Perspective -- References -- Chapter 8: Pretreatment and Valorization of Textile-Wastewaters by Haloarchaea -- 8.1 Textile Factory Effluents -- 8.1.1 Various Constituents and Their Harmful Effects -- 8.1.2 Characteristics of Textile Effluents -- 8.1.3 Characteristics of the Real Effluent Discharged from Textile Factories -- 8.2 Conventional Biotreatment Processes -- 8.2.1 Biological Methods -- 8.2.2 Chemical Methods -- 8.2.3 Physical Methods. , 8.3 Microbes, Bioreactors Used and Difficulties Encountered -- 8.4 Biohydrolysis of Cellulose -- 8.4.1 Cellulases -- 8.5 Halophiles and Haloarchaea in Treatment of Textile Effluents -- 8.6 Predicted Biorefinery, Environmental Clean Technology -- References -- Chapter 9: Evolution of Biological Pretreatment Methods for Agricultural Residues and Defatted Microalgae for Overcoming Biomass Recalcitrance in Biofuel Generation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Agricultural Wastes for Biofuel Generation -- 9.3 Pretreatment Methods for Agricultural Wastes in Biofuel Generation -- 9.3.1 Physical Pretreatment Methods -- 9.3.1.1 Milling -- 9.3.1.2 Extrusion -- 9.3.1.3 Microwave Treatment -- 9.3.1.4 Ultrasonication -- 9.3.2 Thermochemical Methods -- 9.3.2.1 Gasification -- 9.3.2.2 Liquefaction -- 9.3.2.3 Pyrolysis -- 9.4 Microalgae in Biofuel Generation -- 9.5 Conventional Biological Pretreatment Methods for Defatted Microalgae for Biofuel Generation -- 9.6 Microalgae Potential in the Fuel Industry -- 9.7 Methods of Converting Microalgae into Energy -- 9.8 Challenges and Prospects for Biofuel Production from Microalgae -- 9.9 Pretreatment Methods for Microalgae in Biofuel Generation -- 9.9.1 Microwave-assisted Pretreatment Method -- 9.9.2 Ultrasonic Pretreatment Method -- 9.9.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis-based Pretreatment Method -- 9.9.4 Catalytic Pretreatment Method -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editor -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Bioprocessing Approaches for Enzyme-based Waste Biomass Saccharification -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Burgeoning Demand for Conventional Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 1.2.1 Municipal Wastes as Alternate Sources of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 1.3 Pretreatment: Commonly Used Procedures, Their Limitations, and Recent Advancements -- 1.3.1 Bioprocess Inhibitors Generated in Pretreatment Processes -- 1.3.2 Techniques for Removal of Bioprocess Inhibitors -- 1.4 Cellulases -- 1.4.1 Enzyme-based Deconstruction of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 1.4.2 Cellulolytic Microbes -- 1.4.2.1 Major Cellulolytic Fungi -- 1.4.2.1.1 The Substrate Carbon Source's Impact on Fungal Cellulase Production -- 1.4.2.1.2 The Molecular Basis for Enzyme Production in Major Cellulolytic Fungi -- 1.4.2.2 Major Cellulolytic Bacteria -- 1.4.2.2.1 The Cellulosomal System -- 1.5 Bioprocess Techniques for Microbial Cellulase Production -- 1.5.1 Solid-state Fermentation - SSF -- 1.5.1.1 Common Issues Pertaining to an SSF for Cellulase Production -- 1.5.1.2 Process Improvements in an SSF for Cellulase Production -- 1.5.1.2.1 The Impact of Pretreated Substrates in the SSF -- 1.5.1.2.2 Fixed Volume Cyclic Fed-batch SSF -- 1.5.2 Submerged Fermentation (SMF) -- 1.5.2.1 Major Shortcomings of an SMF for Cellulase Production -- 1.5.2.2 A Sequential Cellulase Induction-partial Saccharification-Catabolite Repression in an SMF for Cellulase Production -- 1.5.2.3 Bottlenecks in the SMF Operation for Cellulase Production -- 1.5.2.4 A Fed-batch SMF Operation for Improved Cellulase Yield -- 1.5.2.4.1 Shortcomings of the Fed-batch SMF for Cellulase Production -- 1.6 Integrated Bioprocesses for Improved Saccharification Yield. , 1.6.1 The Biochemical Basis of an Enzymatic Saccharification Process -- 1.6.1.1 Shortcomings of Traditional Enzymatic Saccharification -- 1.6.