Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Microalgae and Its Refinery -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classification and Overview of the Microalgae -- 1.3 Upstream and Downstream Processing of Microalgae -- 1.3.1 Microalgae Cultivation -- 1.3.2 Downstream Processing -- 1.4 Algae Biorefinery and Applications of Its Products -- 1.4.1 Bioenergy Products -- 1.4.2 Pharmaceuticals -- 1.4.3 Cosmetics -- 1.4.4 Chemicals -- 1.4.5 Food products -- 1.4.6 Environmental Applications -- 1.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Phycoremediation: A Sustainable Alternative for Removing Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Emerging Contaminants (ECs) -- 2.2.1 Organic Contaminants -- 2.2.2 Inorganic Contaminants -- 2.3 Methods for Removing Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater -- 2.3.1 Traditional Methods -- 2.3.2 Modern Methods -- 2.4 Mechanism Used by Microalgae for Bioremediation -- 2.4.1 Microalgal Biosorption of ECs -- 2.4.2 Bio-Uptake of ECs -- 2.4.3 Photodegradation and Volatilization -- 2.4.4 Biodegradation of ECs by Microalgae -- 2.4.5 Bioaccumulation -- 2.4.6 Co-culturing of Microalgae to Remove ECs -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Advances in Cultivation and Emerging Application of Chlorella vulgaris: A Sustainable Biorefinery Approach -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chlorella vulgaris -- 3.2.1 Growth Factors -- 3.2.2 Environmental Factors -- 3.2.3 Metabolic Pathways -- 3.2.4 Cultivation Systems -- 3.3 Culture Medium System -- 3.3.1 Synthetic Mediums -- 3.3.2 Organic Mediums -- 3.4 Biomass Harvesting -- 3.4.1 Centrifugation -- 3.4.2 Flocculation -- 3.4.3 Flotation -- 3.4.4 Filtration -- 3.4.5 Sedimentation. , 3.5 Methods for Extraction -- 3.6 Found in the Market with Different Applications -- 3.6.1 Biofuels -- 3.6.2 Human Nutrition -- 3.6.3 Animal Feed -- 3.6.4 Cosmetology, Nutraceutical, and Pharmaceutical -- 3.7 Future Perspectives -- 3.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Algae Based Nutrient Recovery from Different Waste Streams -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Algae and Their Role in Biotechnology -- 4.3 Nutrients from Wastewater Streams -- 4.3.1 Municipal Wastewater -- 4.3.2 Agricultural Wastewater -- 4.3.3 Industrial Wastewater -- 4.4 Technologies to Recover Nutrients from Waste Streams -- 4.4.1 Algae-Based Technologies -- 4.5 Mechanism of Nutrient Recovery -- 4.5.1 Carbon -- 4.5.2 Nitrogen -- 4.5.3 Phosphorus -- 4.5.4 Other Nutrients -- 4.6 Challenges and Limitations -- 4.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Potential Applications of Algae Biomass for the Development of Natural Products -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Algae-Based Energy Production -- 5.2.1 Biofuels -- 5.2.2 Bioethanol -- 5.2.3 Biohydrogen -- 5.2.4 Biomethane -- 5.2.5 Biobutanol -- 5.3 Biopotential of Algae-Based Products -- 5.3.1 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) -- 5.3.2 Sterols -- 5.3.3 Carotenoids -- 5.3.4 Polysaccharides -- 5.3.5 Vitamins -- 5.3.6 Microalgal Proteins -- 5.3.7 Phycobiliproteins -- 5.3.8 Livestock and Agriculture -- 5.4 Algae-Based Companies -- 5.5 Conclusions, Challenges, and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Algal Metal Remediation for Contaminated Source -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sources