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  • 1
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    Status and rebuilding of European fisheries (2018)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Policy, 93 . pp. 159-170.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: Since January 2014, the reformed Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) of the European Union is legally binding for all Member States. It prescribes the end of overfishing and the rebuilding of all stocks above levels that can produce maximum sustainable yields (MSY). This study examines the current status, exploitation pattern, required time for rebuilding, future catch, and future profitability for 397 European stocks. Fishing pressure and biomass were estimated from 2000 to the last year with available data in 10 European ecoregions and 2 wide ranging regions. In the last year with available data, 69% of the 397 stocks were subject to ongoing overfishing and 51% of the stocks were outside of safe biological limits. Only 12% of the stocks fulfilled the prescriptions of the CFP. Fishing pressure has decreased since 2000 in some ecoregions but not in others. Barents Sea and Norwegian Sea have the highest percentage (〉60%) of sustainably exploited stocks that are capable of producing MSY. In contrast, in the Mediterranean Sea, fewer than 20% of the stocks are exploited sustainably. Overfishing is still widespread in European waters and current management, which aims at maximum sustainable exploitation, is unable to rebuild the depleted stocks and results in poor profitability. This study examines four future exploitation scenarios that are compatible with the CFP. It finds that exploitation levels of 50–80% of the maximum will rebuild stocks and lead to higher catches than currently obtained, with substantially higher profits for the fishers.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2018.04.018
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    A new approach for estimating stock status from length frequency data (2018)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 75 (6). pp. 2004-2015.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: This study presents a new method (LBB) for the analysis of length frequency data from commercial catches. LBB works for species that grow throughout their lives, such as most commercially-important fish and invertebrates, and requires no input in addition to length frequency data. It estimates asymptotic length, length at first capture, relative natural mortality, and relative fishing mortality. Standard fisheries equations can then be used to approximate current exploited biomass relative to unexploited biomass. In addition, these parameters allow the estimation of length at first capture that would maximize catch and biomass for a given fishing effort, and estimation of a proxy for the relative biomass capable of producing maximum sustainable yields. Relative biomass estimates of LBB were not significantly different from the “true” values in simulated data and were similar to independent estimates from full stock assessments. LBB also presents a new indicator for assessing whether an observed size structure is indicative of a healthy stock. LBB results will obviously be misleading if the length frequency data do not represent the size composition of the exploited size range of the stock or if length frequencies resulting from the interplay of growth and mortality are masked by strong recruitment pulses.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsy078
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Reply to Andersen et al.(2016) "Assumptions behind size-based ecosystem models are realistic" (2016)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73 (6). pp. 1656-1658.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: In a recent publication (Froese et al., ICES Journal of Marine Science; doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv122), we presented a critique of the balanced harvesting (BH) approach to fishing. A short section dealt with the size-spectrum models used to justify BH, wherein we pointed out the lack of realism of these models, which mostly represented ecosystems as consisting of a single cannibalistic species. Andersen et al. (ICES Journal of Marine Science; doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv211) commented on our paper and suggested that we criticized size-spectrum models in general and that we supposedly made several erroneous statements. We stress that we only referred to the size-spectrum models that we cited, and we respond to each supposedly erroneous statement. We still believe that the size-spectrum models used to justify BH were highly unrealistic and not suitable for evaluating real-world fishing strategies. We agree with Andersen et al. that BH is unlikely to be a useful guiding principle for ecosystem-based fisheries management, for many reasons. The use of unrealistic models is one of them.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv273
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Progress towards ending overfishing in the Northeast Atlantic (2019)
    GEOMAR
    In:  GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, 9 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-08
    Description: The reformed Common Fisheries Policy of the EU, in force since 2014, stipulates that overfishing by the fleets of its member states has to end latest in the year 2020. This study examines exploitation and status of 119 stocks fished by 20 countries in the Northeast Atlantic. In the year 2018, about 40% of the stocks were still subject to overfishing (F 〉 Fmsy), about 34% of the stocks were outside safe biological limits (B 〈 Bpa) and about 68% of the stocks were too depleted to produce maximum sustainable yields (B 〈 Bmsy). Reduction in the number of overfished stocks has stalled, possible because of an agreement between the European Commission (EC) and the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES), its advisory body for total allowed catches (TACs), wherein the EC requests ICES to give TAC advice leading to overfishing for many stocks. As a result, it is unlikely that overfishing will end in the Northeast Atlantic in 2020.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 5
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    Learning from the peer review of ‘Estimating stock status from relative abundance and resilience’ (2020)
    Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia
    In:  In: Marine and Freshwater Miscellanea II. , ed. by Pauly, D. and Ruiz-Leotaud, V. Fisheries Centre Research Reports, 28 (2). Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp. 111-124.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-19
