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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    “Nuclear winter” to be taken seriously (1984)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 311 (1984), S. 307-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN two recent articlesl2 John Maddox has criticized our technical analysis of the long-term worldwide consequences of nuclear war3. Our findings on what we have called nuclear winter evolved from, and were partly calibrated by, 12 years of related research on martian dust storms, the climatic ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/311307a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Global environmental engineering (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 356 (1992), S. 472-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THERE is new evidence of a serious problem in the stratospheric ozone layer. Direct and immediate biological damage due to increased ultraviolet light in Antarctic waters has now been reported1 and ozone in Arctic and northern mid-latitude regions may be threatened - even as international ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/356472a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric Effects of the Emerging Mainland Chinese Transportation System at and Beyond the Regional Scale (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 27 (1997), S. 31-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Chine vehicles ; ozone ; aerosols ; carbon dioxide ; alternative fuels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Local surface travel needs in the People‘s Republic of China (mainlandChina) have traditionally been met largely by nonpolluting bicycles. A majorautomobile manufacturing/importing effort has begun in the country over thelast decade, and planning documents indicate that the Chinese may strive toacquire more than 100 million vehicles early in the next century. By analogywith large automotive fleets already existing in the western world, bothregional and global scale pollution effects are to be expected from theincrease. The present work adopts the latest projections of Chinese automobilemanufacture and performs some quantitative assessments of the extent ofpollution generation.Focus for the investigation is placed upon the oxidant ozone. Emissions of theprecursor species nitrogen oxides and volatile organics are constructed basedon data for the current automotive sector in the eastern portion of the UnitedStates. Ozone production is first estimated from measured values forcontinental/oceanic scale yields relative to precursor oxidation. Theestimates are then corroborated through idealized two dimensional modeling ofthe photochemistry taking place in springtime air flow off the Asian land massand toward the Pacific Ocean. The projected fleet sizes could increase coastaland remote oceanic ozone concentrations by tens of parts per billion (ppb)in the lower troposphere. Influences on the tropospheric aerosol system andon the major greenhouse gas carbon dioxide are treated peripherally. Nitrogenoxides created during the vehicular internal combustion process willcontribute to nitrate pollution levels measured in the open Pacific. Thepotential for soot and fugitive dust increases should be considered as theautomotive infrastructure develops. Since the emerging Chinese automotivetransportation system will represent a substantial addition to the globalfleet and all the carbon in gasoline is eventually oxidized completely, asignificant rise in global carbon dioxide inputs will ensue as well.Some policy issues are treated preliminary. The assumption is made thatalterations to regional oxidant/aerosol systems and to terrestrial climate areconceivable. The likelihood that the Chinese can achieve the latest vehiclefleet goals is discussed, from the points of view of new production, positivepollution feedbacks from a growing automobile industry, and known petroleumreserves. Vehicular fuel and maintenance options lying before the Chinese areoutlines and compared. To provide some perspective on the magnitude of theenvironmental changes associated with an Asian automotive buildup, recentestimates of the effects of future air traffic over the Pacific Rim aredescribed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005726818613
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of general circulation model output in the creation of climate change scenarios for impact analysis (1993)
    Springer
    Climatic change 23 (1993), S. 293-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Many scientific studies warn of a rapid global climate change during the next century. These changes are understood with much less certainty on a regional scale than on a global scale, but effects on ecosystems and society will occur at local and regional scales. Consequently, in order to study the true impacts of climate change, regional scenarios of future climate are needed. One of the most important sources of information for creating scenarios is the output from general circulation models (GCMs) of the climate system. However, current state-of-the-art GCMs are unable to simulate accurately even the current seasonal cycle of climate on a regional basis. Thus the simple technique of adding the difference between 2 × CO2 and 1 × CO2 GCM simulations to current climatic time series cannot produce scenarios with appropriate spatial and temporal details without corrections for model deficiencies. In this study a technique is developed to allow the information from GCM simulations to be used, while accommodating for the deficiencies. GCM output is combined with knowledge of the regional climate to produce scenarios of the equilibrium climate response to a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration for three case study regions, China, Sub-Saharan Africa and Venezuela, for use in biological effects models. By combining the general climate change calculated with several GCMs with the observed patterns of interannual climate variability, reasonable scenarios of temperature and precipitation variations can be created. Generalizations of this procedure to other regions of the world are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091621
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of physical adsorption thermodynamics to heterogeneous chemistry on polar stratospheric clouds (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 13 (1991), S. 211-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Isotherm ; adsorptive equilibrium ; isostere ; differential and integral enthalpy ; Clausius Clapeyron relation ; stratospheric acids ; surface coverage ; desorption rates ; surface encounter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory isotherms for the binding of several nonheterogeneously active atmospheric gases and for HCl to water ice are translated into adsorptive equilibrium constants and surface enthalpies. Extrapolation to polar conditions through the Clausius Clapeyron relation yields coverage estimates below the percent level for N2, Ar, CO2, and CO, suggesting that the crystal faces of type II stratospheric cloud particles may be regarded as clean with respect to these species. For HCl, and perhaps HF and HNO3, estimates rise to several percent, and the adsorbed layer may offer acid or proton sources alternate to the bulk solid for heterogeneous reactions with stratospheric nitrates. Measurements are lacking for many key atmospheric molecules on water ice, and almost entirely for nitric acid trihydrate as substrate. Adsorptive equilibria enter into gas to particle mass flux descriptions, and the binding energy determines rates for desorption of, and encounter between, potential surface reactants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00058133
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