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF): The Process, Its Drawbacks, and Advancements -- 1.6.3 Partial Saccharification and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (PSSSF) -- 1.6.4 Semi-simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSSF) -- 1.6.5 Semi-simultaneous Saccharification and Cofermentation (SScF) -- 1.6.6 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP) -- 1.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Developments in Hydrolysis Processes Toward Enzymatic Hydrolysis in Biorefinery -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Historical Background of the Hydrolysis Process -- 2.3 Conventional Methods of Hydrolysis and Their Drawbacks -- 2.3.1 Acid-catalyzed Hydrolysis -- 2.3.2 Base-catalyzed Hydrolysis -- 2.3.3 Hydrolysis in Ionic Liquid -- 2.3.4 Drawbacks of Conventional Methods of Hydrolysis -- 2.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 2.4.1 Cellulase -- 2.4.2 Hemicellulases -- 2.4.3 Peroxidase -- 2.4.4 Laccase -- 2.5 Factors Affecting Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 2.5.1 Enzyme-related Factors -- 2.5.1.1 Enzyme Loading -- 2.5.1.2 Synergy of the Enzymes -- 2.5.1.3 Recycling of Enzymes -- 2.5.2 pH, Temperature, and Mixing -- 2.5.3 Effect of Surfactants -- 2.5.4 Substrate-related Factors -- 2.5.5 Recent Advances in Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 2.6 Future Outlook -- 2.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3: Overview of the Mechanism of Hydrolytic Enzymes and Their Application in Waste Treatment -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Different Classes of Hydrolytic Enzymes -- 3.2.1 Cellulolytic and Hemicellulolytic Enzymes -- 3.2.1.1 The Carbohydrate-active Enzymes Database -- 3.2.2 Proteases -- 3.2.2.1 Exopeptidases -- 3.2.2.1.1 Aminopeptidases -- 3.2.2.1.2 Carboxypeptidases -- 3.2.2.2 Endopeptidases. , 3.2.2.2.1 Serine Proteases -- 3.2.2.2.2 Aspartic Proteases -- 3.2.2.2.3 Cysteine/Thiol Proteases -- 3.2.2.2.4 Metalloproteases -- 3.2.3 Lipolytic Enzymes -- 3.3 Mechanism of Action of Hydrolase Enzymes -- 3.3.1 Glycosidic Hydrolases (GHs) -- 3.3.2 Proteases -- 3.3.3 Lipases -- 3.4 Role of Hydrolytic Enzymes in Waste Management -- 3.4.1 Treatment of Carbohydrate Wastes -- 3.4.2 Treatment of Protein Wastes -- 3.4.3 Treatment of Lipid Wastes -- 3.5 Recent Advances in Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Wastes -- 3.6 Current Challenges in the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Wastes -- 3.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Cellulase in Waste Valorization -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cellulose -- 4.3 Cellulase -- 4.3.1 Types of Cellulase -- 4.3.2 Catalytic Mechanism -- 4.4 Role of Cellulase in Waste Valorization -- 4.4.1 Cellulase in the Valorization of Agricultural Wastes -- 4.4.2 Cellulase in Valorization of Cellulosic Waste from Industries -- 4.4.3 Cellulase in the Valorization of Renewable Municipal Waste -- 4.5 Valuable Products from Hydrolyzed Cellulosic Waste -- 4.5.1 Cellulase Enzyme -- 4.5.2 Biofuel -- 4.5.3 Organic Acids -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Cellulosic Bioethanol Production from Liquid Wastes Using Enzymatic Valorization -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 About Liquid Wastes and Different Enzymes -- 5.2.1 Sewage Sludge -- 5.2.2 Animal Dung -- 5.2.3 Kitchen Food Waste -- 5.3 Cellulosic Biomethanol Production -- 5.3.1 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass and Feedstock Preparation -- 5.3.2 Enzymes for Biofuel Production -- 5.3.2.1 Cellulolytic Enzymes -- 5.3.2.2 Amylases -- 5.3.2.3 Proteases -- 5.3.2.4 Pectinases -- 5.3.2.5 Lactases -- 5.3.3 Enzyme Hydrolysis -- 5.3.4 Fermentation -- 5.3.5 Distillation -- 5.4 Conclusions and Future Recommendations -- References. , Chapter 6: The Role of Pectinases in Waste Valorization -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Pectin and Its Structure -- 6.2.1 Homogalacturonan (HG) -- 6.2.2 Rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) -- 6.2.3 Rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII) -- 6.3 Depolymerization of Pectin Substances -- 6.3.1 Chemical Method -- 6.3.2 Physical Method -- 6.3.3 Enzyme Method -- 6.4 Pectinolytic Enzymes -- 6.5 Biochemical Properties of Pectinases -- 6.5.1 Protopectinases (PPases) -- 6.5.2 Polygalacturonases (PG) -- 6.5.3 Pectin Esterases (PEs) -- 6.5.4 Polygalacturonase (PGs) -- 6.5.5 Pectin Lyases (PLs) -- 6.5.6 Polygalacturonate Lyase (PGLs) -- 6.6 Purification of Microbial Pectinases -- 6.6.1 Production Techniques for Pectinases -- 6.6.1.1 Fermentation Strategies -- 6.6.1.2 Submerged Fermentation -- 6.6.1.3 Solid-state Fermentation -- 6.6.1.4 Immobilization of Cell Culture -- 6.6.2 The Role of Genetic Engineering in Microbial Pectinase Production -- 6.6.3 Fermentation Media Optimizations for Pectinase Production -- 6.6.4 Factors Affecting Pectinase Production -- 6.6.4.1 Role of the Substrate in Pectinase Production -- 6.6.4.2 Effect of pH and Temperature on Enzyme Production -- 6.6.4.3 Effect of Metal Ions on the Activity of Pectinases During Production -- 6.7 Application of Pectinases in Waste Valorization -- 6.7.1 Food and Agro-waste -- 6.7.1.1 Food and Agro-waste Valorization Methods -- 6.7.1.1.1 Composting -- 6.7.1.1.2 Fermentation -- 6.7.1.1.3 Anaerobic Digestion -- 6.7.1.2 Recycling of Wastepaper -- 6.7.1.3 Oil Extraction -- 6.7.1.4 Animal Feed -- 6.7.1.5 Wastewater Treatment -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Recent Advances in Enzyme-assisted Hydrolysis of Waste Biomass to Value-added Products -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Current Scenario of Waste Biomass Potential -- 7.3 Environmental Impacts of Waste Biomass -- 7.4 Structure, Composition, and Properties of Biomass Waste. , 7.5 Significance of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Treatment -- 7.6 Different Types of Enzymes and Their Role in Novel Waste Conversion Strategy -- 7.6.1 Cellulolytic Enzymes -- 7.6.2 Ligninolytic Enzymes -- 7.6.2.1 Laccases -- 7.6.2.2 Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) -- 7.6.2.3 Manganese Peroxidase (MnP) -- 7.6.2.4 Versatile Peroxidase (VP) -- 7.7 Environmental and Socioeconomic Benefits of Reusing Waste Materials -- 7.7.1 Eco-friendliness -- 7.7.2 Sustainable and Abundant -- 7.7.3 Cost-effectiveness -- 7.7.4 Land Management -- 7.7.5 Carbon Neutral -- 7.7.6 Replacement for Petrochemical Resources -- 7.7.7 Non-competitiveness with Food -- 7.7.8 Other Benefits -- 7.8 Value-added Products from Waste Biomass -- 7.8.1 Nutrients -- 7.8.2 Energy/Fuel -- 7.8.3 Biopolymers -- 7.8.4 Fertilizers -- 7.8.5 Chemicals -- 7.8.6 Medicines -- 7.