Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Section I: Role of Fluvial Geomorphology and Sedimentology in Arsenic Distribution -- Chapter 1: Hydrogeochemical Evolution in the Different Shallow Aquifers of Central Gangetic Plain and Kosi Alluvial Fan and Their Implications for the Distribution of Groundwater Arsenic -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Study Area -- 1.3 Methodology -- 1.4 Groundwater Chemistry -- 1.5 Groundwater Arsenic Distribution and Fate -- 1.6 Conclusion and Synthesis -- References -- Chapter 2: Assessment of Subsurface Lithology by Resistivity Survey Coupled with Hydrochemical Study to Identify Arsenic Distribution Pattern in Central Gangetic Plain: A Case Study of Bhagalpur District, Bihar, India -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Study Area -- 2.2.1 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 2.3 Materials and Methods -- 2.3.1 Sampling Phase I: Groundwater and Core Sampling and Analysis -- 2.3.2 Sampling Phase II: Geophysical Survey -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.4.1 Arsenic and Its Speciation -- 2.4.2 Relationship Between VES and Hydrochemical Signature of the Aquifer -- 2.4.3 Stable Isotopic Chemistry -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater in the Middle Gangetic Plain, India: Its Relations to Fluvial Geomorphology and Quaternary Stratigraphy -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Study Area -- 3.3 Geological Setting -- 3.4 Materials and Methods -- 3.5 Results and Discussion -- 3.5.1 Distribution of Groundwater Arsenic in Middle Gangetic Basin -- 3.5.2 Distribution of Groundwater Arsenic in Ghaghara Basin -- 3.5.3 Groundwater Arsenic Contamination from Different Parts of Middle Gangetic Basin -- 3.5.4 Source and Release of Arsenic in Groundwater -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Section II: Groundwater Arsenic Characterisations and Risk Assessments. , Chapter 4: Preliminary Assessment of Arsenic Distribution in Brahmaputra River Basin of India Based on Examination of 56,180 Public Groundwater Wells -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.4 Results -- 4.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Problem, Perspective and Challenges of Arsenic Contamination in the Groundwater of Brahmaputra Flood Plains and Barak Valley Regions of Assam, India -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area Characterisation -- 5.2.1 Geology -- 5.3 Distribution of As in the State of Assam -- 5.3.1 Distribution in the Brahmaputra Flood Plain -- 5.3.2 Arsenic Distribution in the Barak Valley Plain -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Barak Valley, Assam, India: Topography-Based Analysis and Risk Assessment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Material and Methods -- 6.2.1 The Study Area -- 6.2.2 Collection and Analysis of Water Samples -- 6.3 Statistical Analysis -- 6.3.1 Risk Assessment -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 District-Wise Distribution of Arsenic in Groundwater -- 6.4.2 Topography-Based Distribution of Arsenic in Groundwater -- 6.4.3 Risk Assessment -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Hydrogeochemistry and Arsenic Distribution in the Gorakhpur District in the Middle Gangetic Plain, India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.2.1 Geology and Geomorphology -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.3.1 Groundwater Sampling -- 7.3.2 Analytical Techniques -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Major Ion Geochemistry -- 7.4.2 Arsenic Concentration -- 7.4.3 Relationship Between Hydrogeochemical Variable -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Section III: Arsenic Hydrogeochemistry and Processes -- Chapter 8: Arsenic Distribution and Mobilization: A Case Study of Three Districts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (India) -- 8.1 Introduction. , 8.1.1 Geological Setting and Location of Study Area -- 8.2 Material and Methods -- 8.2.1 Sampling and Field Parameter Analysis -- 8.2.2 Laboratory Analysis of Water Samples -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Hydrochemistry -- 8.3.2 Hydrochemical Facies -- 8.3.3 Aquifer Vulnerability -- 8.3.4 Geochemical Modelling for Mineral Phases Identification Using PHREEQC -- 8.3.5 Log pCO2 vs State of Saturation -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Understanding Hydrogeochemical Processes Governing Arsenic Contamination and Seasonal Variation in the Groundwater of Buxar District, Bihar, India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodology -- 9.2.1 Study Area Description -- 9.2.1.1 Hydrogeological Settings -- 9.2.2 Materials and Methods -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 General Expressions of Hydro-geochemical Data -- 9.3.2 Graphical Representation of Hydro-geochemical Data -- 9.3.3 Identification of Hydro-geochemical Process -- 9.3.4 Distribution of Arsenic -- 9.3.5 Statistical Analysis -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Chemical Characteristics of Arsenic Contaminated Groundwater in Parts of Middle-Gangetic Plain (MGP) in Bihar, India -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Site Description -- 10.2.2 Hydrogeological Settings -- 10.2.3 Sampling, Field Measurements and Laboratory Analyses -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 Groundwater Chemistry -- 10.3.1.1 Weathering Processes and Evolution of Groundwater Chemistry -- 10.3.2 Source and Distribution of Redox-Sensitive Parameters -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: An Insight into the Spatio-vertical Heterogeneity of Dissolved Arsenic in Part of the Bengal Delta Plain Aquifer in West Bengal (India) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Sampling and Analytical Techniques. , 11.2.3 Statistical and Thermodynamic Calculations -- 11.3 Results -- 11.3.1 Groundwater Chemistry -- 11.3.2 Depth and Spatial Distribution of Arsenic -- 11.3.3 