Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1 History of international co-operation in research -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- 2 A short scientific history of the fisheries -- Summary -- Introduction -- The classical period -- The doubt period -- A new millennium -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Habitats -- Summary -- Introduction -- Regional descriptions -- California Current (CC) -- Physical characteristics -- Northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) -- Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) -- Generalizations -- Humboldt Current (HC) -- Physical characteristics -- Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) -- Sardine (Sardinops sagax) -- Jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) and mackerel (Scomber japonicus) -- Benguela Current (BC) -- Physical characteristics -- Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardinops sagax) -- Northeast Atlantic (NA) -- Physical characteristics -- Bay of Biscay anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) -- European Atlantic sardine (Sardina pilchardus) -- Kuroshio-Oyashio (KO) -- Physical characteristics -- Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) -- Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) -- Synthesis -- Geography vs. hydrography -- Transport and migration -- Expansion, contraction, and refugia -- Mortality -- Future climate change -- Ocean temperature -- Winds -- Ocean stratification -- Hydrology -- Phenology -- Events -- Acidification -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- 4 Variability from scales in marine sediments and other historical records -- Summary -- Introduction -- Historical observations -- Archeological records -- Sedimentary records -- Oceanographic settings for sedimentary records -- Chronostratigraphies and fish scale deposition rates (SDRs) -- Coring and sampling techniques -- Chronostratigraphy. , Chronostratigraphic obstacles -- Variability in scale deposition rate (SDR) between sites -- Interpreting scale deposition rates -- Scales and scale shedding -- Scale degradation -- SDR and regional variations in fish abundance -- Scale geochemistry -- Calibrations to biomass variability -- Significance of the historical records -- Presence/absence -- Relationships between sites and records -- Relationships between species -- Timescales of variability -- Implications for ocean variability -- What could be learned in the future? -- Acknowledgments -- Note -- References -- 5 Decadal-scale variability in populations -- Summary -- Introduction -- Decadal-scale regime shifts -- California Current ecosystem (CCE) -- Changes in the biota -- Regime shifts -- Mechanisms linking climate to decadal-scale population dynamics -- Kuroshio Current ecosystem (KCE) -- Changes in the biota -- Regime shifts -- Mechanisms linking climate to decadal-scale population dynamics -- Humboldt Current ecosystem (HCE) -- Changes in the biota -- Regime shifts -- Mechanisms linking climate to decadal-scale population dynamics -- Benguela Current ecosystem (BCE) -- Changes in the biota -- Northern Benguela -- Southern Benguela -- Regime shifts -- Canary Current ecosystem (CanCE) -- Changes in the biota -- Changes in geographic distribution and potential regime shifts -- Mechanisms linking climate to decadal-scale population dynamics -- Discussion -- Temperature -- Trophodynamic aspects -- Regime shifts and mechanisms linking climate to decadal-scale population dynamics -- Synchronies and teleconnections -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- 6 Biophysical models -- Summary -- Introduction -- Biophysical models of early life stages -- Modeling the fish egg and larva environment -- The abiotic environment -- The biotic environment -- Modeling fish egg and larva dynamics. , Transport -- Growth -- Mortality -- Behavior -- Case studies -- Models of anchovy and sardine in the Benguela upwelling system -- Models of anchovy and sardine in other upwelling systems -- Models of small pelagic fish in "non-SPACC" regions -- Biophysical models that include adults -- Abiotic and biotic environment, growth, and mortality -- Movement and behavior -- Case studies -- Models of adults that use physics or physics-related variables -- Full life cycle models -- Biophysical models and climate change -- Notes -- References -- 7 Trophic dynamics -- Summary -- Introduction -- The Benguela Current upwelling system -- The California Current upwelling system -- The Humboldt Current upwelling system -- The Northwestern Pacific (Kuroshio Current) system -- The Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean systems -- The Northwestern Atlantic system -- The Baltic Sea system -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Impacts of fishing and climate change explored