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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 10 (1962), S. 134-144 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Coma und Enthirnungsstarre waren bei sechs jüngeren Patienten nach Schädeltrauma aufgetreten, ohne daß ein nachweisbarer intracranieller raumbeengender Prozeß vorhanden gewesen wäre. Es ist anzunehmen, daß bei den meisten dieser Fälle Coma und Enthirnungsstarre nicht sekundär durch eine Einklemmung im Tentoriumschlitz, sondern mit überwiegender Wahrscheinlichkeit durch direkte traumatische Beeinträchtigung des Hirnstammes verursacht wurden. Allerdings kann ein solcher Mechanismus nicht ohne weiteres bei solchen Fällen unterstellt werden, bei denen die Enthirnungsstarre erst später im posttraumatischen Verlauf hinzutritt. Bei allen Fällen trat fast vollständige Heilung ein. Diese war das Ergebnis spontaner Erholung und nicht auf chirurgische Maßnahmen zurückzuführen, obwohl in einigen Fällen Probebohrlöcher angelegt worden waren. Die Bewußtseinslage normalisierte sich, bevor die Tonussteigerung zurückging. Keiner der Patienten bot später Zeichen einer Beeinträchtigung der intellektuellen Funktionen. Es wurde eine Übersicht über die neueren experimentellen und klinischen Untersuchungen gegeben, welche die Bedeutung der Formatio reticularis für die Kontrolle des Bewußtseins und des Muskeltonus erkennen lassen, und der Versuch unternommen, diese Daten zu den Befunden in Beziehung zu setzen, die bei den beschriebenen sechs Fällen zu erheben waren. Es wird hervorgehoben, daß bei jüngeren Menschen selbst nach langdauernder Bewußtlosigkeit und Enthirnungsstarre Heilung oder wesentliche Besserung eintreten kann. Deshalb muß mit allen Mitteln versucht werden, sekundäre Komplikationen zu verhindern. Die entsprechenden Behandlungsmaßnahmen bei derartigen Fällen werden diskutiert.
    Kurzfassung: Résumé Les auteurs rapportent six cas de jeunes malades présentant les symptomes de coma et de décérébration après traumatisme cérébral, sans pression intracrânienne. Il faut admettre que dans la majorité de ces cas coma et décérébration n'étaient pas secondaires à une hernie temporale, mais qu'ils résultaient d'une lésion directe du tronc cérébral. Ce mécanisme ne peut pourtant pas être admis dans les cas où la décérébration se développe plus tard au cours de la période posttraumatique. Dans tous les cas il y eut un rétablissement presque complet. Celui-ci fut spontané et non dû à une intervention chirurgicale, bien que dans quelques cas des trous probatoires avaient été pratiqués. L'état de la connaissance retourna au normal, avant que la rigidité ne diminuât. Aucun des malades ne montra plus tard des signes de perturbation des fonctions intellectuelles. Les auteurs donnent un aperçu des recherches récentes expérimentales et cliniques laissant reconnaître la signification de la formation réticulaire pour le contrôle de l'état de la connaissance et du tonus musculaire. Ils essayent en outre de comparer ces faits avec les symptômes cliniques des six cas rapportés. Ils accentuent particulièrement l'observation d'un rétablissement presque complet même après des états prolongés de coma et de décérébration chez des sujets jeunes. Pour cette raison des complications secondaires doivent être évitées à tout prix. Discussion des mesures de traitement appropriées de ces cas est aussi faite.
