Note: Intro -- Dating Torrential Processes on Fans and Cones -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Dating Past Events on Fans and Cones - An Introduction -- 1 Alluvial Fan Environment and Processes -- 2 Human Activities and Risks on Alluvial Fans and Cones -- 3 Principles of Hazard and Risk Assessment -- 3.1 The Intensity-Frequency Concept -- 3.2 The Significance of Uncertainties -- 4 Data on Historic Torrential Events: Importance and Gaps -- References -- Part I Material Transport and Fan or Cone Formation -- Processes of Sediment Supply to Alluvial Fans and Debris Cones -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Process Regimes -- 2.1 Debris-Flow Processes and Sediment Properties -- 2.1.1 Cohesive Debris Flows -- 2.1.2 Fluid (Wet) Debris Flows -- 2.2 Fluvial Processes and Sediment Properties on Fans -- 2.3 Interactions Between Processes -- 3 Short-Term Catchment Controls -- 4 Longer-Term Fan Dynamics -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Susceptibility and Triggers for Debris Flows: Emergence, Loading, Release and Entrainment -- 1 Debris-Flow Susceptibility and Initiation: An Overview -- 2 Susceptibility of Release Areas -- 2.1 Basic Susceptibility -- 2.2 Variable Susceptibility -- 2.3 External Forcing -- 3 Meteorological Factors Influencing the Release of Debris Flows -- 4 The Role of Slope Processes for Debris-Flow Initiation -- 5 Channel Processes and Entrainment -- References -- Sediment Transport Processes -- 1 Introduction and River Scaling Concept -- 2 Catchment Scale -- 3 Sediment Balance and River Morphology at the Sectional Scale -- 4 Bedforms, Erosion and Deposition at the Local Scale -- 5 Sediment Transport at the Point Scale -- 5.1 Flow Velocity Distribution in Turbulent Flow -- 5.2 Flow Resistance and Bed Roughness -- 5.3 Bedload Transport -- 5.3.1 Initiation of Motion -- 5.3.2 Bedload Transport Process. , 5.4 Bedload Transport Equations and Models -- 5.4.1 Bedload Transport Equations for Steep Slopes -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Debris-Flow Runout and Deposition on the Fan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Process Types Associated with Torrential Events -- 3 Deposition Patterns of "Large" Debris Flows Outside the Channel on the Fan -- 4 Implications of the Process Types on Runout and Mobility -- 5 Runout Prediction Methods for Debris Flows -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Events on Fans and Cones: Recurrence Interval and Magnitude -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Debris Flow Frequency -- 2.1 Methodical Assessment -- 2.2 Limitations of Frequency Analysis -- 3 Debris-Flow Magnitude -- 3.1 Methodical Assessment -- 3.2 Limitation of Magnitude Analysis -- 4 Frequency-Magnitude Relationships -- 4.1 Methodical Assessment -- 4.2 Limitations of Frequency-Magnitude Analysis -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Part II Dating Past Events -- Silent Witnesses for Torrential Processes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Large-Scale Geomorphic Evidence of Torrential Processes -- 2.1 Watershed -- 2.2 Fan -- 3 Small-Scale Evidence of Torrential Processes -- 3.1 Headwatershed/Hillslope -- 3.2 Transit Zone/Channel -- 3.3 Deposition Zone/Fan -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Past Torrential Events Through Historical Sources -- 1 Why Is Historical Information So Crucial for `Torrents'? -- 2 Sources of Information -- 3 Process Interpretation -- 3.1 Typology and Dynamics of Alluvial Events -- 3.2 Frequency, Magnitude, Hazard -- 3.2.1 An Example of Quantitative Outcomes from Historical Sources -- 4 Benefits for Practitioners -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- The Use of Airborne Laser Swath Mapping on Fans and Cones: An Example from the Colorado Front Range -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 ALSM Acquisition -- 3.2 Derivation of Surface Morphometry. , 4 Results -- 4.1 Morphometry of Alpine Debris Fans -- 4.2 Morphometry of Source Areas -- 4.3 Relationships Between Source Area and Fan Morphometry -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Dendrogeomorphology - Tracking Past Events with Tree Rings -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Tree-Ring Formation