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 8: Valorization of Recalcitrant Feather-waste by Extreme Microbes -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Recalcitrant Feather-waste -- 8.2.1 Physical Characteristics of Feather-waste -- 8.2.2 Chemical Characteristics -- 8.3 Hazards and Management of Feather-waste -- 8.4 Traditional Disposal Methods for Feather-waste -- 8.5 Pre-treatment Technologies for Hydrolysis of Feather-waste -- 8.6 Current Methods -- 8.6.1 Hydrothermal -- 8.6.2 Superheated Process or Thermal Hydrolysis -- 8.6.3 Steam Explosion/Steam Pressure Cooking -- 8.6.4 Acid and Alkali Treatments -- 8.6.5 Oxidation and Reduction Method -- 8.6.6 Ionic Liquids -- 8.6.7 Microbial Hydrolysis -- 8.7 Hydrolysis Using a Combination of Biological and Physicochemical Methods -- 8.8 Emerging Technologies for Poultry Waste Hydrolysis -- 8.8.1 Gasification -- 8.8.2 Pyrolysis -- 8.8.3 Sub/Super-critical Water Hydrolysis Treatment/Hydrothermal Liquefaction -- 8.8.4 Deep Eutectic Solvents -- 8.8.5 Anaerobic Digestion and Anaerobic Co-digestion. , 8.9 Bio-hydrolysis of Feather-waste by Microorganisms and their Enzymes.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Microalgae and Its Refinery -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classification and Overview of the Microalgae -- 1.3 Upstream and Downstream Processing of Microalgae -- 1.3.1 Microalgae Cultivation -- 1.3.2 Downstream Processing -- 1.4 Algae Biorefinery and Applications of Its Products -- 1.4.1 Bioenergy Products -- 1.4.2 Pharmaceuticals -- 1.4.3 Cosmetics -- 1.4.4 Chemicals -- 1.4.5 Food products -- 1.4.6 Environmental Applications -- 1.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Phycoremediation: A Sustainable Alternative for Removing Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Emerging Contaminants (ECs) -- 2.2.1 Organic Contaminants -- 2.2.2 Inorganic Contaminants -- 2.3 Methods for Removing Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater -- 2.3.1 Traditional Methods -- 2.3.2 Modern Methods -- 2.4 Mechanism Used by Microalgae for Bioremediation -- 2.4.1 Microalgal Biosorption of ECs -- 2.4.2 Bio-Uptake of ECs -- 2.4.3 Photodegradation and Volatilization -- 2.4.4 Biodegradation of ECs by Microalgae -- 2.4.5 Bioaccumulation -- 2.4.6 Co-culturing of Microalgae to Remove ECs -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Advances in Cultivation and Emerging Application of Chlorella vulgaris: A Sustainable Biorefinery Approach -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chlorella vulgaris -- 3.2.1 Growth Factors -- 3.2.2 Environmental Factors -- 3.2.3 Metabolic Pathways -- 3.2.4 Cultivation Systems -- 3.3 Culture Medium System -- 3.3.1 Synthetic Mediums -- 3.3.2 Organic Mediums -- 3.4 Biomass Harvesting -- 3.4.1 Centrifugation -- 3.4.2 Flocculation -- 3.4.3 Flotation -- 3.4.4 Filtration -- 3.4.5 Sedimentation. , 3.5 Methods for Extraction -- 3.6 Found in the Market with Different Applications -- 3.6.1 Biofuels -- 3.6.2 Human Nutrition -- 3.6.3 Animal Feed -- 3.6.4 Cosmetology, Nutraceutical, and Pharmaceutical -- 3.7 Future Perspectives -- 3.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Algae Based Nutrient Recovery from Different Waste Streams -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Algae and Their Role in Biotechnology -- 4.3 Nutrients from Wastewater Streams -- 4.3.1 Municipal Wastewater -- 4.3.2 Agricultural Wastewater -- 4.3.3 Industrial Wastewater -- 4.4 Technologies to Recover Nutrients from Waste Streams -- 4.4.1 Algae-Based Technologies -- 4.5 Mechanism of Nutrient Recovery -- 4.5.1 Carbon -- 4.5.2 Nitrogen -- 4.5.3 Phosphorus -- 4.5.4 Other Nutrients -- 4.6 Challenges and Limitations -- 4.