    Notizen: Summary Coma and decerebrate rigidity in the absence of any demonstrable expanding intracranial lesion were noted in six young patients following head injury. It is assumed that in most of the cases coma and decerebrate rigidity were not secondary to tentorial herniation but were more than likely the result of direct involvement of the brain stem. However, such a mechanism cannot necessarily be implicated in those cases in which the decerebrate state appears late in the course of the illness. Nearly complete recovery occurred in all cases. This was spontaneous and not the result of emergency surgical procedures, although exploratory trephinations were performed in several instances. The state of consciousness returned to normal before spasticity regressed and none of the patients showed signs of impairment of intellectual function. Recent experimental and clinical contributions demonstrating the role of the reticular formation in the control of the state of consciousness and muscle tonus have been reviewed and an attempt made to correlate these data with the clinical manifestations noted in the six cases herein reported. It is emphasized that even prolonged states of coma and decerebration may be followed in young subjects by recovery or marked improvement. Therefore, every effort must be made to prevent secondary complications. The appropriate measures in the management of these eases has been discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 3 (1953), S. 348-368 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Der Verf. bringt eine 50 Fälle von Tumoren des Temporallappens umfassende Analyse. Er deutet insbesondere auf die Fälle hin, in denen das klinische Syndrom Läsionen mit anderem Sitz vortäuschte (was einen klinischen Fehler in der Diagnose unvermeidlich machte), oder das klinische Syndrom war so unbestimmt, daß man nicht über eine allgemeine Diagnose von Gehirntumoren hinauskam. Die Gründe, die den Fehler in der klinischen Diagnose beeinflußten, waren: ein Frontalsyndrom in 12% der Fälle; ein Syndrom der hinteren Schädelgrube in 4%; ein isoliertes psychisches Syndrom in 4%; mehrere Symptome ohne Hinweis auf einen Tumor in 2%; allgemeines Syndrom von Gehirntumoren ohne Lokalisationsmöglichkeit in 8%. Der Verf. erörtert die verschiedenen Zustände, die zu einer irrigen Diagnose führen können, und dies obwohl der Temporallappen einer der reichsten Zentren von selbständiger Tätigkeit ist und mit den anderen Gehirnteilen in Verbindung steht.
    Kurzfassung: Résumé L'A. rapporte une analyse faite dans 50 cas de tumeur du lobe temporal. Il signale tout particulièrement ces cas dont les syndromes cliniques étaient tels de simuler des lésions d'autres sièges, rendant ainsi une erreur clinique inévitable, ou bien ils étaient si vagues pour ne pas permettre d'aller au-delà du diagnostic générique de tumeurs cérébrales. Les faits qui influençaient l'erreur du diagnostic clinique étaient les suivants: un syndrome frontal dans le 12% des cas; un syndrome de la fosse crânienne postérieure dans le 4%; un syndrome psychique isolé dans le 4%; différents symptômes sans aucune indication de tumeur dans le 2%; un syndrome générique de tumeur cérébrale sans aucune possibilité de localisation dans le 8%. L'A. discute, pour finir, les différentes conditions qui peuvent porter à un diagnostic erroné, et cela malgré que le lobe temporal soit un des centres les plus riches de fonctionnement propre et de connexion avec les autres régions cérébrales.
    Notizen: Summary The A. brings an analysis on 50 cases of tumors in the temporal lobe with a particular emphasis of those cases in which the clinical syndrome was such as to simulate lesions of other sites, hereby leading to unavoidable clinical mistakes; or these syndromes were so vague that they allowed but a generic diagnosis of cerebral tumor. The facts that influenced the erroneous clinical diagnosis were: a frontal syndrome in 12% of the cases; a syndrome of the posterior cranial fossa in 4 %; an isolated psychic syndrome in 4 %; different symptoms without indication of a tumor in 2 %; generic syndrome of cerebral tumor without the possibility of localization in 8%. The A. discusses the various conditions which may lead to a diagnostic mistake and this although the temporal lobe is one of the richest centers of autofunctionality and correlation with the other cerebral regions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-19
    Beschreibung: Since January 2014, the reformed Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) of the European Union is legally binding for all Member States. It prescribes the end of overfishing and the rebuilding of all stocks above levels that can produce maximum sustainable yields (MSY). This study examines the current status, exploitation pattern, required time for rebuilding, future catch, and future profitability for 397 European stocks. Fishing pressure and biomass were estimated from 2000 to the last year with available data in 10 European ecoregions and 2 wide ranging regions. In the last year with available data, 69% of the 397 stocks were subject to ongoing overfishing and 51% of the stocks were outside of safe biological limits. Only 12% of the stocks fulfilled the prescriptions of the CFP. Fishing pressure has decreased since 2000 in some ecoregions but not in others. Barents Sea and Norwegian Sea have the highest percentage (〉60%) of sustainably exploited stocks that are capable of producing MSY. In contrast, in the Mediterranean Sea, fewer than 20% of the stocks are exploited sustainably. Overfishing is still widespread in European waters and current management, which aims at maximum sustainable exploitation, is unable to rebuild the depleted stocks and results in poor profitability. This study examines four future exploitation scenarios that are compatible with the CFP. It finds that exploitation levels of 50–80% of the maximum will rebuild stocks and lead to higher catches than currently obtained, with substantially higher profits for the fishers.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-08