Heterogeneity of Arsenic in Relation to Land Use Characteristics -- 11.3.4 Factor Analysis -- 11.3.5 Mineral Saturation Index -- 11.4 Discussion -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Surface Generated Organic Matter: An Important Driver for Arsenic Mobilization in Bengal Delta Plain -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Concept of Investigation -- 12.3 Material and Methods -- 12.3.1 Field Site -- 12.3.2 Collection and Analysis of Water Samples -- 12.3.3 Collection and Analysis of Sediment Profile -- 12.3.4 Column Leaching Experiment -- 12.4 Results and Discussions -- 12.4.1 Water Samples -- 12.4.2 Elemental Composition and Grain Size Distribution Along the Sediment Profiles -- 12.4.3 Column Experiments -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: A Comparative Study on the Arsenic Levels in Groundwaters of Gangetic Alluvium and Coastal Aquifers in India -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.2.1 Gangetic Alluvium -- 13.2.2 Southern Coast -- 13.3 Distribution of Arsenic -- 13.4 Depth -- 13.5 Variation in Source of Arsenic -- 13.6 Statistics -- 13.7 Conclusion -- References -- Section IV: Arsenic in Food Chain, Health and Its Remediation -- Chapter 14: Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in Bengal Delta and Its Health Effects -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater -- 14.2.1 West Bengal -- 14.2.1.1 Arsenic Concentration in Deeper Tube-Wells (> -- 100 m) -- 14.2.1.2 Estimation of the Number of As-Contaminated Hand Tube-Wells -- 14.2.1.3 Estimation of Population Exposed to As-Contaminated Drinking Water -- 14.2.2 Bangladesh -- 14.2.2.1 Arsenic Concentration in Deeper Tube-Wells (> -- 100 m). , 14.2.2.2 Estimation of the Number of As-Contaminated Hand Tube-Wells -- 14.2.2.3 Estimation of Population Exposed to As-Contaminated Drinking Water -- 14.3 Arsenic Concentration in Biological Samples and Sub-­clinically Affected Population -- 14.4 Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Symptoms in Bengal Delta -- 14.4.1 Arsenical Skin Lesions -- 14.4.2 Arsenic Affected Children -- 14.4.3 Neurological Involvements -- 14.4.4 Obstetric Outcome -- 14.4.5 Methylation Capacity of As-Exposed Adults and Children -- 14.5 How to Combat the Present Arsenic Crisis -- References -- Chapter 15: Impact of Arsenic Contaminated Irrigation Water on Some Edible Crops in the Fluvial Plains of Bihar -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.2.1 Sample Collection -- 15.2.2 Preparation of Soil Samples for Arsenic Analysis -- 15.2.3 Plant Sample Digestion Procedure for Arsenic Analysis -- 15.2.4 GIS Applications for Spatial Analysis -- 15.3 Results and Discussion -- 15.3.1 Analysis of Field Work Data -- 15.3.2 Analysis of Pot Experiment Data -- 15.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: A Greenhouse Pot Experiment to Study Arsenic Accumulation in Rice Varieties Selected from Gangetic Bengal, India -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Materials and Methods -- 16.2.1 Experimental Condition -- 16.2.2 Soil Collection and Pot Preparation -- 16.2.3 Selection of Rice Varieties and Seedling Transplantation -- 16.2.4 Sample Collection, Preservation and Digestion -- 16.2.5 Analysis of Total Arsenic -- 16.3 Results and Discussion -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17: Status of Arsenic Contamination Along the Gangetic Plain of Ballia and Kanpur Districts, Uttar Pradesh, India and Possible Remedial Measures -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Site Description, Materials and Methods -- 17.2.1 Site Description -- 17.2.2 Geomorphology of Ballia and Kanpur Districts. , 17.2.3 Sampling Methodology and Measurements.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Hydrology -- Chapter 1: Environmental Flows and Their Assessment -- INTRODUCTION -- IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS IN ECOSYSTEM -- METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS ASSESSMENT -- CASE STUDIES -- The EF in Upper Ganga Basin -- Streamflow Variability -- Environmental Flow (EF) Assessment Using Modified Empirical Method -- Gazette Notification for EF Assessment in Upper Ganga Basin -- The EF in Yamuna Basin -- Integrated Modeling for Assessment of e-flows -- IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS -- SUMMARY -- References -- Chapter 2: Story of the Ganga River: Its Pollution and Rejuvenation -- INTRODUCTION -- STATUS AND IMPACT OF POLLUTION -- Municipal Sewage and Open Defecation -- Inadequate and sub-optimal functioning of sewage treatment plants (STPs) -- Open defecation and unsatisfactory sanitation -- Industrial Wastewater Discharge -- Agricultural Runoff and Soil Erosion -- Religious Activities and Inefficient Solid Waste Management -- Religious Activities -- Ineffective solid waste disposal and management -- Flow Obstructions and Water Abstractions -- OVERVIEW OF EFFORTS UNDERTAKEN FOR THE REJUVENATION FOR RIVER GANGA -- Source Control of Pollution -- Channelization, treatment, utilization and disposal of treated domestic sewage -- Industrial Pollution Control -- Solid Waste Management -- River Catchment/Basin Management -- Maintenances of environmental flows (e-flow) -- Water quality monitoring -- Controlled groundwater extraction -- Other Restoration Measures -- Variety of Riverfront Development Projects on Ganga and its Tributaries -- Afforestation and Biodiversity Conservation (BC) -- Protection of Flood Plains -- In-situ Bioremediation -- Public Awareness -- LESSONS FROM FEW GLOBAL RIVER REJUVENATION ATTEMPTS -- CHALLENGES CONCERNING TO REJUVENATION STRATEGIES -- INTERVENTIONS RECOMMENDED. , References -- Chapter 3: Ganges Groundwater Interaction at Varanasi -- INTRODUCTION -- STUDY AREA -- Gangetic River System -- Varanasi -- AQUIFER DELINEATION -- GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY -- SURFACE WATER-GROUNDWATER INTERACTION -- Water Level Fluctuation -- Mixing Model -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 4: Microbial Water Quality Assessment in River Ganga (Bihar) -- RIVER SYSTEM -- The Holy Ganga in Bihar -- Sources of Ganga Pollution -- COLIFORM BACTERIA IN RIVER WATER -- Bacterial Indicators Use in Water Quality -- Water Quality Indicator Microbes -- Indicator Microbes -- Total Coliform -- Escherichia coli (E. coli) -- SAMPLE COLLECTION SITE FOR MICROBIAL ANALYSIS IN GANGA WATER -- ANALYSIS OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF GANGA -- Microbial contamination observation -- WATERBORNE DISEASES -- HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO FAECAL POLLUTION -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 5: Vulnerability and Resilience Status of River Systems of North-Eastern India: A Special Reference to Brahmaputra -- INTRODUCTION -- RIVER SYSTEMS IN NORTH-EASTERN INDIA -- The Brahmaputra river basin -- VULNERABILITY OF URBAN WATER BODIES -- RESEARCH STUDIES ON NORTH-EASTERN RIVERS (BRAHMAPUTRA) -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 6: Flood Hazard of the Brahmaputra River in Assam: Current Mitigation Approaches, Challenges and Sustainable Solution ... -- INTRODUCTION -- CAUSES OF FLOODS IN BRAHMAPUTRA -- EXISTING FLOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -- CHALLENGES -- WAY FORWARD -- References -- Chapter 7: Integrated Simulation of Surfacewater-Groundwater (SW-GW) Interactions Using SWAT-MODFLOW (Case study: Shiraz Basin... -- INTRODUCTION -- AIM AND SCOPE -- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY -- THEORY OF SW-GW INTERACTION -- DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA -- SWAT-MODFLOW MODEL DEVELOPMENT -- SWAT-MODFLOW CALIBRATION -- RESULT -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 8: Effect of Changing Climate on the Water Resources of Upper Jhelum Basin (UJB), India -- INTRODUCTION -- STUDY AREA -- HYDROLOGICAL SETUP -- METHODOLOGY ADOPTED -- END MEMBER-MIXING ANALYSIS (EMMA) -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- Variability of Stable Water Isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) in Source Waters -- Variability of Stable Water Isotopes (18O and 2H) in Stream Water -- Contribution of Rain, Snow and Glacier Melt to River Jhelum -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISCHARGE AND PRECIPITATION REGIMES -- LONG-TERM CHANGE IN SNOW COVER -- INFLUENCE OF CHANGING CLIMATE ON THE WATER RESOURCES OF UJB -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 9: Geogenic and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Water Quality of Cauvery River -- INTRODUCTION -- FACTORS CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION OF RIVER WATER -- Meteorological and Geographical Factors -- Hydrological Factors -- Lithological Factors -- Landuse/Land Cover -- TEMPORAL VARIATION IN WATER QUALITY -- SOURCES AND TYPES OF CONTAMINATION -- Natural Source -- Anthropogenic Sources -- SOURCES OF ANTHROPOGENIC CONTAMINATION -- Point Source -- Non-point Source -- CLIMATE CHANGE -- TYPES OF POLLUTANTS -- Inorganic Pollutants -- Organic Pollutants -- Microbial Pollutants -- WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS -- Physical Parameters -- pH -- Electrical conductivity -- Turbidity -- Oxidation-reduction potential -- Temperature -- Dissolved oxygen -- Chemical Parameters -- Major ions, minor ions and trace elements -- Alkalinity -- Nutrients -- Biochemical oxygen demand -- Chemical oxygen demand -- METHODS TO IDENTIFY ANTHROPOGENIC AND GEOGENIC CONTAMINATION IN RIVERS -- Microbial Identification -- Isotopic Identification -- IDENTIFICATION USING MAJOR IONS -- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS -- Sampling Methodology -- Surface Water Quality in the Basin -- Groundwater Quality in the Basin -- Impact of river water recharge on groundwater quality. , FACTORS INFLUENCING RIVER WATER QUALITY IN CAUVERY BASIN -- Meteorological Conditions -- Hydrological Factors -- Lithology -- LANDUSE/LAND COVER -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 10: Fluvio-dynamics and Groundwater System in the Narmada River Basin, India -- INTRODUCTION -- THE NARMADA RIVER BASIN (NRB) -- NARMADA ALLUVIAL PLAIN -- NEOTECTONICS AND DYNAMICS IN THE NARMADA RIVER SYSTEM -- PALAEOCHANNELS IN NARMADA ALLUVIAL PLAINS -- ALLUVIAL HYDROGEOLOGY IN UPPER NARMADA RIVER BASIN IN MADHYA PRADESH -- Hydrogeological parameters of alluvial aquifers in NAP -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Chapter 11: Groundwater Resources in Punjab and Bist-Doab Area: An Appraisal and Overview -- INTRODUCTION -- HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL FEATURES -- Physiography -- Demography -- Climate and Rainfall -- Soils -- Rivers of Punjab -- Agriculture -- Water and Irrigation -- Groundwater Aquifer -- GROUNDWATER RESOURCES -- Water Quality -- BIST-DOAB REGION: A CASE STUDY -- Land-Use Changes (LUCs) -- Groundwater Fluctuation -- Satellite based (GRACE data) GWL analysis -- ISOTOPE ANALYSIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Chapter 12: Environmental Flow Impacts on Water Quality of Peninsular River System: Tunga-Bhadra River, India -- INTRODUCTION -- DATA AND METHODOLOGY: CASE STUDY -- Threshold indices for low flows -- Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) -- Environmental Flows and Water Quality -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Low Flow Analysis -- River Water Quality Analysis -- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- Part II: Hydrosocial -- Chapter 13: Relationships First: Introducing Phenomenological Research Methodology in Hydrosocial Scholarship -- INTRODUCTION -- PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY -- Interpretive Approach in PRM -- PHENOMENOLOGICAL NARRATIVES ON CHANGE IN ENVIRONMENT AND LANDSCAPE OF SUNDARBANS -- CONCLUSION -- References. , Chapter 14: Socio-hydrology: A Holistic Approach to Water-Human Nexus in Large Riverine Islands of India, Bangladesh and