of Heavy Metals (HMs) -- 6.3 Impact of HMs -- 6.3.1 Effects on Soil -- 6.3.2 Effects on Water -- 6.3.3 Effects on Air -- 6.3.4 Effects on Aquatic Ecosystem -- 6.4 Phycoremediation: An Algal Mechanism to Eradicate Pollution -- 6.4.1 Extracellular Uptake (Biosorption). , 6.4.2 Intracellular Uptake (Bioaccumulation and Compartmentalization) -- 6.5 Strategies to Improve the Bioremediation Ability of Algae -- 6.5.1 Algal Metal Transportation -- 6.5.2 Metal Chelation -- 6.5.3 Metal Biotransformation -- 6.5.4 Oxidative Stress Response Regulation -- 6.5.5 Metal Stress Response Regulation -- 6.5.6 Bioengineering of Algal Cell Surface -- 6.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- References -- Chapter 7 Algal-Bacterial Interactions in Environment: Emerging Applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Microalgal Bacteria Interactions in Natural Environments -- 7.3 Biotechnological Applications of Microalgal-Bacterial Interactions -- 7.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Sustainable Bio-Applications of Diatom Silica as Nanoarchitectonic Material -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Diatomaceous Nanostructures - A Living Source of Biogenic Silica -- 8.2.1 Biophysical Properties -- 8.2.2 Mechanical Properties -- 8.2.3 Chemical Properties -- 8.2.4 Optical Properties -- 8.2.5 Electronic Properties -- 8.2.6 Metallurgical Properties -- 8.3 Scientometric Analysis -- 8.4 Nanofabrication Techniques to Prepare Hierarchical Biosilica Matrix -- 8.4.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 8.4.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 8.4.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) -- 8.4.4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) -- 8.4.5 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 8.4.6 X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) -- 8.5 Application Based on Diatoms Silica Nanomaterials -- 8.5.1 Biotemplates -- 8.5.2 Bioprinting -- 8.5.3 Biosensors -- 8.5.4 Biofiltration -- 8.5.5 Biocomposites -- 8.5.6 Biomimetic Analogues -- 8.5.7 Biomanufacturing Technology -- 8.6 Challenges Encountered in Diatom-Inspired Nanostructure Technologies -- 8.6.1 Photonic Nanotechnology -- 8.6.2 Bioreactor Nanotechnology -- 8.7 Conclusion. , Authorship Contribution -- References -- Chapter 9 Algal Biofuel: A Promising Source of Green Energy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Algae -- 9.3 Cultivation of Microalgae -- 9.3.1 Closed System -- 9.3.2 Open System -- 9.3.3 Hybrid System -- 9.4 Harvesting of Microalgae -- 9.5 Algal Biofuels -- 9.5.1 Biodiesel Production -- 9.5.2 Bioethanol Production -- 9.5.3 Biogas Production -- 9.5.4 Biohydrogen Production -- 9.5.5 Bio-Oil and Syngas Production -- 9.6 Current Status and Bottlenecks -- 9.7 Conclusion -- Competing Interest -- References -- Chapter 10 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Algal Biorefinery -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 General Overview of Life Cycle Assessment -- 10.3 Tools Used for the LCA and Impact Assessment Analysis -- 10.3.1 SimaPro -- 10.3.2 openLCA -- 10.3.3 One Click LCA -- 10.3.4 GaBi -- 10.3.5 BEES (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability) -- 10.3.6 esg.tech -- 10.3.7 Ecoinvent Database -- 10.4 Methods, Framework, and LCA and LCIA of the Algal-Biorefinery -- 10.4.1 