Keywords:
Dendrochronology.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
The initial employment of tree rings in natural hazard studies was simply as a dating tool and rarely exploited other environmental information and records of damage contained within the tree. However, these unique, annually resolved, tree-ring records preserve valuable archives of past earth-surface processes on timescales of decades to centuries. As many of these processes are significant natural hazards, understanding their distribution, timing and controls provides valuable information that can assist in the prediction, mitigation and defence against these hazards and their effects on society. This book provides many illustrations of these themes, demonstrating the application of tree rings to studies of snow avalanches, rockfalls, landslides, floods, earthquakes, wildfires and several other processes. Some of these papers are "classic studies", others represent recent applications using previously unpublished material. They illustrate the breadth and diverse applications of contemporary dendrogeomorphology and underline the growing potential to expand such studies, possibly leading to the establishment of a range of techniques and approaches that may become standard practice in the analysis of natural hazards in the future.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (485 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9789048187362
Series Statement:
Advances in Global Change Research Series ; v.41
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=603508
DDC:
582.16028
Language:
English
Note:
Advances in Global Change Research -- Foreword -- References -- Tree Rings and Natural Hazards: An Introduction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Hazards, Disasters and Risk: Some Definitions -- 3 Tree Rings and Natural Hazards -- 3.1 Basic Patterns of Tree Growth -- 3.2 How Do Natural Hazards Affect Tree Growth? -- 3.2.1 Wounding of Trees (Scars) and Resin-Duct Formation -- 3.2.2 Tilting of Trunks -- 3.2.3 Trunk Burial -- 3.2.4 Decapitation of Trees and Elimination of Branches -- 3.2.5 Root Exposure and Damage -- 3.2.6 Elimination of Neighboring Trees -- 3.2.7 Colonization of Landforms After Surface-Clearing Disturbances -- 3.3 Sampling Design and Laboratory Analyses -- 3.3.1 Field Approach and Sampling Design -- 3.3.2 Laboratory Procedures: Sample Preparation and Analysis -- 4 The Organization of This Book -- References -- Dendrogeomorphology and Snow Avalanche Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Nature of Snow Avalanches -- 3 Location and Distribution -- 4 Evidence of Avalanche Activity -- 5 Developing Avalanche Chronologies -- 6 Final Remarks -- References -- Tree-Ring Dating of Snow Avalanches in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Glacier National Park Study Area -- 3 Tree-Ring Features Analyzed for Dating Snow Avalanches -- 4 Tree-Ring Analysis of Snow Avalanches in Glacier National Park -- 5 Implications for the Avalanche Climatology of the Region -- 6 Initial Observations on Traumatic Resin Ducts and Their Use for Dating Snow Avalanches in Glacier National Park -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Tracking Past Snow Avalanches in the SE Pyrenees -- References -- Tree-Ring Based Reconstruction of Past Snow Avalanche Events and Risk Assessment in Northern Gaspé Peninsula (Québec, Canada) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Study Area -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Site Selection, Sampling Design and Laboratory Analysis -- 3.1.1 Site Selection.
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3.1.2 Sampling -- 3.1.3 Laboratory Analysis -- 3.2 Statistical Treatments of Tree-Ring Data Sets -- 3.2.1 Scree Slopes in Low-Elevated Coastal Valleys -- 3.2.2 Highlands of the Chic-Chocs Mountains -- 3.3 Return Interval and Annual Probability -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Low-Elevation Coastal Valleys -- 4.1.1 Snow-Avalanche Regime on Active Scree Slopes -- 4.1.2 Snow-Avalanche Activity on Treed Slopes After Fire and Logging Disturbances -- 4.2 Snow-Avalanche Regime in the Highlands of the Chic-Chocs Range -- 4.2.1 Reconstructed Tree-Ring Local Avalanche Record -- 4.2.2 Chronology of Regional Snow Avalanche Activity -- 4.3 Risk Assessment -- 4.3.1 Scree Slopes in Coastal Valleys -- 4.3.2 Alpine-Subalpine Avalanche-Prone Areas -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Comparison of Snow-Avalanche Regime Between Scree-Slopes in Low-Elevated Coastal Valleys and Alpine-Subalpine Highlands -- 5.2 Methodological Issues and Quality of the Data -- 5.2.1 Tree-Ring Reconstruction of High-Magnitude Snow Avalanches or Extreme Events? -- 5.2.2 What Are the Best Indicators of Past Snow Avalanche Activity? -- 5.2.3 What Are the Optimum and Minimum Sample Sizes? -- 5.2.4 What Is the Minimum Number of Tree-Ring Responses for Past Avalanche Event Identification? -- 5.3 Risk Assessment: The Contribution of Dendrogeomorphology -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Using Dendrochronology to Validate Numerical Simulations of Snow Avalanches in the Patagonian Andes -- References -- Dating Landslides with Trees -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Landslides -- 3 Dating Landslides with Trees -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Dendrogeomorphological Analysis of a Landslide near Lago, Calabria (Italy) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Material and Methods -- 3.1 Sampling Strategy -- 3.2 Dendrochronological Analysis -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Stem Tilting -- 4.2 Tree-Growth Curves and Growth Suppression.