and Impact of Torrential Activity on Trees -- 3 Methods Used in Dendrogeomorphic Research -- 3.1 Fieldwork -- 3.2 Laboratory Analysis and Definition of Event Years -- 4 Where Can Tree Rings Help the Tracking of Past Events on Fans and Cones? -- 4.1 Frequency -- 4.2 Lateral Spread and Runout Distance -- 4.3 Magnitude -- 4.4 Identification of Triggers -- 5 Limitation of the Method -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Tree-Ring Based Record of Debris-Flow Dynamics and Triggering Rain Storms at Ritigraben (Swiss Alps) since AD 1570 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Debris-Flow Deposits on the Ritigraben Cone -- 3 Debris-Flow Frequency and Seasonality -- 4 Debris Sources and Magnitude-Frequency Relations of Flows -- 5 Triggers and Climatic Impacts on Debris-Flow Activity -- References -- Vegetation Analysis on Composite Debris Cones -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Composite Alpine Debris Cones and Channels -- 3 Method of Studying Plant Communities -- 4 Geomorphic Processes and Plant Communities -- 5 Vegetation Dynamics -- 6 Channels as Migration Route for Alpine Plant Species -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Use for Practitioners -- References -- Using Age of Colonizing Douglas-Fir for the Dating of Young Geomorphic Surfaces-A Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regional Setting and Sampling Strategy -- 3 Dating of Young Surfaces -- 4 Limitations and Error Sources -- 5 Summary -- References -- Lichenometric Dating of Debris Avalanche Deposits with an Example from the French Alps -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Short Review of Lichen Methods -- 2.1 The Approach Using the Whole Lichen Sizes. , 2.2 The Approach Using Extremes -- 3 A Chronology of Debris Avalanches in the Massif des Ecrins, French Alps -- 3.1 Study Area -- 4 Method -- 5 Results -- 6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Lake Sediments as Archives of Recurrence Rates and Intensities of Past Flood Events -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Depositional Processes in Lakes -- 2.1 Selecting Lakes with Promising Flood Records -- 3 The Signature of Flood Events in the Lacustrine Archive -- 4 Dating Methods for Lake Sediments -- 5 Determining the Seasonality of Flood Events -- 6 Occurrence of Flood Events in the Past - Case Studies -- 6.1 Flood History of Lake Lauerz, Central Switzerland -- 6.2 Flood History from Lakes in Northeastern United States -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Dating Fan Deposits with Cosmogenic Nuclides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cosmogenic Nuclide Systematics -- 3 Cosmogenic Nuclide Dating of Fan Deposits -- 3.1 Exposure Dating of Boulders -- 3.2 Exposure Dating of Clasts -- 3.3 Depth-Profile Dating -- 3.4 Dating with Two Nuclides Using Differential Decay of 10Be and 26Al -- 4 Case Study: Variations in Debris-Flow Deposition Patterns on Fans in Owens Valley, California -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Radiocarbon Dating: Alluvial Fan/Debris Cone Evolution and Hazards -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodological Considerations -- 2.1 Scatter and Calibration of Radiocarbon Ages -- 2.2 Depositional Contexts and Directional Lags -- 2.3 Problematic Materials -- 3 Geomorphic Sequences and Modelling Approaches -- 4 Case Studies -- 4.1 Alluvial Fan Development and Hillslope Gullying in NW England -- 4.2 Radiocarbon Dating to Aid in the Development of a Chronology of Debris Flows on Cheekye Fan, British Columbia -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Luminescence Dating of Alluvial Fans and Cones -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Luminescence Phenomena. , 3 Luminescence Dating of Sediments -- 3.1 Dating Principles -- 3.2 Luminescence Bleaching of Sediments -- 3.3 Detection of Insufficiently Bleached Sediments -- 3.4 Equivalent Dose Determination of Insufficiently Bleached Sediments -- 4 Luminescence Dating Applications -- 5 Conclusion and Perspective -- References -- Timing the Interface Between Mass Wasting and Fluvial Processes with OSL -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geologic and Geomorphic Setting -- 3 Climate and Palaeoclimate Change -- 4 Stratigraphy and Sedimentology -- 5 Chronology of Terrace Deposits -- 6 Climate Change, Sediment Transfer by Debris Flows, and Stratigraphic Architecture -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Documentation and Monitoring -- Debris-Flow Monitoring in Italy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Areas -- 3 Monitoring Systems -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Debris-Flow Frequency -- 4.2 Debris-Flow Hydrographs -- 4.3 Flow Velocity -- 4.4 Peak Discharge and Volume -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Documentation of Torrential Events -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Different Contributors, Various Interests -- 3 Organization and Implementation -- 4 What Events Should Be Documented? -- 5 Tools for Recording -- 6 Data Management - Storage, Maintenance and Dissemination -- References -- Rainfall Thresholds for Possible Occurrence of Shallow Landslides and Debris Flows in Italy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Modelling Approaches -- 3 Landslide and Rainfall Information -- 4 Definition of Rainfall Thresholds -- 5 New Regional Thresholds for Shallow Landslide Occurrence -- 6 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Application of Event Dating in Practice -- Hazard Assessment -- 1 Hazard Assessment: An Integral Part of Risk Management -- 2 Debris-Flow Parameters -- 3 Relevant Parameters -- 3.1 What Type of Process? (Debris-Flow Occurrence) -- 3.2 How Big? (Magnitude) -- 3.3 How Far? (Affected Zones). , 3.4 How Often? (Magnitude-Frequency Relationship).

Note: Description based upon print version of record

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Series Editors -- Managing Editor -- Advisory Board -- Contents -- Contributors -- Setting the Stage -- 1 The Upper Vistula Basin-A Geographical Overview -- Abstract -- 1 Location in Europe -- 2 Geographical Diversity of the Upper Vistula Basin -- 3 Tradition and Culture -- 4 Population and Economy-Land Use and Functional Variety -- 5 Hydrological Significance of the Upper Vistula Basin in the Hydrology of Poland -- 6 Final Remarks -- References -- 2 Floods in Mountain Basins -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiographic and Meteorological Conditions of Flood Occurrence in the Swiss Alps -- 3 Physiographic and Meteorological Conditions of Flood Occurrence in the Polish Carpathians -- 4 Recent Advances in Flood Research in the Polish Carpathians -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Anatomy of Flood Risk -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Flood Risk and Its Components -- 2.1 Flood Hazard -- 2.2 Exposure to Floods -- 2.3 Vulnerability to Floods -- 3 Changes in Flood Risk -- 3.1 Changes in Hazard -- 3.2 Changes in Exposure -- 3.3 Changes in Vulnerability -- 4 Managing and Reducing Flood Risk -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Factors Influencing Flood Risk (80) -- 4 Flood Generation Mechanisms and Changes in Principal Drivers -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate Track in Flood Generation -- 3 Flood-Generating Mechanisms-An Overview -- 4 Flood Generating Mechanisms in the Upper Vistula Basin -- 5 Changes in Terrestrial Drivers of Floods -- 5.1 Factors Regulating Flood Runoff -- 5.1.1 Reforestation of Catchments -- 5.1.2 Construction of Dam Reservoirs -- 5.2 Factors Accelerating Flood Runoff -- 5.2.1 Construction of Flood Embankments and Channel Regulation -- 5.2.2 Channel Incision -- 5.2.3 Loss of Channel Storage in the Impounded Reach of the Upper Vistula River. , 5.3 Expansion of Riparian Forests Increasing Large Wood Recruitment to River Channels -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Methods to Assess Large Wood Dynamics and the Associated Flood Hazard in Polish Carpathian Watercourses of Different Size -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Field Setting -- 3 Investigations of Large Wood Dynamics in Kamienica Stream -- 3.1 Monitoring of the Recruitment and Transport of Large Wood in a Mountain Stream -- 3.2 Wood Inventory in Kamienica Stream -- 4 Investigations of Large Wood Dynamics in the Czarny Dunajec River -- 4.1 Wood Inventories in a Wide Mountain River -- 4.2 Observations of the Vegetative Regeneration