    Description: This contribution presents the detailed responses to the peer-review of Froese et al. (2019) “Estimating stock status from relative abundance and resilience” (ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2019) which outlined a method called “AMSY” for inferring biomass trends for stocks for which only catch-per-unit-effort and limited ancillary (‘priors’) data are available. The responses emphasize that the required priors are legitimate and straightforward to obtain, thus, making AMSY a method of choice in data-sparse situations. This is also a good example of the role of peer-review in validating and improving science.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Book chapter
  • 6
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    A critique of the balanced harvesting approach to fishing (2016)
    ICES
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73 (6). pp. 1640-1650.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The approach to fisheries termed “balanced harvesting” (BH) calls for fishing across the widest possible range of species, stocks, and sizes in an ecosystem, in proportion to their natural productivity, so that the relative size and species composition is maintained. Such fishing is proposed to result in higher catches with less negative impact on exploited populations and ecosystems. This study examines the models and the empirical evidence put forward in support of BH. It finds that the models used unrealistic settings with regard to life history (peak of cohort biomass at small sizes), response to fishing (strong compensation of fishing mortality by reduced natural mortality), and economics (uniform high cost of fishing and same ex-vessel price for all species and sizes), and that empirical evidence of BH is scarce and questionable. It concludes that evolutionary theory, population dynamics theory, ecosystem models with realistic assumptions and settings, and widespread empirical evidence do not support the BH proposal. Rather, this body of evidence suggests that BH will not help but will hinder the policy changes needed for the rebuilding of ecosystems, healthy fish populations, and sustainable fisheries.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsv122
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    Maximum Sustainable Yield (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  In: Encyclopedia of Ecology. , ed. by Fath, B. D. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, pp. 108-115. 2. ed. ISBN 978-0-444-63768-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-16
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Book chapter
  • 8
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    Synchronization of Mediterranean pelagic fish populations with the North Atlantic climate variability (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 159 . pp. 143-151.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The synchrony of pelagic fish population dynamics with climate variability may impose significant alterations in their distribution and biomass, as well as catch composition, with potential effects on ecosystems and fisheries. This work examines the effect of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) signals across the Mediterranean Sea sub-regions (western, central and eastern), with respect to small (European sardine Sardina pilchardus, European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus, round sardinella Sardinella aurita and European sprat Sprattus sprattus) and medium (Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus, Atlantic chub mackerel Scomber japonicus, Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus, Mediterranean horse mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus) pelagic fishes using various catch ratios and the mean temperature of the pelagic catch (MTpC) method for the period 1970–2014. The time until the pelagic fish communities react to the signals of the AMO and NAO, as revealed by the MTpC and catch ratios, varied among the Mediterranean sub-regions. The pelagic fishes of the central and eastern Mediterranean are those that responded most strongly to AMO variability, whereas those of the central and western Mediterranean also responded to the NAO. The effect of the NAO on pelagic fishes of the eastern Mediterranean was not significant.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.07.005
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 9
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    What happened in the mid-1990s? The coupled ocean-atmosphere processes behind climate-induced ecosystem changes in the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean (2019)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 159 . pp. 130-142.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Northeast Atlantic marine ecosystems such as the Bay of Biscay, Celtic Sea, English Channel, Subpolar Gyre region, Icelandic waters and North Sea as well as the Mediterranean Sea show concomitant ‘regime shift’-like changes around the mid-1990s, which involved all biota of the pelagial: phytoplankton, zooplankton, pelagic fish assemblages, demersal fish assemblages and top predators. These shifts were caused by complex ocean-atmosphere interactions initiating large-scale changes in the strength and direction of the current systems, that move water masses around the North Atlantic, and involved the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and the subpolar gyre (SPG). The contractions and expansions of the SPG and fluctuations of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) play a key role in these complex processes. Small pelagic fish population trends were the sentinels of these changes in the mid-1990s in the ecosystems under investigation.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.11.011
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 10
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    Estimating stock status from relative abundance and resilience (2020)
    Oxford Univ. Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: The Law of the Sea as well as regional and national laws and agreements require exploited populations or stocks to be managed so that they can produce maximum sustainable yields. However, exploitation level and stock status are unknown for most stocks because the data required for full stock assessments are missing. This study presents a new method (AMSY) that estimates relative population size when no catch data are available using time-series of catch-per-unit-effort or other relative abundance indices as the main input. AMSY predictions for relative stock size were not significantly different from the “true” values when compared with simulated data. Also, they were not significantly different from relative stock size estimated by data-rich models in 88% of the comparisons within 140 real stocks. Application of AMSY to 38 data-poor stocks showed the suitability of the method and led to the first assessments for 23 species. Given the lack of catch data as input, AMSY estimates of exploitation come with wide margins of uncertainty which may not be suitable for management. However, AMSY seems to be well suited for estimating productivity as well as relative stock size and may, therefore, aid in the management of data-poor stocks.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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