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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Good Test-Retest Reliability for Standard and Advanced False-Belief Tasks across a Wide Range of Abilities (2000)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 41 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Although tests of young children's understanding of mind have had a remarkable impact upon developmental and clinical psychological research over the past 20 years, very little is known about their reliability. Indeed, the only existing study of test-retest reliability suggests unacceptably poor results for first-order false-belief tasks (Mayes, Klin, Tercyak, Cicchetti, & Cohen, 1996), although this may in part reflect the nonstandard (video-based) procedures adopted by these authors. The present study had four major aims. The first was to re-examine the reliability of false-belief tasks, using more standard (puppet and storybook) procedures. The second was to assess whether the test-retest reliability of false-belief task performance is equivalent for children of contrasting ability levels. The third aim was to explore whether adopting an aggregate approach improves the reliability with which children's early mental-state awareness can be measured. The fourth aim was to examine for the first time the test-retest reliability of children's performances on more advanced theory-of-mind tasks. Our results suggest that most standard and advanced false-belief tasks do in fact show good test-retest reliability and internal consistency, with very strong test-retest correlations between aggregate scores for children of all levels of ability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00633
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Annotation: Implications of Violence between Intimate Partners for Child Psychologists and Psychiatrists (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 39 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00308
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL TIES ON CRIME VARY BY CRIMINAL PROPENSITY: A LIFE-COURSE MODEL OF INTERDEPENDENCE (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Criminology 39 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-9125
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law
    Notes: Previous studies have explained the transition from criminal propensity in youth to criminal behavior in adulthood with hypotheses of enduring criminal propensity, unique social causation, and cumulative social disadvantage. In this article we develop an additional hypothesis derived from the life-course concept of interdependence: The effects of social ties on crime vary as a function of individuals' propsensity for crime. We tested these four hypotheses with data from the Dunedin Study. In support of life-course interdependence, prosocial ties, such as education, employment, family ties, and partnerships, deterred crime, and antisocial ties, such as delinquent peers, promoted crime, most strongly among low self-control individuals. Our findings bear implications for theories and policies of crime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00925.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ARE SOME PEOPLE CRIME-PRONE? REPLICATIONS OF THE PERSONALITY-CRIME RELATIONSHIP ACROSS COUNTRIES, GENDERS, RACES, AND METHODS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Criminology 32 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-9125
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law
    Notes: We examined the relation between personality traits and crime in two studies. In New Zealand we studied 18-year-old males and females from an entire birth cohort. In Pittsburgh we studied an ethnically diverse group of 12- and 13-year-old boys. In both studies we gathered multiple and independent measures of personality and delinquent involvement. The personality correlates of delinquency were robust in different nations, in different age cohorts, across gender, and across race: greater delinquent participation was associated with a personality configuration characterized by high Negative Emotionality and weak Constraint. We suggest that when Negative Emotionality (the tendency to experience aversive affective states) is accompanied by weak Constraint (difficulty in impulse control), negative emotions may be translated more readily into antisocial acts. We review additional evidence about the developmental origins and consequences of this personality configuration and discuss its implications for theories about antisocial behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1994.tb01151.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PARTNER ABUSE AND GENERAL CRIME: HOW ARE THEY THE SAME? HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT? (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Criminology 38 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-9125
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law
    Notes: Both partner abuse and general crime violate the rights and safety of victims. But are these phenomena the same or are they distinct, demanding their own research and intervention specialties? Are per- sons who abuse their partners the same people who commit other criminal behavior? Do partner abuse and general crime share the same correlates? We investigated these questions in a birth cohort of over 800 young adults, by testing whether a personality model known to predict general crime would also predict partner abuse. Personality data were gathered at age 18, and self-reported partner abuse and general criminal offending were measured at age 21. Results from modeling latent constructs showed that partner abuse and general crime represent different constructs that are moderately related; they are not merely two expressions of the same underlying antisocial propensity. Group comparisons showed many, but not all, partner abusers also engaged in violence against nonintimates. Personality analyses showed that partner abuse and general crime shared a strong propensity from a trait called Negative Emotionality. However, crime was related to weak Constraint (low self-control), but partner abuse was not. All findings applied to women as well as to men, suggesting that women's partner abuse may be motivated by the same intra-personal features that motivate men's abuse. The results are consistent with theoretical and applied arguments about the “uniqueness” of partner violence relative to other crime and violence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00888.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LOW SELF-CONTROL, SOCIAL BONDS, AND CRIME: SOCIAL CAUSATION, SOCIAL SELECTION, OR BOTH? (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Criminology 37 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-9125
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law