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Potential Applications of Algae Biomass for the Development of Natural Products -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Algae-Based Energy Production -- 5.2.1 Biofuels -- 5.2.2 Bioethanol -- 5.2.3 Biohydrogen -- 5.2.4 Biomethane -- 5.2.5 Biobutanol -- 5.3 Biopotential of Algae-Based Products -- 5.3.1 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) -- 5.3.2 Sterols -- 5.3.3 Carotenoids -- 5.3.4 Polysaccharides -- 5.3.5 Vitamins -- 5.3.6 Microalgal Proteins -- 5.3.7 Phycobiliproteins -- 5.3.8 Livestock and Agriculture -- 5.4 Algae-Based Companies -- 5.5 Conclusions, Challenges, and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Algal Metal Remediation for Contaminated Source -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sources of Heavy Metals (HMs) -- 6.3 Impact of HMs -- 6.3.1 Effects on Soil -- 6.3.2 Effects on Water -- 6.3.3 Effects on Air -- 6.3.4 Effects on Aquatic Ecosystem -- 6.4 Phycoremediation: An Algal Mechanism to Eradicate Pollution -- 6.4.1 Extracellular Uptake (Biosorption). , 6.4.2 Intracellular Uptake (Bioaccumulation and Compartmentalization) -- 6.5 Strategies to Improve the Bioremediation Ability of Algae -- 6.5.1 Algal Metal Transportation -- 6.5.2 Metal Chelation -- 6.5.3 Metal Biotransformation -- 6.5.4 Oxidative Stress Response Regulation -- 6.5.5 Metal Stress Response Regulation -- 6.5.6 Bioengineering of Algal Cell Surface -- 6.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- References -- Chapter 7 Algal-Bacterial Interactions in Environment: Emerging Applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Microalgal Bacteria Interactions in Natural Environments -- 7.3 Biotechnological Applications of Microalgal-Bacterial Interactions -- 7.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Sustainable Bio-Applications of Diatom Silica as Nanoarchitectonic Material -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Diatomaceous Nanostructures - A Living Source of Biogenic Silica -- 8.2.1 Biophysical Properties -- 8.2.2 Mechanical Properties -- 8.2.3 Chemical Properties -- 8.2.4 Optical Properties -- 8.2.5 Electronic Properties -- 8.2.6 Metallurgical Properties -- 8.3 Scientometric Analysis -- 8.4 Nanofabrication Techniques to Prepare Hierarchical Biosilica Matrix -- 8.4.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 8.4.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 8.4.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) -- 8.4.4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) -- 8.4.5 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 8.4.6 X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) -- 8.5 Application Based on Diatoms Silica Nanomaterials -- 8.5.1 Biotemplates -- 8.5.2 Bioprinting -- 8.5.3 Biosensors -- 8.5.4 Biofiltration -- 8.5.5 Biocomposites -- 8.5.6 Biomimetic Analogues -- 8.5.7 Biomanufacturing Technology -- 8.6 Challenges Encountered in Diatom-Inspired Nanostructure Technologies -- 8.6.1 Photonic Nanotechnology -- 8.6.2 Bioreactor Nanotechnology -- 8.7 Conclusion. , Authorship Contribution -- References -- Chapter 9 Algal Biofuel: A Promising Source of Green Energy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Algae -- 9.3 Cultivation of Microalgae -- 9.3.1 Closed System -- 9.3.2 Open System -- 9.3.3 Hybrid System -- 9.4 Harvesting of Microalgae -- 9.5 Algal Biofuels -- 9.5.1 Biodiesel Production -- 9.5.2 Bioethanol Production -- 9.5.3 Biogas Production -- 9.5.4 Biohydrogen Production -- 9.5.5 Bio-Oil and Syngas Production -- 9.6 Current Status and Bottlenecks -- 9.7 Conclusion -- Competing Interest -- References -- Chapter 10 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Algal Biorefinery -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 General Overview of Life Cycle Assessment -- 10.3 Tools Used for the LCA and Impact Assessment Analysis -- 10.3.1 SimaPro -- 10.3.2 openLCA -- 10.3.3 One Click LCA -- 10.3.4 GaBi -- 10.3.5 BEES (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability) -- 10.3.6 esg.tech -- 10.3.7 Ecoinvent Database -- 10.4 Methods, Framework, and LCA and LCIA of the Algal-Biorefinery -- 10.4.1 Component and Parameters for LCA of Algal Biorefinery -- 10.5 Comprehensive Reviews of LCA and LCIA for Different Algal Biorefineries Processes -- 10.6 LCA of the Microalgae-Based Biorefinery Supply Network and the Need for Integrated Biorefineries -- 10.7 Role of LCA and LCIA in Policy Decisions Based on Algal Biorefineries -- 10.8 Conclusions -- Competing Interest -- Funding & -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Editor and Contributors -- 1: Understanding the Small World: The Microbes -- 1.1 Introduction to Microbiology and Microbes -- 1.1.1 Microbes -- 1.1.2 The History of Uncovering the Mystery of Microorganisms -- 1.1.3 Types of Microorganisms -- 1.1.4 The Two Types of Cells: The Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes -- 1.1.5 The Three Lineages of Microbial Life -- 1.1.6 The Prokaryotes (Bacteria) -- 1.1.7 The Prokaryote (Archaea) -- 1.1.8 The Eukaryotes (Algae) -- 1.1.9 The Eukaryotes (Fungi) -- 1.1.10 The Eukaryote (Protozoa) -- 1.1.11 The Eukaryote (Viruses) -- 1.2 How We Look at the Small World of Microbes -- 1.2.1 Difference Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes -- 1.2.2 Microscopic Analysis of Microorganisms -- 1.2.2.1 Types of Microscopy -- 1.3 Prokaryotes Diversity -- 1.3.1 Archaea -- 1.4 Viruses, Viroids, Virusoids and Prions -- 1.4.1 Classification of Virus -- 1.4.1.1 Morphology: Helical Symmetry and Icosahedral Symmetry -- 1.4.1.2 Morphology: Complex Viral Structure -- 1.4.1.3 Morphology: Presence and Absence of Envelope -- 1.4.1.4 Chemical Composition and Mode of Replication -- DNA Viruses -- RNA Viruses -- DNA-RNA Viruses -- ICTV Classification -- Baltimore Classification (1971) -- 1.5 Tools and Techniques of Microbiology -- 1.5.1 Isolation of Microorganisms -- 1.5.1.1 Methods of Isolation -- 1.5.2 Types of Nutritional Requirements and Media -- 1.5.2.1 Classification of Media on Physical State -- 1.5.2.2 Classification of Media on Composition -- 1.5.2.3 Classification of Media on Function -- 1.6 Microbial Nutrition -- 1.6.1 Nutritional Classification of Prokaryotes -- 1.6.1.1 Modes of Nutrition in Prokaryotes -- 1.6.2 Microorganisms Employ Metabolic Pathways to Metabolize Glucose and Other Biomolecules -- 1.7 Growth in Microbes -- 1.7.1 Factors Affecting Microbial Growth. , 1.7.2 Microbial Growth Kinetics -- 1.7.2.1 Measurement of Microbial Growth Kinetics -- 1.8 Maintenance and Preservation of Microbial Cultures -- 1.9 Strain Improvement -- 1.9.1 Applications of Mutation -- 1.9.2 Recombination -- 1.10 Microbe-Human Interdependence -- 1.10.1 Health and Disease -- 1.10.2 Gut Microbiome -- 1.10.3 Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases -- 1.10.4 Epidemic and Pandemic Diseases and Microbes -- 1.11 Benefits of Microbial Activity in Food and Industry -- 1.11.1 Application -- 1.12 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Bacteria and Their Industrial Importance -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Fermentation: Stages and Product Formation Process -- 2.2.1 Upstream Processing (USP) -- 2.2.2 Downstream Processing (DSP) -- 2.3 Products of Microbial Fermentation -- 2.3.1 Enzymes -- 2.3.2 Antibiotics -- 2.3.3 Organic Acids -- 2.3.4 Amino Acids and Insulin -- 2.3.5 Bioethanol -- 2.3.6 Bioinsecticides -- 2.3.7 Other Products and Applications -- 2.4 Prospects for India in the Industrial Microbiology Sector -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Industrial Perspectives of Fungi -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fungal Products -- 3.2.1 Metabolites -- 3.2.2 Enzymes -- 3.2.3 Biomass -- 3.3 Fermentation -- 3.3.1 Types of Fermentation -- 3.3.1.1 Solid-State Fermentation -- 3.3.1.2 Submerged Fermentation -- 3.3.1.3 Batch Cultivation -- 3.3.2 Substrates Used in Fermentation and Type of Fermentation Used for Different Biomolecule Production -- 3.3.2.1 Type of Fermentation Used for Enzyme Production -- Type of Fermentation Used for Fungal Enzyme Production -- 3.3.2.2 Type of Fermentation Used for Antibiotic Production -- 3.3.2.3 Batch Cultivation for Biomolecule Production -- 3.3.3 Products from Fermentation -- 3.3.3.1 Primary Metabolites -- Enzyme Production -- Organic Acids -- Biocontrol Agents -- Vitamins -- 3.3.3.2 Secondary Metabolites -- Antibiotics -- 3.3.3.3 Biofuels. , 3.3.4 Production of Alcohol -- 3.3.4.1 Alcoholic Products -- Production of Wine -- Production of Beer -- 3.4 Fungi in the Drug Industry -- 3.4.1 Antibiotics -- 3.4.1.1 Penicillin -- 3.4.1.2 Cephalosporins -- 3.4.2 Immune Suppressants -- 3.4.2.1 Cyclosporin A -- 3.4.2.2 Ergot Alkaloids -- 3.4.2.3 Statins -- 3.5 Fungi in Food Processing -- 3.5.1 Cheese and Fungi -- 3.5.1.1 Moldy Cheeses -- 3.5.2 Food Flavor and Color -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Microbial Fermentation: Basic Fundamentals and Its Dynamic Prospect in Various Industrial Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Types of Fermentation Based on Substrate Used -- 4.2.1 Surface Fermentation -- 4.2.2 Solid-State Fermentation -- 4.2.3 Submerged Fermentation (SmF) -- 4.3 Types of Fermentation Based on the Availability of Oxygen -- 4.3.1 Aerobic Fermentation -- 4.3.2 Anaerobic Fermentation -- 4.4 Processes of Fermentation -- 4.4.1 Lactic Acid Fermentation -- 4.4.2 Alcoholic Fermentation -- 4.5 Kinetics During Fermentation -- 4.6 Kinetics in Continuous Culture -- 4.6.1 Fed-Batch Culture -- 4.7 Different Media Formulation for Fermentation and Optimization of Media Components -- 4.7.1 Nutritional Requirements -- 4.7.1.1 Carbon Source -- 4.7.1.2 Nitrogen Source -- 4.7.1.3 Inorganic Salts -- 4.7.2 Effect of Physical Parameters -- 4.8 Cell Reactors Used in Fermentation -- 4.8.1 Immobilized Cell Reactor -- 4.8.2 Immobilized Enzyme Bioreactors -- 4.9 Application of Natural Substrates in Fermentation in Industrial Production of Bioactive Compounds -- 4.10 Conclusions -- References -- 5: Fermenter Design -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fermenter Systems -- 5.2.1 Functions of Fermenter -- 5.3 Parts of Fermenter -- 5.3.1 Construction Materials -- 5.3.2 Temperature Control -- 5.3.3 Aeration and Agitation -- 5.3.3.1 The Agitator (Impeller) -- 5.3.3.2 Stirrer Glands and Bearings -- 5.3.3.3 Baffles. , 5.3.3.4 The Aeration System (Sparger) -- 5.3.4 Feed Ports -- 5.3.5 Sensor Probes -- 5.3.6 Foam Control -- 5.3.7 Valves and Steam Traps -- 5.3.8 The Achievement and Maintenance of Aseptic Conditions -- 5.3.8.1 Sterilization of a Fermenter -- 5.4 Properties of an Ideal Fermenter -- 5.4.1 The Ability to Provide Contained Conditions -- 5.4.2 