    Beschreibung: This study presents a new method (LBB) for the analysis of length frequency data from commercial catches. LBB works for species that grow throughout their lives, such as most commercially-important fish and invertebrates, and requires no input in addition to length frequency data. It estimates asymptotic length, length at first capture, relative natural mortality, and relative fishing mortality. Standard fisheries equations can then be used to approximate current exploited biomass relative to unexploited biomass. In addition, these parameters allow the estimation of length at first capture that would maximize catch and biomass for a given fishing effort, and estimation of a proxy for the relative biomass capable of producing maximum sustainable yields. Relative biomass estimates of LBB were not significantly different from the “true” values in simulated data and were similar to independent estimates from full stock assessments. LBB also presents a new indicator for assessing whether an observed size structure is indicative of a healthy stock. LBB results will obviously be misleading if the length frequency data do not represent the size composition of the exploited size range of the stock or if length frequencies resulting from the interplay of growth and mortality are masked by strong recruitment pulses.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-06
    Beschreibung: Introduced Marine Pests (IMP, = non-indigenous marine species) prevention, early detection and risk-based management strategies have become the priority for biosecurity operations worldwide, in recognition of the fact that, once established, the effective management of marine pests can rapidly become cost prohibitive or impractical. In Western Australia (WA), biosecurity management is guided by the " Western Australian Prevention List for Introduced Marine Pests " which is a policy tool that details species or genera as being of high risk to the region. This list forms the basis of management efforts to prevent introduction of these species, monitoring efforts to detect them at an early stage, and rapid response should they be detected. It is therefore essential that the species listed can be rapid and confidently identified and discriminated from native species by a range of government and industry stakeholders. Recognising that identification of these species requires very specialist expertise which may be in short supply and not readily accessible in a regulatory environment, and the fact that much publicly available data is not verifiable or suitable for regulatory enforcement, the WA government commissioned the current project to collate a reference collection of these marine pest specimens. In this work, we thus established collaboration with researchers worldwide in order to source representative specimens of the species listed. Our main objective was to build a reference collection of taxonomically vouchered specimens and subsequently to generate species-specific DNA barcodes suited to supporting their future identification. To date, we were able to obtain specimens of 75 species (representative of all but four of the pests listed) which have been identified by experts and placed with the WA Government Department of Fisheries and, where possible, in accessible museums and institutions in Australasia. The reference collection supports the fast and reliable taxonomic and molecular identification of marine pests in WA and constitutes a valuable resource for training of stakeholders with interest in IMP recognition in Australia. The reference collection is also useful in supporting the development of a variety of DNA-based detection strategies such as real-time PCR and metabarcoding of complex environmental samples (e.g. biofouling communities). The Prevention List is under regular review to ensure its continued relevance and that it remains evidence and risk-based. Similarly, its associated reference collection also remains to some extent a work in progress. In recognition of this fact, this report seeks to provide details of this continually evolving information repository publicly available to the biosecurity management community worldwide
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-10-08
    Beschreibung: The reformed Common Fisheries Policy of the EU, in force since 2014, stipulates that overfishing by the fleets of its member states has to end latest in the year 2020. This study examines exploitation and status of 119 stocks fished by 20 countries in the Northeast Atlantic. In the year 2018, about 40% of the stocks were still subject to overfishing (F 〉 Fmsy), about 34% of the stocks were outside safe biological limits (B 〈 Bpa) and about 68% of the stocks were too depleted to produce maximum sustainable yields (B 〈 Bmsy). Reduction in the number of overfished stocks has stalled, possible because of an agreement between the European Commission (EC) and the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES), its advisory body for total allowed catches (TACs), wherein the EC requests ICES to give TAC advice leading to overfishing for many stocks. As a result, it is unlikely that overfishing will end in the Northeast Atlantic in 2020.