of Living Wood -- 4.3 Tracking Experiment with Radio Transmitter-Tagged Logs -- 4.4 Numerical Modelling of Large Wood Dynamics in Contrasting River Morphologies -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- 5.1 Suitability of the Used Methods for Examination of Large Wood Dynamics in the Watercourses -- 5.2 Large Wood Dynamics in the Mountain Stream and the Mountain River -- 5.3 Implication of Large Wood Dynamics in the Mountain Watercourses of Different Size to Flood Hazard -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Large Wood Transport, Deposition and Remobilization during Floods in the Czarny Dunajec River: Outcomes from Numerical Modelling -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site: The Czarny Dunajec River -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Large Wood Transport -- 4.2 Large Wood Deposition -- 4.3 Large Wood Remobilization -- 4.4 Large Wood Dynamics Under Unsteady Flow Conditions -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Modelling Hydraulic Parameters of Flood Flows for a Polish Carpathian River Subjected to Variable Human Impacts -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Study Methods. , 3.1 Estimation of Flood Discharges of Given Recurrence Interval -- 3.2 Field-Derived Data -- 3.3 Hydraulic Modelling and Data Analysis -- 3.4 Analysis of Changes in Channel Conveyance -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Differences in Hydraulic Parameters Between Incised, Channelized and Multi-thread Cross-Sections -- 4.2 Patterns of the Variation in Hydraulic Parameters Among the Cross-Sections at Different Flood Frequencies -- 4.3 Differences Between Initial and Finally Used Roughness Values Indicated by the Calibration of Modelled Water Stages -- 4.4 Changes in the Conveyance of the Channelization Scheme -- 4.5 Development of Natural Levees in Channelized and Unmanaged River Reaches -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Hydraulic Conditions in the River Reaches of Different Morphology -- 5.2 Roughness Calibration as a Way to Integrate Various Effects on the Accuracy of Flood-Flow Modelling -- 5.3 Influence of Overbank Deposition on Channel Conveyance -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Deciphering Changes in Observation Records -- 8 Observed Changes in Air Temperature and Precipitation and Relationship between them, in the Upper Vistula Basin -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Changes in Air Temperature of the Upper Vistula Basin in the Light of Global Temperature Trends -- 3 Annual, Seasonal and Monthly Air Temperature -- 4 Changes in Precipitation of the Upper Vistula Basin -- 5 Links Between Temperature and Precipitation -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Change in Atmospheric Circulation Patterns -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climatology of Circulation Types and Indices -- 3 Relation Between Flood Precipitation and Circulation Patterns -- 4 Variability and Trends in Circulation Types and Indices Impacting the Frequency of Flood Precipitation -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 10 Climate Reconstruction from Tree-Rings in the Tatra Mountains -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical Setting -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Tree-Ring Data -- 3.2 Climatic Data and Growth/Climate Response -- 3.3 The Climate Reconstruction -- 4 The Results and Discussion -- 4.1 The Tree-Ring Width Chronologies -- 4.2 Growth/Climate Response -- 4.3 The Climate Reconstruction -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Variability of Flood Frequency and Magnitude During the Late 20th and Early 21st Centuries in the Northern Foreland of the Tatra Mountains -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site and Data Acquisition -- 3 Flood Trend Detection and Attribution -- 3.1 Flood Trend Detection -- 3.2 Flood Trend Attribution -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Annual Maximum Discharge -- 4.2 Flood Frequency and Seasonality -- 4.3 Summary of Flood Trends -- 4.4 Potential Drivers of Flood Trends -- 4.4.1 Meteorological Drivers -- 4.4.2 Large-Scale Climate Drivers -- 4.4.3 Other Potential Drivers -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Deciphering