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4.3 Visual Analysis of Growth Anomaly -- 4.4 Correlation Between Growth Anomaly Events and Geological Causes -- 5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Tree-Ring Analysis and Rockfall Avalanches: The Use of Weighted Samples -- References -- Age of Landslides Along the Grande Rivière de la Baleine Estuary, Eastern Coast of Hudson Bay, Quebec (Canada) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Landslides from the Upstream Sector -- 4.2 Landslides from the Downstream Sector -- 4.3 Tree Regeneration in Landslides E, F, and G -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Recent Landslides -- 5.2 Ancient Landslides -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Rainfall Up, Mountain Down? -- References -- Rockfalls and Their Hazard -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Mechanics of Rockfalls -- 3 Rockfall Modelling and Hazard Assessment -- 4 Research Needs and the Potential Contribution of Tree-Ring Analysis -- References -- Assessing Rockfall Activity in a Mountain Forest - Implications for Hazard Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Sampling Strategy -- 3.2 Tree-Ring Analysis of Trees Damaged by Rockfall -- 3.3 Assessing Rockfall Rates -- 3.4 Seasonality of Rockfall -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Age Structure of the Forest Stand -- 4.2 Visible Defects and Growth Reactions to Rockfall Impacts -- 4.3 Spatial Distribution of Growth Disturbances -- 4.4 Rockfall Magnitudes and Frequencies -- 4.5 Decadal Variations in Rockfall Activity -- 4.6 Seasonality of Rockfall -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Tree-Ring Based Rockfall Reconstruction and Accuracy Assessment of a 3D Rockfall Model -- References -- Assessment of the Rockfall Frequency for Hazard Analysis at Solà d'Andorra (Eastern Pyrenees) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Study Site -- 2.1 Setting -- 2.2 Historical Record of Rockfalls -- 2.3 Forest Characteristics -- 3 Tree Sampling Strategies.
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3.1 Defining a Basic Strategy for Effectively Developing a Complete Record -- 4 Frequency Assessment: Interpretation of the Chronology of Tree Damage -- 4.1 Determining the Number of Rockfall Events -- 4.2 Determining the Time Interval -- 5 Rockfall Frequency Down the Talus -- 6 Are the Sampled Strips Wide Enough? -- 7 Probability of Falling Rocks Impacting Trees -- 7.1 Approach to the Impact Probability -- 7.2 Calculation of CIP of the Alzina Talus -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Reconstruction and Spatial Analysis of Rockfall Frequency and Bounce Heights Derived from Tree Rings -- References -- State of the Art in Debris-Flow Research: The Role of Dendrochronology -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What are Debris Flows? -- 2 A Brief Summary of the State of Debris Flow Science -- 2.1 Debris Flow Mechanics -- 2.2 Scour in Colluvial Channels/Fans -- 2.3 Frequency-Magnitude Relationships -- 2.4 Debris Flow Forecasting and Warning Systems -- 2.5 Debris Flows and Wildfire -- 2.6 Debris Flow Mitigation -- 2.7 Debris Flows and Climate Change -- References -- Using Event and Minimum Age Dating for the Assessment of Hazards on a Debris-Flow Cone -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Geomorphic Mapping and Sampling Strategy -- 3.2 Dating of Debris-Flow Events -- 3.3 Minimum Age Dating -- 3.4 Determination of Last Date of Activity in a Channel -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Geomorphic Mapping -- 4.2 Growth Disturbances and Debris-Flow Frequency -- 4.3 Approximation of Last Moment of Past Activity -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Dendrogeomorphic Applications to Debris Flows in Glacier National Park, Montana USA -- References -- Frequency-Magnitude Relationships, Seasonality and Spread of Debris Flows on a Forested Cone -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Material and Methods -- 3.1 Geomorphic Mapping of Debris-Flow Channels and Deposits.
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3.2 Sampling Design -- 3.3 Debris-Flow Frequency and Timing of Events -- 3.4 Dating of Deposits and Spatial Spread of Events -- 3.5 Magnitude-Frequency Relationships of Debris Flows -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Debris-Flow Features and Deposits -- 4.2 Age and Growth Disturbances in Trees -- 4.3 Debris-Flow Frequency and Timing of Events -- 4.4 Dating of Deposits and Spatial Spread of Events -- 4.5 Frequency-Magnitude Relationships -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- High-Precision Dating of Debris-Flow Events Within the Growing Season -- 1 Introduction -- References -- Tree Rings as Paleoflood and Paleostage Indicators -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Flood Evidence in Tree Rings -- 3 Strengths, Limitations and Future Directions -- References -- The Effects of Hydroelectric Flooding on a Reservoir's Peripheral Forests and Newly Created Forested Islands -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 The Reservoir's Effects on the Temperature and Wind Regime -- 4.2 Effects of the Reservoir on Tree Growth and Ring Density -- 4.3 Frost Rings and the Phenological Delay of Tree Growth on the Islands -- 4.4 Trees Destabilized by the Wind -- 4.5 The New Insular Nival Regime and MechanicalDamage to Pre-established Trees -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Spring Water Levels Reconstructed from Ice-Scarred Trees and Cross-Sectional Area of the Earlywood Vessels in Tree Rings from -- References -- A 100-Year History of Floods Determined from Tree Rings in a Small Mountain Stream in the Tatra Mountains, Poland -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Material and Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Dendrohydrology and Extreme Floods Along the Red River, Canada -- References -- Part VII -- Weather and Climate Extremes: Where Can Dendrochronology Help? -- 1 Introduction.
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2 What Are Extreme Events, Where Do They Come from, and Why Are They Important?.
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