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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Cognitive Development of 5-Year-Old Children of Postnatally Depressed Mothers (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 37 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: As part of a longitudinal study of the influence of postnatal depression on child development, the cognitive functioning of index and control children was assessed at age 5 years. There was no evidence of an adverse effect of postnatal depression, even amongst sub-groups of children suggested to be vulnerable (boys and children from low SES families). However, early experience of insensitive maternal interactions predicted the persistence of poorer cognitive functioning. A number of factors in the child's current environment, including stimulation at home, social class and, for boys, the experience of schooling, contributed to cognitive performance. The findings are considered in relation to the ongoing debate on sensitive periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01490.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Impact of Postnatal Depression on Infant Development (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 33 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A large sample of primiparous women was screened far depression after childbirth. Those identified us depressed, women with a previous history of depression and a control group were followed up to 18 months, went their infants were assessed on measures of congomotive, spcoal and behavioural development. Infants of postnatally depressed mothers performed worse on object concept tasks, were more insecurely attached to their mothers and worst on object concepl task, were mure insecurely attached to their mothers and showing more mild behavioural difficulties. Postnatal depression had no effect on general cognitive and language development, but appeared to make infants more vulnerable to adverse effects of lower social class and male gender.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Socioemotional Development of 5-year-old Children of Postnatally Depressed Mothers (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 40 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: A community sample of depressed and well mothers, recruited at 2 months postpartum and assessed through to 18 months, was followed up at 5 years. The quality of mother-child interactions was assessed, as was the children's behavioural and social adjustment, using maternal reports and observations of child behaviour during free play at school. Several aspects of child outcome were found to be associated with postnatal depression, even when taking account of current adverse circumstances (maternal depression and parental conflict). These included the child's behaviour with the mother, the presence of behavioural disturbance at home, and the content and social patterning of play at school. These associations with postnatal depression were independent of the child's gender. The child's relationship with the mother appeared to be mediated by the quality of infant attachment at 18 months. The mother's behaviour with her child was more affected by current difficulties, in particular by conflict with the child's father. Together these findings suggest that, while maternal behaviour varies with changing circumstances, exposure to maternal depression in the early postpartum months may have an enduring influence on child psychological adjustment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00542
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Winnicott and the Developmental Psychology of Infancy (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of psychotherapy 5 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-0118
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Evidence from research in developmental psychology on mother-infant communication and cognition in the first 18 months is considered in relation to British psychoanalytic theory, and particularly that of D.W. Winnicott. Large overlaps exist between the two disciplines, but there are areas where empirical work indicates modifications of psychoanalytic formulations and, conversely, clinical observations that draw attention to the need for far closer empirical scrutiny of certain developmental issues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0118.1989.tb01090.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Depressed Mothers' Speech to Their Infants and its Relation to Infant Gender and Cognitive Development (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 34 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract— The speech of depressed and well mothers during play with their infants at two months was compared on dimensions of structure and semantics. No differences between maternal groups were found on measures of complexity and syntax. However, the speech of depressed women expressed more negative affect, was less focused on infant experience, and tended to show less acknowledgement of infant agency. Speech style of depressed women also varied according to infant gender. Regression analyses indicated that the quality of maternal communication with the infant, and particularly the focus of speech, mediated the association between depression and infant cognitive development in the first 18 months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01775.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parenting and the development of conduct disorder and hyperactive symptoms in childhood: a prospective longitudinal study from 2 months to 8 years (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 44 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Background:  This study investigated the early processes involved in the development of symptoms of conduct disorder and hyperactivity.Method:  The study employed a prospective design, over a period from 2 months to 8 years. Detailed observational data of early and later mother–child interactions were collected, infant prefrontal function (the A not B task) was assessed, and symptoms of child conduct disorder and hyperactivity were rated by maternal report at age 5 and 8 years.Results:  The principal findings of the study were that emotional dysregulation on the A not B task at 9 months predicted symptoms of conduct disorder at 5 and 8 years, and delayed object reaching times on the same task predicted hyperactive symptoms at 5 years. These two developmental trajectories were associated with distinct patterns of early parenting that were strongly influenced by infant gender. Thus, in boys early emotional dysregulation was predicted by rejecting and coercive parenting, and delayed reaching on the A not B task by coercive parenting, whereas in girls only continuity from earlier infant behaviour could be demonstrated. There was strong continuity between these early infant behaviours and later child disturbance that was partially mediated by parenting for conduct disorder symptoms (maternal hostile parenting in boys, and maternal coercive parenting in girls), but not for hyperactive symptoms.Conclusions:  These data would suggest that only in boys was there evidence for the existence of a sensitive period for the development of hyperactive symptoms, and to a lesser extent, conduct disorder symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.t01-1-00139
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    `I'm gonna beat you!' SNAP!: an observational paradigm for assessing young children's disruptive behaviour in competitive play (2002)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Publishers
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 43 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Background: This study focuses on a novel observational paradigm (SNAP) involving a rigged competitive card game (Murray, Woolgar, Cooper, & Hipwell, 2001) designed to expose children to the threat of losing. Recent work suggests that this paradigm is useful for assessing disruptive behaviour in young children (Hughes, Cutting, & Dunn, 2001). Method: We report on a large study (involving 800 five-year-olds) that compares observational ratings of disruptive behaviour on the SNAP game with mother and teacher reports of externalising behaviour on the CBCL and TRF (Achenbach, 1991a, 1991b). To ensure independence of data, playmates were randomly assigned to two different sub-samples. The validity of this rigged game for examining individual differences in disruptive behaviour was supported (in both sub-samples) by modest but significant correlations with both mother and teacher ratings of externalising problems, and by significantly elevated SNAP ratings among children rated by mothers and teachers as showing extreme (≥95th %) levels of externalising problems, compared with the remaining majority of children. Results: Significant gender differences in disruptive behaviour were found on all three measures: observational SNAP ratings and mother/teacher questionnaire ratings. Factors that may contribute to this gender difference are discussed. Conclusions: Our findings emphasise the importance of multi-method, multi-informant measures of disruptive behaviour, and suggest that the rigged card game used in this study is a valuable adjunct to more standard methods of rating disruptive behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00041
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression in 5-year-old Children of Depressed Mothers (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 42 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Studies of cognitive vulnerability to depression in young children have, in the main, relied on self-report questionnaires (e.g. of self-esteem, attributional style). They have failed to produce convincing evidence of a cognitive vulnerability to depression in children under 8 years. In the current study latent depressive cognitions were investigated in the 5-year-old children (N= 94) of depressed and well mothers in a situation of mild stress, that is, the threat of losing a card deal in a modified version of the competitive children's card game “Snap”. In the context of “losing”, but not “winning”, deals, children who had been exposed to maternal depression, either in the previous 12 months or at any other time during their lifetime, were more likely than nonexposed children to express depressive cognitions (hopelessness, pessimism, and low self-worth). The association between depressive cognitions and recent exposure to maternal depression was in part accounted for by current maternal hostility to the child. The results of this study stand in contrast to those of studies which have used questionnaire methods to assess vulnerability to depressive cognitions in this age group. They suggest that it might be important to employ ecologically realistic situations to access latent self-cognitions in young children; and they underscore the importance, increasingly evident in research with adults and older children, of employing methods that involve the induction of low mood in order to elicit cognitions relevant to depression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00785
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