Vietn... -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODOLOGY -- EXPECTED DELIVERABLES/OUTPUTS -- RELEVANCE -- APN´s Strategic Plan -- Policy Processes and Sustainability -- Scientific Capacity Development for Global Change Research -- CONCLUSION AND WAY FORWARD -- References -- Chapter 15: Interlinking of Indian Rivers: Floated Myths, Flouted Realities -- INTERLINKING RIVERS: A CONCERN -- ILR AS A REMEDY FOR INDIA´S WATER WOES -- Co-managing `Menace´ of Floods and `Curse´ of Drought -- Interlinking for Food- and Water-secure Future -- Hydropower and Other Incidental Benefits -- UNDERSTANDING THE CRITICISM FOR ILR -- Flawed Assumptions and Miscalculated Benefits -- Overlooking Alternatives: A Case for Local Solutions -- Emerging Ecological Concerns -- ILR IN LIGHT OF EMERGING NEW PARADIGM OF INTEGRATED WATER GOVERNANCE -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ANNEXURE -- References -- Chapter 16: Dynamics of Transboundary River Conflicts vis-à-vis Nature Based Negotiated Approach (NBNA) Solution: Case Study R... -- INTRODUCTION -- WATER CONFLICTS: HYDRO POLITICS OCCUPY THE PIVOTAL POINT -- TRANSBOUNDARY RIVER PARADIGM IN SOUTH ASIA -- INDIA BANGLADESH RIVER DYNAMICS -- TEESTA WATER SHARING POLITICS: REALITY VERSUS RHETORIC (CASE STUDY) -- Hardly any water available to split between India and Bangladesh -- Poor Planning: Priorities Changed -- Hydroelectricity Factor -- Measuring Water Flow During Wrong Time -- The Teesta-Mahananda Link Canal Impact -- The Climate Change Effect -- NATURE BASED NEGOTIATED APPROACH (NBNA)IS THE KEY -- References -- Part III: Hydro-heritage -- Chapter 17: A Deep Ecological Exploration of Indian River Systems: Review of Its Cultural Landscape and Triveni Sangam Case -- INTRODUCTION -- DEEP ECOLOGY AND FLOW OF RIVERS. , RIVERS IN INDIAN LANDSCAPE.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Prologue -- Ecological Wisdom: Genesis, Conceptualization, and Defining Characteristics -- EcoWISE -- Ecological Wisdom -- Ecological Wisdom as an Ethical Belief: Ecosophy -- Sec5 -- Ecological Wisdom as the Ability to Achieve the Unity of Moral Knowledge and Virtuous Action -- Ecological Wisdom as the Ability to Do Preeminent Ecological Practice Research -- Role Models and the Community of Scholar-Practitioners -- References -- 1 Development of Environmentally Sustainable Materials -- Abstract -- 1 What is a Sustainable Material? -- 2 Measuring the Sustainability of Materials -- 3 What to Do First? -- 4 Energy Use and Building Insulation -- 5 Land Use and Decreasing the Damage from Animal Industries -- 6 Sustainable Lead Redux-Can We Replace Metals? -- 7 Looking Forward: "Sustainable Materials" and Consumption -- References -- 2 Overlooked Strategies in Exploitation of Microorganisms in the Field of Building Materials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microbial-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) -- 3 Alternative MICP Pathways and Their Working Principles -- 3.1 Aerobic Oxidation of Organic Carbon -- 3.2 Anoxic Oxidation of Organic Carbon -- 3.3 Methane Oxidation -- 3.4 Carbon Dioxide Hydrolysis -- 4 MICP Applications Waiting for Further Exploration -- 4.1 Production of Microbial Bricks -- 4.2 Simultaneous Greenhouse Gas Sequestration and Surface Treatment -- 4.3 Crack Repair in Cementitious Composites -- 4.4 Improvement of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Properties -- 5 Overlooked Microbial Strategies with Significant Potential -- 5.1 Microbial Surface Cleaning -- 5.2 Bio-Based Insulation -- 5.3 Green Walls with Microorganisms: An Alternative Way to Sequester Carbon Dioxide -- 5.4 Microbial-Induced Corrosion Inhibition -- 5.5 Exploiting Microbial-Produced Polymers -- 6 Challenges and Future Perspectives. , 7 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) for Soil Stabilization -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principal of Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) Process -- 3 Urease-Driven MICP -- 3.1 Urease Enzyme and Microbial Urease -- 3.2 Metabolism of Urease Positive Bacteria -- 3.3 MICP Induced by Urea Hydrolysis -- 4 Soil Cementation and Stabilization via MICP -- 4.1 Ex Situ Cultivated Versus In Situ Enriched Ureolytic Bacteria -- 4.2 Pure Strain Versus Enrichment -- 4.3 Injection Versus Surface Percolation Versus In Situ Premixing -- 4.4 MICP Improvement of Engineering Properties of Soil -- 4.5 Effective Crystals and Efficiency of Cementation -- 4.6 Durability of MICP Treated Soils -- 4.7 Approaches Other Than Urease-Driven MICP -- 5 MICP for Civil Engineering Applications Other Than Soil Improvement -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Utilization of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation for Sand Solidification Using Pararhodobacter sp. -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Syringe Solidification Test Using MICP Method -- 2.1 Methodology -- 2.2 Test Conditions -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 Bacterial Population and Re-injection of Bacteria -- 2.3.2 Curing Temperature and Curing Time -- 2.3.3 Injection Interval and Concentration of Cementation Media -- 2.3.4 Particle Size -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.4.1 Suggested Formula for Prediction of Estimated UCS -- 3 Model Test for Sand Solidification Using MICP Method -- 3.1 Methodology -- 3.2 Test Conditions -- 3.3 Results -- 3.3.1 pH and Ca2+ Concentration -- 3.3.2 Color Observation with the Time -- 3.3.3 Estimated UCS Results -- 3.3.4 SEM Images and EDX Results -- 3.3.5 XRD Results -- 3.3.6 X-CT Results -- 3.4 Discussion -- 3.4.1 Comparison of Relationship Between UCS and CaCO3 Content with Previous Studies. , 3.4.2 Usefulness and Applicability of Model Test in Practical Stage -- 3.4.3 Comparison Between Syringe Solidification Test and Model Test -- 4 Future Improvements -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Effect of Plant-Derived Urease-Induced Carbonate Formation on the Strength