    Notes: This article examines the social-selection and social-causation processes that generate criminal behavior. We describe these processes with three theoretical models: a social-causation model that links crime to contemporaneous social relationships; a social-selection model that links crime to personal characteristics formed in childhood; and a mixed selection-causation model that links crime to social relationships and childhood characteristics. We tested these models with a longitudinal study in Dunedin, New Zealand, of individuals followed from birth through age 21. We analyzed measures of childhood and adolescent low self-control as well as adolescent and adult social bonds and criminal behavior. In support of social selection, we found that low self-control in childhood predicted disrupted social bonds and criminal offending later in life. In support of social causation, we found that social bonds and adolescent delinquency predicted later adult crime and, further, that the effect of self-control on crime was largely mediated by social bonds. In support of both selection and causation, we found that the social-causation effects remained significant even when controlling for preexisting levels of self-control, but that their effects diminished. Taken together, these findings support theoretical models that incorporate social-selection and social-causation processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00494.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RECONSIDERING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SES AND DELINQUENCY: CAUSATION BUT NOT CORRELATION (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Criminology 37 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-9125
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law
    Notes: Many theories of crime have linked low levels of socioeconomic status (SES) to high levels of delinquency. However, empirical studies have consistently found weak or nonexistent correlations between individuals' SES and their self-reported delinquent behavior. Drawing upon recent theoretical innovations (Hagan et al., 1985; Jensen, 1993; Tittle, 1995), we propose that this apparent contradiction between theory and data may be reconciled by recognizing that SES has both a negative and a positive indirect effect upon delinquency that, in tandem, results in little overall correlation between the two. We tested this proposal with longitudinal data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. We used measures of parental SES recorded at study members' birth through age 15, social-psychological characteristics at age 18, and self-reported delinquency at ages 18 and 21. We found that low SES promoted delinquency by increasing individuals' alienation, financial strain, and aggression and by decreasing educational and occupational aspirations, whereas high SES promoted individuals' delinquency by increasing risk taking and social power and by decreasing conventional values. These findings suggest a reconciliation between theory and data, and they underscore the conceptual importance of elucidating the full range of causal linkages between SES and delinquency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00483.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternal adjustment, parenting and child behaviour in families of school-aged twins conceived after IVF and ovulation induction (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 44 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Background: Previous studies that have examined the long-term effects of infertility and assisted reproductive technology on parenting and child behaviour in families with twins have suffered from methodological problems. This study compared measures of parental adjustment, parenting and child behaviour in families with 5-year-old twins who were conceived after in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or ovulation induction (OI) with families whose twins were naturally conceived (NC).Methods: The families who conceived via IVF/OI (N=121) were identified from an epidemiological study of twins and matched to families who were conceived naturally (N=121) on the basis of eleven child and family variables. Mothers were interviewed in their homes for the study.Results: No significant differences were observed between the IVF/OI families and the NC families on measures of parental adjustment or parent and teacher ratings of the twins’ behaviour. IVF/OI mothers and their partners agreed with each other about discipline more than NC couples, but otherwise no other differences in parenting were found. Conclusions: Overall, this study provides evidence that families who conceive twins following IVF/OI are functioning well and that the experience of fertility treatment does not lead to long-term difficulties for parents or children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00124
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can Women Provide Reliable Information about Their Children's Fathers? Cross-informant Agreement about Men's Lifetime Antisocial Behaviour (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 42 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: It is difficult to study the contribution of fathers’ antisocial behaviour to children's development because fathers with behavioural problems are often absent or reluctant to participate in research. This study examines whether mothers’ reports about their children's fathers’ antisocial behaviour can be substituted for interviews with fathers. Both members of 67 couples (N= 134) were interviewed separately and independently about the men's lifetime antisocial behaviour. There was strong relative agreement: the women's reports about men's antisocial behaviour and the men's self-reports about the same behaviour were highly correlated. However, there was poor agreement about absolute level: compared to men's self-reports, women reported fewer of the men's antisocial behaviours. Women's reports provide a reliable index of men's relative standing in a distribution and can be used in research about their children's fathers, but should not be used to make diagnostic decisions about men's antisocial disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00787
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predicting Early Fatherhood and Whether Young Fathers Live with Their Children: Prospective Findings and Policy Reconsiderations (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 42 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: This prospective study of a birth cohort addressed three questions. Which individual and family-of-origin characteristics predict the age at which young men make the transition to fatherhood? Do these same characteristics predict how long young men live with their child? Are individual differences in the amount of time fathers spend living with their child associated with the father's psychosocial characteristics in young adulthood? In this unique study, it was found that by age 26, 19% of the 499 study men had become fathers. Individual and family-of-origin characteristics were assessed from birth until age 15 and contemporaneous characteristics were assessed at age 26. Young men who experienced a stressful rearing environment and a history of conduct problems were more likely to become fathers at an early age and to spend less time living with their child. Of those who experienced none of the risk factors, fewer than 10% had become fathers by age 26 compared to more than 60% of those who experienced five risk factors. Fathers who lived apart from their child reported the most social and psychological difficulties in young adulthood. These findings point to individual and family-of-origin characteristics that might be targeted in order to delay fatherhood and increase levels of paternal involvement. However, given their troubled life histories and poor social-psychological adjustment in young adulthood, some absent fathers might have difficulties providing positive parenting and partnering unless policy initiatives to promote intact families also support young fathers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00777
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