    Materialart: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia
    In:  In: Marine and Freshwater Miscellanea II. , ed. by Pauly, D. and Ruiz-Leotaud, V. Fisheries Centre Research Reports, 28 (2). Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp. 111-124.
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-03-19
    Beschreibung: This contribution presents the detailed responses to the peer-review of Froese et al. (2019) “Estimating stock status from relative abundance and resilience” (ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2019) which outlined a method called “AMSY” for inferring biomass trends for stocks for which only catch-per-unit-effort and limited ancillary (‘priors’) data are available. The responses emphasize that the required priors are legitimate and straightforward to obtain, thus, making AMSY a method of choice in data-sparse situations. This is also a good example of the role of peer-review in validating and improving science.
    Materialart: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-08
    Beschreibung: The Law of the Sea as well as regional and national laws and agreements require exploited populations or stocks to be managed so that they can produce maximum sustainable yields. However, exploitation level and stock status are unknown for most stocks because the data required for full stock assessments are missing. This study presents a new method (AMSY) that estimates relative population size when no catch data are available using time-series of catch-per-unit-effort or other relative abundance indices as the main input. AMSY predictions for relative stock size were not significantly different from the “true” values when compared with simulated data. Also, they were not significantly different from relative stock size estimated by data-rich models in 88% of the comparisons within 140 real stocks. Application of AMSY to 38 data-poor stocks showed the suitability of the method and led to the first assessments for 23 species. Given the lack of catch data as input, AMSY estimates of exploitation come with wide margins of uncertainty which may not be suitable for management. However, AMSY seems to be well suited for estimating productivity as well as relative stock size and may, therefore, aid in the management of data-poor stocks.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-02-07
    Beschreibung: The reformed Common Fisheries Policy of the EU, in force since 2014, stipulates that overfishing by the fleets of its member states has to end latest in the year 2020. This study examines exploitation and status of 119 stocks fished by 20 countries in the Northeast Atlantic. In the year 2018, about 40% of the stocks were still subject to overfishing (F 〉 Fmsy), about 34% of the stocks were outside safe biological limits (B 〈 Bpa) and about 68% of the stocks were too small to produce maximum sustainable yields (B 〈 Bmsy). Reduction in the number of overfished stocks has stalled, possible because of an agreement between the European Commission (EC) and the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES), its advisory body for total allowed catches (TACs), wherein the EC requests ICES to give TAC advice leading to overfishing for many stocks. Scientific advice is often overruled or ignored by politicians/fisheries ministers, whose main objective is to get us much quota as possible for their country. As a result, of the TACs set for 2020, about 46% exceeded scientific advice, suggesting that the goal of ending overfishing in 2020 will not be met.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-03-01
    Beschreibung: Following an introduction to the nature of fisheries catches and their information content, a new development of CMSY, a data-limited stock assessment method for fishes and invertebrates, is presented. This new version, CMSY++, overcomes several of the deficiencies of CMSY, which itself improved upon the “Catch-MSY” method published by S. Martell and R. Froese in 2013. The catch-only application of CMSY++ uses a Bayesian implementation of a modified Schaefer model, which also allows the fitting of abundance indices should such information be available. In the absence of historical catch time series and abundance indices, CMSY++ depends strongly on the provision of appropriate and informative priors for plausible ranges of initial and final stock depletion. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) now assists in selecting objective priors for relative stock size based on patterns in 400 catch time series used for training. Regarding the cross-validation of the ANN predictions, of the 400 real stocks used in the training of ANN, 94% of final relative biomass (B/k) Bayesian (BSM) estimates were within the approximate 95% confidence limits of the respective CMSY++ estimate. Also, the equilibrium catch-biomass relations of the modified Schaefer model are compared with those of alternative surplus-production and age-structured models, suggesting that the latter two can be strongly biased towards underestimating the biomass required to sustain catches at low abundance. Numerous independent applications demonstrate how CMSY++ can incorporate, in addition to the required catch time series, both abundance data and a wide variety of ancillary information. We stress, however, the caveats and pitfalls of naively using the built-in prior options, which should instead be evaluated case-by-case and ideally be replaced by independent prior knowledge.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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