using trophic models -- Summary -- Introduction -- Small pelagic fish as the wasp-waist of ecosystems -- Chapter outline -- Ecosystems examined -- Benguela upwelling region -- Humboldt upwelling system -- Mediterranean ecosystems of the Catalan and Adriatic seas -- Methods -- Catch and abundance data series -- Static" ("Snapshot") models -- Models fitted to time series data -- Simulations -- Simulation 1: Closure of fisheries targeting small pelagic fish -- Simulation 2: Collapse of small pelagic fish stocks -- Model results -- Catch ratios and abundances -- Gelatinous zooplankton and proliferation of other species -- Effects of small pelagic fish on top predators -- Flows to detritus -- Coupling demersal-pelagic compartments -- Discussion -- Trophic flow controls, fishing and environmental drivers of ecosystem change -- Generic effects of fishing on small pelagic fish. , Proliferation of species -- Effects of small pelagic fish on top predators -- Increased pelagic-benthic coupling and flow to detritus -- Enhancing catches of commercially valuable predatory fish by reducing small pelagic fish catches? -- Small pelagic fish as indicators of ecosystem collapse -- Ecosystem indicators -- Combined effect of climate and fishing -- Disruption of trophic pathways -- Using models to explore the effects of climate change on the ecosystem via small pelagic fish -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- 9 Current trends in the assessment and management of stocks -- Summary -- Introduction -- Stock structure, population trends and fishery information -- Anchovy stocks -- Japanese Anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) - NW Pacific stock -- California anchovy (Engraulis mordax) - central subpopulation -- Humboldt anchovy (Engraulis ringens) -- Benguela anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) - southern Benguela -- European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) - Bay of Biscay -- Mediterranean Sea -- Black Sea anchovy -- Sardine stocks -- Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) - Pacific stock -- California sardine (Sardinops sagax caerulea) -- Humboldt sardine (Sardinops sagax) - South Peru/ North Chile stock -- Chilean common sardine (Strangomera bentincki) -- Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis) -- Benguela sardine (Sardinops sagax) -- European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) - Atlanto-Iberian stock -- Southwestern Australia sardine (Sardinops sagax neopilchardus) -- Herring and sprats -- Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) - North Sea autumn spawning stock -- Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) - Norwegian spring spawning stock -- Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) - Baltic Sea -- European Sprat (Sprattus sprattus) - Black Sea -- European Sprat (Sprattus sprattus) - North Sea -- European Sprat (Sprattus sprattus) - Baltic Sea. , Fishery independent monitoring surveys -- Egg production surveys -- Anchovy stocks -- Sardine stocks -- Hydroacoustic surveys -- Other monitoring surveys -- Stock assessment, modeling, and harvest strategies -- Japanese stocks -- California sardine and anchovy -- Humboldt fisheries -- The Benguela operational management procedure (OMP) approach -- ICES stocks -- Bay of Biscay anchovy -- European sardine -- North Sea autumn spawning herring stock -- Arcto-Norwegian spring spawning herring stock -- North Sea sprat -- Baltic Sea sprat -- Baltic Sea herring -- Mediterranean and Black Sea pelagic fisheries -- Southwestern Australia sardine -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- 10 Global production and economics -- Summary -- Introduction -- Global harvests, production and trade -- Economic issues related to climate change and small pelagic fish fisheries -- Implications of global warming for the sharing of fish stocks -- Discount rates and the optimal time path of SPF resource exploitation -- Ecosystem, economic and management implications of climate change -- Implications of climate change for developing coastal communities -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- 11 Human dimensions of the fisheries under global change -- Summary -- Introduction: coasts under stress! -- The problems of scale -- Human dimension contexts of research on small pelagic fisheries -- Perspectives on collaboration of social and natural scientists -- Future social-ecological research in small pelagic fisheries -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Mechanisms of low-frequency fluctuations in sardine and anchovy populations -- Summary -- Introduction -- An initial framework -- Physical variability -- Sardines -- Anchovy -- Evidence for synchronous interdecadal fluctuations in ocean circulation. , Sardine movement upstream and utilization of offshore habitat.