Component and Parameters for LCA of Algal Biorefinery -- 10.5 Comprehensive Reviews of LCA and LCIA for Different Algal Biorefineries Processes -- 10.6 LCA of the Microalgae-Based Biorefinery Supply Network and the Need for Integrated Biorefineries -- 10.7 Role of LCA and LCIA in Policy Decisions Based on Algal Biorefineries -- 10.8 Conclusions -- Competing Interest -- Funding & -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Editor and Contributors -- 1: Understanding the Small World: The Microbes -- 1.1 Introduction to Microbiology and Microbes -- 1.1.1 Microbes -- 1.1.2 The History of Uncovering the Mystery of Microorganisms -- 1.1.3 Types of Microorganisms -- 1.1.4 The Two Types of Cells: The Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes -- 1.1.5 The Three Lineages of Microbial Life -- 1.1.6 The Prokaryotes (Bacteria) -- 1.1.7 The Prokaryote (Archaea) -- 1.1.8 The Eukaryotes (Algae) -- 1.1.9 The Eukaryotes (Fungi) -- 1.1.10 The Eukaryote (Protozoa) -- 1.1.11 The Eukaryote (Viruses) -- 1.2 How We Look at the Small World of Microbes -- 1.2.1 Difference Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes -- 1.2.2 Microscopic Analysis of Microorganisms -- 1.2.2.1 Types of Microscopy -- 1.3 Prokaryotes Diversity -- 1.3.1 Archaea -- 1.4 Viruses, Viroids, Virusoids and Prions -- 1.4.1 Classification of Virus -- 1.4.1.1 Morphology: Helical Symmetry and Icosahedral Symmetry -- 1.4.1.2 Morphology: Complex Viral Structure -- 1.4.1.3 Morphology: Presence and Absence of Envelope -- 1.4.1.4 Chemical Composition and Mode of Replication -- DNA Viruses -- RNA Viruses -- DNA-RNA Viruses -- ICTV Classification -- Baltimore Classification (1971) -- 1.5 Tools and Techniques of Microbiology -- 1.5.1 Isolation of Microorganisms -- 1.5.1.1 Methods of Isolation -- 1.5.2 Types of Nutritional Requirements and Media -- 1.5.2.1 Classification of Media on Physical State -- 1.5.2.2 Classification of Media on Composition -- 1.5.2.3 Classification of Media on Function -- 1.6 Microbial Nutrition -- 1.6.1 Nutritional Classification of Prokaryotes -- 1.6.1.1 Modes of Nutrition in Prokaryotes -- 1.6.2 Microorganisms Employ Metabolic Pathways to Metabolize Glucose and Other Biomolecules -- 1.7 Growth in Microbes -- 1.7.1 Factors Affecting Microbial Growth. , 1.7.2 Microbial Growth Kinetics -- 1.7.2.1 Measurement of Microbial Growth Kinetics -- 1.8 Maintenance and Preservation of Microbial Cultures -- 1.9 Strain Improvement -- 1.9.1 Applications of Mutation -- 1.9.2 Recombination -- 1.10 Microbe-Human Interdependence -- 1.10.1 Health and Disease -- 1.10.2 Gut Microbiome -- 1.10.3 Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases -- 1.10.4 Epidemic and Pandemic Diseases and Microbes -- 1.11 Benefits of Microbial Activity in Food and Industry -- 1.11.1 Application -- 1.12 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Bacteria and Their Industrial Importance -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Fermentation: Stages and Product Formation Process -- 2.2.1 Upstream Processing (USP) -- 2.2.2 Downstream Processing (DSP) -- 2.3 Products of Microbial Fermentation -- 2.3.1 Enzymes -- 2.3.2 Antibiotics -- 2.3.3 Organic Acids -- 2.3.4 Amino Acids and Insulin -- 2.3.5 Bioethanol -- 2.3.6 Bioinsecticides -- 2.3.7 Other Products and Applications -- 2.4 Prospects for India in the Industrial Microbiology Sector -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Industrial Perspectives of Fungi -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fungal Products -- 3.2.1 Metabolites -- 3.2.2 Enzymes -- 3.2.3 Biomass -- 3.3 Fermentation -- 3.3.1 Types of Fermentation -- 3.3.1.1 Solid-State Fermentation -- 3.3.1.2 Submerged Fermentation -- 3.3.1.3 Batch Cultivation -- 3.3.2 Substrates Used in Fermentation and Type of Fermentation Used for Different Biomolecule Production -- 3.3.2.1 Type of Fermentation Used for Enzyme Production -- Type of Fermentation Used for Fungal Enzyme Production -- 3.3.2.2 Type of Fermentation Used for Antibiotic Production -- 3.3.2.3 Batch Cultivation for Biomolecule Production -- 3.3.3 Products from Fermentation -- 3.3.3.1 Primary Metabolites -- Enzyme Production -- Organic Acids -- Biocontrol Agents -- Vitamins -- 3.3.3.2 Secondary Metabolites -- Antibiotics -- 3.3.3.3 Biofuels. , 3.3.4 Production of Alcohol -- 3.3.4.1 Alcoholic Products -- Production of Wine -- Production of Beer -- 3.4 Fungi in the Drug Industry -- 3.4.1 Antibiotics -- 3.4.1.1 Penicillin -- 3.4.1.2 Cephalosporins -- 3.4.2 Immune Suppressants -- 3.4.2.1 Cyclosporin A -- 3.4.2.2 Ergot Alkaloids -- 3.4.2.3 Statins -- 3.5 Fungi in Food Processing -- 3.5.1 Cheese and Fungi -- 3.5.1.1 Moldy Cheeses -- 3.5.2 Food Flavor and Color -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Microbial Fermentation: Basic Fundamentals and Its Dynamic Prospect in Various Industrial Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Types of Fermentation Based on Substrate Used -- 4.2.1 Surface Fermentation -- 4.2.2 Solid-State Fermentation -- 4.2.3 Submerged Fermentation (SmF) -- 4.3 Types of Fermentation Based on the Availability of Oxygen -- 4.3.1 Aerobic Fermentation -- 4.3.2 Anaerobic Fermentation -- 4.4 Processes of Fermentation -- 4.4.1 Lactic Acid Fermentation -- 4.4.2 Alcoholic Fermentation -- 4.5 Kinetics During Fermentation -- 4.6 Kinetics in Continuous Culture -- 4.6.1 Fed-Batch Culture -- 4.7 Different Media Formulation for Fermentation and Optimization of Media Components -- 4.7.1 Nutritional Requirements -- 4.7.1.1 Carbon Source -- 4.7.1.2 Nitrogen Source -- 4.7.1.3 Inorganic Salts -- 4.7.2 Effect of Physical Parameters -- 4.8 Cell Reactors Used in Fermentation -- 4.8.1 Immobilized Cell Reactor -- 4.8.2 Immobilized Enzyme Bioreactors -- 4.9 Application of Natural Substrates in Fermentation in Industrial Production of Bioactive Compounds -- 4.10 Conclusions -- References -- 5: Fermenter Design -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fermenter Systems -- 5.2.1 Functions of Fermenter -- 5.3 Parts of Fermenter -- 5.3.1 Construction Materials -- 5.3.2 Temperature Control -- 5.3.3 Aeration and Agitation -- 5.3.3.1 The Agitator (Impeller) -- 5.3.3.2 Stirrer Glands and Bearings -- 5.3.3.3 Baffles. , 5.3.3.4 The Aeration System (Sparger) -- 5.3.4 Feed Ports -- 5.3.5 Sensor Probes -- 5.3.6 Foam Control -- 5.3.7 Valves and Steam Traps -- 5.3.8 The Achievement and Maintenance of Aseptic Conditions -- 5.3.8.1 Sterilization of a Fermenter -- 5.4 Properties of an Ideal Fermenter -- 5.4.1 The Ability to Provide Contained Conditions -- 5.4.2 The Ability to Provide an Ideal Working Environment -- 5.4.3 The Construction Material -- 5.4.4 The Shape of the Fermenter -- 5.4.5 The Dimensions of Fermenter Parts -- 5.4.6 Aeration and the Impeller Velocity -- 5.5 Types of Industrial Fermenters/Bioreactors -- 5.5.1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor -- 5.5.2 Batch Fermenter -- 5.5.3 Tower Fermenter -- 5.5.4 Gas Lift Fermenter -- 5.5.5 Deep Jet Fermenter -- 5.5.6 Packed Bed Reactor -- 5.5.7 Fluidized Bed Reactor -- 5.5.8 Photobioreactor -- 5.5.9 Wave Bioreactors -- 5.5.10 Membrane Bioreactor -- 5.5.11 Sparged Tank Bioreactor -- 5.5.12 High-Density Bioreactor -- 5.5.13 Microbioreactors -- 5.5.14 Rotating Bed Biofilm Reactor -- 5.6 Stirred Tank Reactors -- 5.6.1 Geometry of CSTR -- 5.6.2 Impeller -- 5.6.3 Modelling of Ideal CSTR -- 5.6.4 Gas Delivery System -- 5.7 Strategies for Gases, Nutrient Solution, and Media Sterilization for Industrial Fermentation -- 5.7.1 Strategy for Medium Sterilization -- 5.7.2 Strategies of Gas Sterilization -- 5.8 Industrial Fermentation Processes -- 5.8.1 Microbial Biomass -- 5.8.2 Microbial Enzymes -- 5.8.3 The Recombinant Products -- 5.9 Scaling Up of Industrial Fermenters -- 5.9.1 Key Considerations for Fermentation Scale-Up -- 5.10 Regulation of Industrial Fermentation Via Advanced Instrumentations and Computations -- 5.10.1 Monitoring Software -- 5.10.2 Monitoring of Stress Responses in Recombinant Fermentation Processes -- 5.10.3 Multi-bioreactor Systems -- 5.11 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Strain Improvement of Microbes. , 6.1 Strain Improvement -- 6.1.1 Strain Improvement: Why Is It Important? -- 6.2 Evolution of Strategies in Strain Improvement -- 6.3 Functional Genomics: Forward and Reverse Genetics -- 6.3.1 Impure Cultures -- 6.3.2 Competitive Suppression -- 6.3.3 Metabolic Regulation -- 6.3.4 Expression Delay -- 6.4 Screening of Mutants -- 6.5 Bioinformatics for Strain Improvement -- 6.6 Tools for Metabolic Models -- 6.6.1 E-Cell -- 6.6.2 GEPASI -- 6.6.3 DBSolve -- 6.6.4 SCAMP/Jarnac -- 6.7 Analysis of Genetic Sequences -- 6.7.1 Accessing Biological Databases -- 6.7.2 Optimizing Search Within a Database -- 6.7.3 Comparing Sequences Based on Percentage Similarity -- 6.7.4 BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) -- 6.7.5 HMM (Hidden Markov Model) -- 6.8 Gene Expression Profiling -- 6.9 Handling Sequencing Data -- 6.10 Microarray Analysis -- 6.11 Proteome Analysis -- 6.12 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Enzyme Kinetics: A Plethora of Information -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Basic of Kinetics -- 7.3 The Reaction Rates and Order -- 7.3.1 First-Order Reaction: Irreversible Reaction -- 7.3.2 First-Order Reaction: Reversible Reaction -- 7.3.3 Second-Order Reaction -- 7.4 Michaelis-Menten Equation -- 7.5 Other Kinetic Models -- 7.5.1 Biphasic Kinetics -- 7.5.2 Multienzyme Kinetics -- 7.5.3 Homotropic Cooperativity -- 7.5.4 Heterotrophic Cooperativity -- 7.5.5 Substrate Inhibition -- 7.6 Enzyme Kinetics: A Multidisciplinary Interest -- 7.7 Enzyme Kinetics: Simulation -- 7.8 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Asparaginase: Production, Harvest, Recovery, and Potential Industrial Application -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sources of Microbial Asparaginase -- 8.2.1 Bacterial Sources -- 8.2.2 Fungal Sources -- 8.2.3 Yeast Sources -- 8.2.4 Actinomyces Sources -- 8.2.5 Algal Sources -- 8.2.6 Plant Sources -- 8.3 Asparaginase Production -- 8.3.1 Submerged Fermentation. , 8.3.2 Solid-State Fermentation.