Flood Event Information from Tree-Ring Data in the Tatra Mountains: Implications for Hazard Assessment -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fundamentals of Tree-Ring-Based Paleoflood Reconstructions -- 3 Paleoflood Reconstruction in Tatra Mountain Streams Using Tree Rings -- 3.1 Study Site -- 3.2 Temporal Reconstruction of Floods in Tatra Mountain Streams -- 3.3 Scar-Based Peak Discharge Reconstruction in Tatra Mountain Streams -- 4 Implications for Paleoflood Reconstructions in the Tatra Mountains -- 4.1 Climate Triggers and Flood Variability -- 4.2 Implications for Flood Hazard Assessments -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 History of Floods on the Upper Vistula -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Information on the Vistula and Its Floods. , 3 Sources of Information on Upper Vistula Floods -- 4 Floods in the Upper Vistula River Basin Until 1972 -- 5 Floods in the Upper Vistula River Basin After 1972 -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Palaeohydrology of the Upper Vistula River Basin -- Abstract -- 1 History of the Landscape of the Upper Vistula River Basin -- 2 Changes in the Hydrological Regime Since the Late Glacial to the Present -- 3 The Role of Man in Transforming the Hydrological Regime in the Last Two Millennia -- References -- Projections and Adaptation -- 15 Projections of Precipitation in the Northern Foothills of the Tatra Mountains -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Study Site -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Introduction to Downscaling -- 3.2 Dynamical and Statistical Downscaling -- 3.3 Delta-Change Method -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Hydroclimatic Projections for the Upper Vistula Basin -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Projections of Temperature -- 3 Projections of Precipitation -- 4 Projections of Runoff -- 5 Changes in High Flow -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 Projections of Changes in Flood Hazard in Two Headwater Catchments of the Vistula in the Context of European-Scale Studies -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Review of Large-Scale (Global and European) Flood Hazard Projections -- 3 Flood Hazard Projections for Central Europe -- 4 Interpretation of Differences in Flood-Hazard Projections -- 5 Flood Hazard Detection and Projections for Poland -- 6 Flood Hazard Projections for the Two Headwater Catchments of the Vistula -- 7 Impact on Climate Change Adaptation and Flood Risk Reduction -- 8 Outlook and Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 18 Flood Risk Management in the Upper Vistula Basin in Perspective: Traditional versus Alternative Measures -- Abstract. , 1 Introduction.

Note: Advances in Global Change Research -- Foreword -- References -- Tree Rings and Natural Hazards: An Introduction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Hazards, Disasters and Risk: Some Definitions -- 3 Tree Rings and Natural Hazards -- 3.1 Basic Patterns of Tree Growth -- 3.2 How Do Natural Hazards Affect Tree Growth? -- 3.2.1 Wounding of Trees (Scars) and Resin-Duct Formation -- 3.2.2 Tilting of Trunks -- 3.2.3 Trunk Burial -- 3.2.4 Decapitation of Trees and Elimination of Branches -- 3.2.5 Root Exposure and Damage -- 3.2.6 Elimination of Neighboring Trees -- 3.2.7 Colonization of Landforms After Surface-Clearing Disturbances -- 3.3 Sampling Design and Laboratory Analyses -- 3.3.1 Field Approach and Sampling Design -- 3.3.2 Laboratory Procedures: Sample Preparation and Analysis -- 4 The Organization of This Book -- References -- Dendrogeomorphology and Snow Avalanche Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Nature of Snow Avalanches -- 3 Location and Distribution -- 4 Evidence of Avalanche Activity -- 5 Developing Avalanche Chronologies -- 6 Final Remarks -- References -- Tree-Ring Dating of Snow Avalanches in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Glacier National Park Study Area -- 3 Tree-Ring Features Analyzed for Dating Snow Avalanches -- 4 Tree-Ring Analysis of Snow Avalanches in Glacier National Park -- 5 Implications for the Avalanche Climatology of the Region -- 6 Initial Observations on Traumatic Resin Ducts