Enhancement of Sandy Soil -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Plant-Derived Urease Enzyme and its Activity -- 1.2 Importance of Plant-Derived Urease Enzyme Over the Microbial Urease -- 1.3 Existing Applications of Plant-Derived Urease-Induced CC Precipitation -- 2 Methodology of the Current Study -- 2.1 Selection of a Plant Species Having Urease Activity and Extraction of Urease Enzyme from Seeds -- 2.2 Quantitative Determination of Urease Activity -- 2.3 Syringe Solidification Test -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Quantitative Determination of Urease Activity -- 3.2 Syringe Solidification Test -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Material Properties of Agriculture Straw Fibre-Reinforced Concrete -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Fibres -- 3 Characteristics of the Adopted Agricultural Straw Fibres -- 4 Concrete with Agricultural Straw Fibres -- 4.1 Uniaxial Compressive Strength -- 4.2 Residual Flexural Strength -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Agro-Industrial Discards and Invasive Weed-Based Lignocelluloses as Green Building Materials: A Pertinent Review -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Construction Materials from Lignocellulosic Waste -- 2.1 Particle Board -- 2.2 Thermal Insulator -- 2.3 Masonry Composites/Bricks -- 2.4 Cementitious/Pozzolana/Binder Material -- 2.5 Aggregate/Concrete -- 3 Ecological Wisdom for Sustainability of Natural and Urban Ecosystem -- 4 Issues to Surmount in Lignocellulose-Based Building Materials -- 5 Future Prospective in Lignocellulose-Based Building Materials -- 6 Conclusion -- References. , 8 Integration of Ecosystem Services in the Structure of the City is Essential for Urban Sustainability -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Research Scope -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Historical Development of the City-A Short Literature Review of Urbanization -- 2.2 Environmental and Social Problems in Modern Cities -- 2.3 Ecosystem Services -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Selection of Urban Problems -- 4.2 Selection of Ecological Services -- 4.3 Comparison of Ecosystem Services and Urban Problems -- 4.4 Description of the Urban Ecological Services as Solutions for Place-Related Urban Problems -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Historical Development of Urban Greenery and the Relationship with Actual Urban Problems -- 5.2 Urban Ecological Services and Their Applicability to Solve Specific Actual Urban Problems -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Integrated Blue and Green Corridor Restoration in Strasbourg: Green Toads, Citizens, and Long-Term Issues -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Issues and Potential of the Socio-Ecosystem at Stake -- 2.1 What Alterations Have Motivated the Restoration Program? -- 2.2 First Project, Public Inquiry, and Social Adjustments -- 2.3 The 'Dirty' Stormwater Problem and the Way It Was Solved -- 3 Tackling the Issues: The Restoration of the Ostwaldergraben Socio-Ecosystem -- 3.1 Technical Itinerary to Achieve the Restoration Objectives -- 3.2 Setting up the Nature-Based Solutions to Treat Stormwater -- 4 The Ostwaldergraben's Response: Aftermath of the Restoration Project -- 4.1 The Creation of a Haven for the Green Toad? A New Face for the Corridor -- 4.2 Sustainability of the stormwater treatment: evolution of the hybrid system over 5 years -- 4.3 Nature-Based Solutions and Citizen Representations: Sociological Aspects of the Project -- 5 Conclusion: The Trade-Offs of This Project -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 10 The Role of Ecological Wisdom in Brownfields Redevelopment in China -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Definition of Brownfield -- 2 Brownfields Formation in China -- 3 Problems with Brownfields -- 4 Ecological Wisdom and Brownfield Redevelopment in China -- 5 Sustainable Remediation for Brownfield Redevelopment -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Ecological Wisdom-Inspired Remediation Technology for Aquaculture Water Quality Improvement in Ecological Agricultural Park -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Location of Pilot-Scale Experiment -- 2.2 Construction of Aquaculture Water Quality Purification -- 2.2.1 Section I-Aquatic Plant Purification -- 2.2.2 Section II-Economic Floating Bed Area -- 2.3 Layout and Determination of Indicators and Methods of Sampling Points -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Investigation of Aquaculture in Ecological Agriculture -- 3.1.1 Basic Information of Aquacultural Ponds -- 3.1.2 Water Quality of Aquacultural Ponds -- 3.1.3 Pollution Intensity Calculation of Aquacultural Ponds -- 3.2 Evaluation of Operation Effect of Demonstration Project -- 3.2.1 Comparison of Annual Water Purification Effect -- 3.2.2 Comparison of Two Stages of Water Purification Effect -- 3.3 Benefit Analysis of Demonstration Project -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Wetlands Restoration Engineering in the Metropolitan Area -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ecosystem of Wetlands -- 3 Effect of Climate Change on Wetland -- 4 Hydrological Change of Wetlands -- 4.1 Human Factors Behind the Wetland Degradation -- 4.2 Invasive Species -- 4.3 Invasive Species Potentially Associated with Wetlands in the Project Area -- 4.4 Wetlands at Risk in Metropolitan Area -- 5 Wetlands in Shanghai -- 5.1 Method -- 5.1.1 Water in Wetland -- 5.1.2 Source of Water Pollution -- 5.1.3 Wetlands in the Treatment System. , 5.2 Vegetation Community Wetland.