The Ability to Provide an Ideal Working Environment -- 5.4.3 The Construction Material -- 5.4.4 The Shape of the Fermenter -- 5.4.5 The Dimensions of Fermenter Parts -- 5.4.6 Aeration and the Impeller Velocity -- 5.5 Types of Industrial Fermenters/Bioreactors -- 5.5.1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor -- 5.5.2 Batch Fermenter -- 5.5.3 Tower Fermenter -- 5.5.4 Gas Lift Fermenter -- 5.5.5 Deep Jet Fermenter -- 5.5.6 Packed Bed Reactor -- 5.5.7 Fluidized Bed Reactor -- 5.5.8 Photobioreactor -- 5.5.9 Wave Bioreactors -- 5.5.10 Membrane Bioreactor -- 5.5.11 Sparged Tank Bioreactor -- 5.5.12 High-Density Bioreactor -- 5.5.13 Microbioreactors -- 5.5.14 Rotating Bed Biofilm Reactor -- 5.6 Stirred Tank Reactors -- 5.6.1 Geometry of CSTR -- 5.6.2 Impeller -- 5.6.3 Modelling of Ideal CSTR -- 5.6.4 Gas Delivery System -- 5.7 Strategies for Gases, Nutrient Solution, and Media Sterilization for Industrial Fermentation -- 5.7.1 Strategy for Medium Sterilization -- 5.7.2 Strategies of Gas Sterilization -- 5.8 Industrial Fermentation Processes -- 5.8.1 Microbial Biomass -- 5.8.2 Microbial Enzymes -- 5.8.3 The Recombinant Products -- 5.9 Scaling Up of Industrial Fermenters -- 5.9.1 Key Considerations for Fermentation Scale-Up -- 5.10 Regulation of Industrial Fermentation Via Advanced Instrumentations and Computations -- 5.10.1 Monitoring Software -- 5.10.2 Monitoring of Stress Responses in Recombinant Fermentation Processes -- 5.10.3 Multi-bioreactor Systems -- 5.11 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Strain Improvement of Microbes. , 6.1 Strain Improvement -- 6.1.1 Strain Improvement: Why Is It Important? -- 6.2 Evolution of Strategies in Strain Improvement -- 6.3 Functional Genomics: Forward and Reverse Genetics -- 6.3.1 Impure Cultures -- 6.3.2 Competitive Suppression -- 6.3.3 Metabolic Regulation -- 6.3.4 Expression Delay -- 6.4 Screening of Mutants -- 6.5 Bioinformatics for Strain Improvement -- 6.6 Tools for Metabolic Models -- 6.6.1 E-Cell -- 6.6.2 GEPASI -- 6.6.3 DBSolve -- 6.6.4 SCAMP/Jarnac -- 6.7 Analysis of Genetic Sequences -- 6.7.1 Accessing Biological Databases -- 6.7.2 Optimizing Search Within a Database -- 6.7.3 Comparing Sequences Based on Percentage Similarity -- 6.7.4 BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) -- 6.7.5 HMM (Hidden Markov Model) -- 6.8 Gene Expression Profiling -- 6.9 Handling Sequencing Data -- 6.10 Microarray Analysis -- 6.11 Proteome Analysis -- 6.12 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Enzyme Kinetics: A Plethora of Information -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Basic of Kinetics -- 7.3 The Reaction Rates and Order -- 7.3.1 First-Order Reaction: Irreversible Reaction -- 7.3.2 First-Order Reaction: Reversible Reaction -- 7.3.3 Second-Order Reaction -- 7.4 Michaelis-Menten Equation -- 7.5 Other Kinetic Models -- 7.5.1 Biphasic Kinetics -- 7.5.2 Multienzyme Kinetics -- 7.5.3 Homotropic Cooperativity -- 7.5.4 Heterotrophic Cooperativity -- 7.5.5 Substrate Inhibition -- 7.6 Enzyme Kinetics: A Multidisciplinary Interest -- 7.7 Enzyme Kinetics: Simulation -- 7.8 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Asparaginase: Production, Harvest, Recovery, and Potential Industrial Application -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sources of Microbial Asparaginase -- 8.2.1 Bacterial Sources -- 8.2.2 Fungal Sources -- 8.2.3 Yeast Sources -- 8.2.4 Actinomyces Sources -- 8.2.5 Algal Sources -- 8.2.6 Plant Sources -- 8.3 Asparaginase Production -- 8.3.1 Submerged Fermentation. , 8.3.2 Solid-State Fermentation.