and Their Use for Dating Snow Avalanches in Glacier National Park -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Tracking Past Snow Avalanches in the SE Pyrenees -- References -- Tree-Ring Based Reconstruction of Past Snow Avalanche Events and Risk Assessment in Northern Gaspé Peninsula (Québec, Canada) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Study Area -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Site Selection, Sampling Design and Laboratory Analysis -- 3.1.1 Site Selection. , 3.1.2 Sampling -- 3.1.3 Laboratory Analysis -- 3.2 Statistical Treatments of Tree-Ring Data Sets -- 3.2.1 Scree Slopes in Low-Elevated Coastal Valleys -- 3.2.2 Highlands of the Chic-Chocs Mountains -- 3.3 Return Interval and Annual Probability -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Low-Elevation Coastal Valleys -- 4.1.1 Snow-Avalanche Regime on Active Scree Slopes -- 4.1.2 Snow-Avalanche Activity on Treed Slopes After Fire and Logging Disturbances -- 4.2 Snow-Avalanche Regime in the Highlands of the Chic-Chocs Range -- 4.2.1 Reconstructed Tree-Ring Local Avalanche Record -- 4.2.2 Chronology of Regional Snow Avalanche Activity -- 4.3 Risk Assessment -- 4.3.1 Scree Slopes in Coastal Valleys -- 4.3.2 Alpine-Subalpine Avalanche-Prone Areas -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Comparison of Snow-Avalanche Regime Between Scree-Slopes in Low-Elevated Coastal Valleys and Alpine-Subalpine Highlands -- 5.2 Methodological Issues and Quality of the Data -- 5.2.1 Tree-Ring Reconstruction of High-Magnitude Snow Avalanches or Extreme Events? -- 5.2.2 What Are the Best Indicators of Past Snow Avalanche Activity? -- 5.2.3 What Are the Optimum and Minimum Sample Sizes? -- 5.2.4 What Is the Minimum Number of Tree-Ring Responses for Past Avalanche Event Identification? -- 5.3 Risk Assessment: The Contribution of Dendrogeomorphology -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Using Dendrochronology to Validate Numerical Simulations of Snow Avalanches in the Patagonian Andes -- References -- Dating Landslides with Trees -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Landslides -- 3 Dating Landslides with Trees -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Dendrogeomorphological Analysis of a Landslide near Lago, Calabria (Italy) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Material and Methods -- 3.1 Sampling Strategy -- 3.2 Dendrochronological Analysis -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Stem Tilting -- 4.2 Tree-Growth Curves and Growth Suppression. , 4.3 Visual Analysis of Growth Anomaly -- 4.4 Correlation Between Growth Anomaly Events and Geological Causes -- 5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Tree-Ring Analysis and Rockfall Avalanches: The Use of Weighted Samples -- References -- Age of Landslides Along the Grande Rivière de la Baleine Estuary, Eastern Coast of Hudson Bay, Quebec (Canada) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Landslides from the Upstream Sector -- 4.2 Landslides from the Downstream Sector -- 4.3 Tree Regeneration in Landslides E, F, and G -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Recent Landslides -- 5.2 Ancient Landslides -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Rainfall Up, Mountain Down? -- References -- Rockfalls and Their Hazard -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Mechanics of Rockfalls -- 3 Rockfall Modelling and Hazard Assessment -- 4 Research Needs and the Potential Contribution of Tree-Ring Analysis -- References -- Assessing Rockfall Activity in a Mountain Forest - Implications for Hazard Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Sampling Strategy -- 3.2 Tree-Ring Analysis of Trees Damaged by Rockfall -- 3.3 Assessing Rockfall Rates -- 3.4 Seasonality of Rockfall -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Age Structure of the Forest Stand -- 4.2 Visible Defects and Growth Reactions to Rockfall Impacts -- 4.3 Spatial Distribution of Growth Disturbances -- 4.4 Rockfall Magnitudes and Frequencies -- 4.5 Decadal Variations in Rockfall Activity -- 4.6 Seasonality of Rockfall -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Tree-Ring Based Rockfall Reconstruction and Accuracy Assessment of a 3D Rockfall