Note: Front Cover -- Global Groundwater -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About the Editors -- Forewords -- I Foreword on groundwater as a resource -- II Foreword on groundwater for society -- III Foreword on groundwater for sustainability -- IV Foreword on groundwater for future -- V Foreword on groundwater research -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- Disclaimer -- Introduction: Why Study Global Groundwater? -- References -- Theme 1 Global groundwater -- 1 Global groundwater: from scarcity to security through sustainability and solutions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Groundwater source and availability -- 1.3 Groundwater scarcity -- 1.3.1 Quantity -- 1.3.2 Groundwater quality -- 1.4 Groundwater sustainability and security -- 1.4.1 Groundwater-food-energy nexus -- 1.4.2 Urbanization -- 1.4.3 Groundwater trade and hydro-economics -- 1.5 Solutions -- 1.5.1 Enhancing irrigation and urban groundwater efficiency -- 1.5.2 Groundwater rejuvenation -- 1.5.3 Desalination -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Theme 2 Groundwater sources -- 2 Groundwater of carbonate aquifers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Carbonate geochemistry and hydrochemical evolution -- 2.3 Porosity and permeability -- 2.4 Recharge and flow -- 2.5 Water supply and environmental issues -- 2.6 Challenges in monitoring and modeling -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Groundwater resources in Australia-their occurrence, management, and future challenges -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Groundwater resources in Australia -- 3.3 Historical development of groundwater -- 3.4 Evolution of groundwater management -- 3.5 Current groundwater usage -- 3.6 Groundwater management issues -- 3.6.1 Overuse and overallocation of groundwater -- 3.6.2 Groundwater-dependent ecosystems -- 3.6.3 Impacts of groundwater extraction on surface-water systems -- 3.6.4 Effect of climate change on groundwater resources. , 3.6.5 Impacts of mining on groundwater resources -- 3.6.6 Land and groundwater salinization -- 3.6.7 Seawater intrusion -- 3.7 Future challenges -- 3.7.1 Managed aquifer recharge -- 3.7.2 Declining resources for understanding and managing groundwater -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 4 Groundwater storage dynamics in the Himalayan river basins and impacts of global change in the Anthropocene -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Hydrology and climate of Himalayan river basins -- 4.2.1 The Indus river basin -- 4.2.2 The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basin -- 4.2.3 The Irrawaddy river basin -- 4.3 Groundwater for drinking and agricultural use -- 4.4 Groundwater storage dynamics in Himalayan river basins -- 4.4.1 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment: Earth observation satellite monitoring -- 4.4.2 Dynamics in Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment terrestrial water storage -- 4.4.3 Mapping groundwater storage using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment -- 4.4.4 Reported changes of groundwater storage and impacts of global change -- 4.5 Concluding discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Groundwater variations in the North China Plain: monitoring and modeling under climate change and human activities toward... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Impacts of human activities on groundwater in the North China Plain -- 5.3 Climate change impact on groundwater in the North China Plain -- 5.4 China's South-to-North Water Diversion -- 5.5 Review on groundwater storage assessment in the North China Plain -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 Emerging groundwater and surface water trends in Alberta, Canada -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Data and methods -- 6.2.1 Study region -- 6.2.2 Groundwater level observation -- 6.2.3 Observations of surface water -- 6.2.4 Rainfall and snowmelt water -- 6.3 Results and discussions. , 6.3.1 Rainfall and snowmelt water -- 6.3.2 Surface water level changes -- 6.3.3 Groundwater level changes -- 6.4 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Groundwater irrigation and implication in the Nile river basin -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Surface water in the Nile basin -- 7.3 Land use and irrigation in the Nile basin -- 7.4 Groundwater in the Nile basin -- 7.5 Aquifers in Nile riparian countries -- 7.5.1 Groundwater in Egypt -- 7.5.2 Groundwater in Sudan and South Sudan -- 7.5.3 Groundwater in Ethiopia -- 7.5.4 Groundwater in the Extended Lake Victoria basin -- 7.6 Discussion and conclusion -- References -- 8 Groundwater availability and security in the Kingston Basin, Jamaica -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Kingston Hydrologic Basin -- 8.2.1 Population and water supply -- 8.2.2 Hydrogeology of the KHB -- 8.2.3 Climate of the KHB -- 8.3 Methodology and analytical procedures -- 8.3.1 Field work -- 8.3.2 Water quality analysis -- 8.4 Results and discussion -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Transboundary aquifers: a shared subsurface asset, in urgent need of sound governance -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Definition of transboundary aquifer: international and intranational -- 9.3 Governance-collaboration, potential dispute resolution -- 9.4 Water availability as a driver for governance -- 9.5 Current global inventory and classification of transboundary aquifers -- 9.6 Review of recent developments-the Red Queen effect -- 9.7 The place of transboundary aquifers in national priorities -- 9.8 SDGs as a driver toward sound governance of transboundary aquifers -- 9.9 The climate change megatrend and relevance to transboundary aquifers -- 9.10 Transboundary aquifers under high developmental stress -- 9.11 Estimating the urgency of sound governance as a function of water abundance/water scarcity. , 9.12 Case history: the Stampriet aquifer-Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa -- 9.13 Hurdles to progress in intercountry dialogue-the "invisibility cape"? -- 9.14 The hiatus in the progress to adoption of the Draft Articles -- 9.15 Conclusion: light at the end of the tunnel -- Conflict of interest -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 Transboundary groundwater of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River delta system -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Geologic and geomorphologic setting -- 10.3 Aquifer framework -- 10.4 Groundwater flow system -- 10.5 Hydrogeochemistry -- 10.6 Groundwater arsenic contamination -- 10.7 Policy interventions and management options for arsenic mitigation -- References -- Further reading -- Theme 3 Groundwater scarcity: quantity and quality -- 11 Groundwater drought: environmental controls and monitoring -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Environmental controls on groundwater -- 11.2.1 Precipitation -- 11.2.2 Subsurface hydrogeological conditions -- 11.2.3 Large-scale climate phenomena -- 11.3 Groundwater drought monitoring -- 11.3.1 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data assimilation for groundwater drought monitoring -- 11.3.2 Other groundwater drought indicators -- 11.4 Characteristics of groundwater drought at the global domain -- 11.5 Discussions and future research -- References -- 12 Groundwater scarcity in the Middle East -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Water resources: current use and future trends -- 12.3 Impacts of water scarcity -- 12.3.1 Water resources and climate change -- 12.3.2 Water quality -- 12.4 Water resources management -- 12.4.1 Mitigation to water scarcity -- 12.4.1.1 Desalination -- 12.4.1.2 Treated wastewater reuse -- 12.4.1.3 Rainwater harvesting and artificial aquifer recharge -- 12.5 Case studies -- 12.5.1 Jordan River -- 12.5.2 Tigris-Euphrates River -- 12.5.3 Nile River. , 12.5.3.1 Victoria Nile or the White Nile -- 12.5.3.2 Blue Nile River basin -- References -- 13 Groundwater scarcity and management in the arid areas in East Africa -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Typical characteristics of the dryland areas -- 13.3 Typologies of hydrogeology difficulties in arid areas in the East Africa -- 13.3.1 Arid volcanic mountains (old rugged volcanics) -- 13.3.2 Rift volcanics and pyroclastics -- 13.3.3 Nazareth series ignimbrites -- 13.3.4 Extensive limestone and sandstone plateaus, rocky hills, and plains in arid environments -- 13.3.5 Extensive loose inland alluvio-lacustrine, inland deltaic, and coastal plain aquifers -- 13.3.5.1 Permissible hydrogeology environments -- 13.4 Current and past drinking water delivery practices -- 13.5 Securing water in difficult hydrogeological environments -- 13.5.1 Identifying and protecting viable aquifers -- 13.5.2 Adaptation of customary water schemes -- 13.5.3 Enhancing water availability by water harvesting -- 13.5.4 Water quality management -- 13.5.5 Long distance and interbasin water transfer -- 13.5.6 Investing in sustainability of existing systems -- 13.6 Policy and practice implication -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further reading -- 14 Global geogenic groundwater pollution -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Global distribution of geogenic groundwater pollutants -- 14.2.1 Arsenic -- 14.2.2 Fluoride -- 14.2.3 Selenium -- 14.2.4 Uranium -- 14.2.5 Salinity -- 14.3 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Out of sight, but not out of mind: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Analytical methods for monitoring per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances -- 15.3 Sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the environment -- 15.3.1 Aqueous film-forming foam -- 15.3.2 Landfill leachate -- 15.3.3 Industrial sources -- 15.3.4 Other sources. , 15.4 Occurrence studies.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- Preamble -- a) Groundwater Quantity of South Asia -- b) Groundwater Exploration of South Asia -- c) Groundwater Quality of South Asia -- d) Groundwater Sustainability of South Asia -- e) Groundwater Management of South Asia -- f) Groundwater Governance of South Asia -- About the Editor -- Groundwater Systems of South Asia -- 1 Overview of the Groundwater of South Asia -- Abstract -- 1.1 Afghanistan -- 1.2 Bangladesh -- 1.3 Bhutan -- 1.4 India -- 1.5 Nepal -- 1.6 Myanmar -- 1.7 Pakistan -- 1.8 Sri Lanka -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- Groundwater Availability: Exploration, Recharge and Storage -- 2 Groundwater Availability in the Kabul Basin, Afghanistan -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Climate -- 2.3 Geohydrology -- 2.4 Recharge -- 2.5 Groundwater Availability and Future Needs -- 2.6 Discussion -- References -- 3 Estimating Present-Day Groundwater Recharge Rates in India -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) Method -- 3.2.3 Water Budget (WB) Method -- 3.3 Result and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Groundwater Recharge Rate Estimates -- 3.3.2 Comparison Between Recharge Rates Estimated Through WTF and WB Method -- 3.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Groundwater Storage Variations in India -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods -- 4.2.1 Study Area -- 4.2.2 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) -- 4.2.3 Other Hydrological Components -- 4.2.4 Uncertainty Estimates -- 4.3 Result and Discussion -- 4.4 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Groundwater of Hard Rock Aquifers of India -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Hard Rock Hydrogeology -- 5.3 Development of Hard Rock Aquifers -- 5.4 Aquifer Mapping in Hard Rocks of India -- 5.5 Surface Geophysical Survey. , 5.6 Heliborne Geophysical Survey -- 5.7 Case Studies on Integrated Geophysical Survey -- 5.8 Managed Aquifer Recharge -- 5.9 Groundwater Quality -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Assessment of Groundwater in Karst System of Kashmir Himalayas, India -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Overview of the Study Area -- 6.3 Carbonate Rocks and Karst Landforms in Kashmir -- 6.4 Hydrochemistry -- 6.5 Dynamics of Karst Springs and Karst Functioning -- 6.6 Recharge Catchments -- 6.7 Karst Vulnerability -- 6.