Model -- References -- Assessment of the Rockfall Frequency for Hazard Analysis at Solà d'Andorra (Eastern Pyrenees) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Study Site -- 2.1 Setting -- 2.2 Historical Record of Rockfalls -- 2.3 Forest Characteristics -- 3 Tree Sampling Strategies. , 3.1 Defining a Basic Strategy for Effectively Developing a Complete Record -- 4 Frequency Assessment: Interpretation of the Chronology of Tree Damage -- 4.1 Determining the Number of Rockfall Events -- 4.2 Determining the Time Interval -- 5 Rockfall Frequency Down the Talus -- 6 Are the Sampled Strips Wide Enough? -- 7 Probability of Falling Rocks Impacting Trees -- 7.1 Approach to the Impact Probability -- 7.2 Calculation of CIP of the Alzina Talus -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Reconstruction and Spatial Analysis of Rockfall Frequency and Bounce Heights Derived from Tree Rings -- References -- State of the Art in Debris-Flow Research: The Role of Dendrochronology -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What are Debris Flows? -- 2 A Brief Summary of the State of Debris Flow Science -- 2.1 Debris Flow Mechanics -- 2.2 Scour in Colluvial Channels/Fans -- 2.3 Frequency-Magnitude Relationships -- 2.4 Debris Flow Forecasting and Warning Systems -- 2.5 Debris Flows and Wildfire -- 2.6 Debris Flow Mitigation -- 2.7 Debris Flows and Climate Change -- References -- Using Event and Minimum Age Dating for the Assessment of Hazards on a Debris-Flow Cone -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Geomorphic Mapping and Sampling Strategy -- 3.2 Dating of Debris-Flow Events -- 3.3 Minimum Age Dating -- 3.4 Determination of Last Date of Activity in a Channel -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Geomorphic Mapping -- 4.2 Growth Disturbances and Debris-Flow Frequency -- 4.3 Approximation of Last Moment of Past Activity -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Dendrogeomorphic Applications to Debris Flows in Glacier National Park, Montana USA -- References -- Frequency-Magnitude Relationships, Seasonality and Spread of Debris Flows on a Forested Cone -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Material and Methods -- 3.1 Geomorphic Mapping of Debris-Flow Channels and Deposits. , 3.2 Sampling Design -- 3.3 Debris-Flow Frequency and Timing of Events -- 3.4 Dating of Deposits and Spatial Spread of Events -- 3.5 Magnitude-Frequency Relationships of Debris Flows -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Debris-Flow Features and Deposits -- 4.2 Age and Growth Disturbances in Trees -- 4.3 Debris-Flow Frequency and Timing of Events -- 4.4 Dating of Deposits and Spatial Spread of Events -- 4.5 Frequency-Magnitude Relationships -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- High-Precision Dating of Debris-Flow Events Within the Growing Season -- 1 Introduction -- References -- Tree Rings as Paleoflood and Paleostage Indicators -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Flood Evidence in Tree Rings -- 3 Strengths, Limitations and Future Directions -- References -- The Effects of Hydroelectric Flooding on a Reservoir's Peripheral Forests and Newly Created Forested Islands -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 The Reservoir's Effects on the Temperature and Wind Regime -- 4.2 Effects of the Reservoir on Tree Growth and Ring Density -- 4.3 Frost Rings and the Phenological Delay of Tree Growth on the Islands -- 4.4 Trees Destabilized by the Wind -- 4.5 The New Insular Nival Regime and MechanicalDamage to Pre-established Trees -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Spring Water Levels Reconstructed from Ice-Scarred Trees and Cross-Sectional Area of the Earlywood Vessels in Tree Rings from -- References -- A 100-Year History of Floods Determined from Tree Rings in a Small Mountain Stream in the Tatra Mountains, Poland -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Material and Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Dendrohydrology and Extreme Floods Along the Red River, Canada -- References -- Part VII -- Weather and Climate Extremes: Where Can Dendrochronology Help? -- 1 Introduction. , 2 What Are Extreme Events, Where Do They Come from, and Why Are They Important?.