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Groundwater Availability of Northern and Southern Bank Aquifers of the Middle Ganga Plain, India -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Geologic Set-Up -- 7.2.1 Regional Geology -- 7.2.2 Quaternary Geology -- 7.3 Study Area -- 7.4 Hydrogeological Framework and Aquifer Configuration -- 7.5 Groundwater Flow Regime -- 7.6 Aquifer Hydraulic Parameters -- 7.7 Intense Groundwater Usage: Patna Metropolitan City -- 7.8 Conclusions and Recommendation -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Exploration of Groundwater-Enriched Aquifers of Central Gangetic Basin, India Using Geomorphic Signatures -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Geomorphology of Central Gangetic Basin -- 8.3 Case Study 1: Paleolake Investigation in Varanasi Combining Surface Geomorphic Feature and Subsurface Sedimentary Architecture -- 8.4 Case Study 2: Shallow Aquifer Investigation in Point Bar of Single-Channel Ganges River at Varanasi Using Ground Penetrating Radar -- 8.5 Discussion -- References -- 9 Groundwater System of National Capital Region Delhi, India -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Population -- 9.3 Land Use/Land Cover -- 9.4 Geology/Geomorphology of NCR Delhi -- 9.5 Hydrogeology -- 9.5.1 Aquifer Characteristics -- 9.5.1.1 Experimentation for Aquifer Characterization -- 9.6 Groundwater Availability. , 9.6.1 Decline in Water Level -- 9.6.2 Recharge Possibilities -- 9.7 Groundwater Quality -- 9.7.1 Hydrochemical Facies Variation in Parts of the NCR -- 9.7.2 Nitrate -- 9.7.3 Fluoride -- 9.7.4 Iron -- 9.7.5 Arsenic and Other Heavy Metals -- 9.8 Surface Water Quality and Remedial Measures -- 9.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Groundwater Resources of Myanmar -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Climate and Rainfall -- 10.3 Physiography and Drainage -- 10.4 Geological Setting -- 10.4.1 The Eastern Highlands and Upper Irrawaddy Province (Tagaung-Myitgyinar Belt) -- 10.4.2 The Central Lowlands -- 10.4.3 The Western Ranges (or) Western Fold Belts -- 10.4.4 Arakan Coastal Belt -- 10.5 Water Resource Potential -- 10.6 Groundwater Resources in Myanmar -- 10.6.1 Kachin State (Northern Areas) -- 10.6.2 Sagaing Region (Northwestern Area) -- 10.6.3 Shan, Kayah, Kayin, Mon States and Tanintharyi Region (E and SE Area) -- 10.6.4 Rakhine and Chin States (Western Area) -- 10.6.5 The Central Area (Mandalay and Magway Regions) -- 10.6.6 The Delta Area (Yangon and Ayeyarwaddy Regions) -- 10.6.7 Bago Region (Southern Area) -- 10.7 Water Quality of Three Major Aquifers -- 10.8 Groundwater Usage -- 10.9 Conclusions -- Data Source -- 11 Groundwater Resources of Nepal: An Overview -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Background -- 11.1.1.1 Physiography -- 11.2 General Hydrogeology of Nepal -- 11.3 Hydrogeology of the Terai -- 11.3.1 Regional Hydrogeology -- 11.3.2 Representative Geological Cross Sections of Different Parts of Terai Region -- 11.3.3 District-Wise Groundwater Level and Transmissivity -- 11.3.4 Groundwater Recharge -- 11.3.5 Water Quality -- 11.4 Groundwater Resources in Kathmandu Valley -- 11.4.1 Hydrogeology of Kathmandu Valley -- 11.4.2 Water Demand -- 11.4.3 Stone Spout Discharge -- 11.4.4 Recharge to Aquifers (Rg). , 11.4.5 Water Quality -- 11.4.6 Alternative Sources of Groundwater in the Valley -- References -- Groundwater Quality and Pollution -- 12 Groundwater Quality and Concerns of Kabul River Basin, Afghanistan -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Geomorphology -- 12.3 Topography -- 12.3.1 Geology -- 12.4 Hydrology of Kabul River Basin (Precipitation and Runoff in the Basin) -- 12.5 Water Use in Kabul River Basin -- 12.6 Water Quality Hazards in Kabul River Basin -- References -- 13 An Overview of Groundwater Quality in Bangladesh -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Geology and Landform -- 13.3 Hydrogeological Setting -- 13.4 Hydrogeological Properties -- 13.5 Groundwater Geochemistry of Bangladesh -- 13.6 Arsenic -- 13.7 Iron -- 13.8 Manganese -- 13.9 Nitrate and Ammonia -- 13.10 Sulfate -- 13.11 Methane -- 13.12 Boron -- 13.13 Fluoride -- 13.14 Iodide -- 13.15 Barium -- 13.16 Strontium -- 13.17 Uranium -- 13.18 Fecal Contamination of Groundwater -- 13.19 Groundwater Pollution from Urban Industrial Areas -- 13.20 Agrichemicals -- 13.21 Saltwater Intrusion -- 13.22 Consequences of Groundwater Overdraft -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Isotope Tracer Applications in Groundwater Hydrology: A Review of Indian Scenario -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Isotope Tracers for Groundwater Hydrology -- 14.3 Isotope Applications in Groundwater -- 14.4 Groundwater Age Determination -- 14.5 Groundwater Recharge Estimation -- 14.6 Understanding Surface Water-Groundwater Interaction -- 14.7 Origin and Propagation of Natural Contaminants -- 14.8 Hydrothermal Circulation and Tectonic Fabric -- 14.9 Paleoclimatic Imprints -- 14.10 IWIN National Programme -- 14.11 Epilogue -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 An Overview of Agricultural Pollutants and Organic Contaminants in Groundwater of India -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction. , 15.2 Present Scenario of Agricultural Pollution in Groundwater in India -- References -- 16 A Comparative Analysis of Fluoride Contamination in a Part of Western India and Indus River Basin -- Abstract -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Materials and Methods -- 16.2.1 Study Area -- 16.2.2 Sample Collection and Analysis -- 16.3 Result and Discussion -- 16.3.1 Distribution of Major Ions -- 16.3.2 Correlation Between Major Ions -- 16.3.3 Hydrogeochemical Processes -- 16.3.3.1 Weathering and Dissolution -- 16.3.3.2 Evaporation -- 16.3.3.3 Ion-Exchange -- 16.4 Geochemical Modeling -- 16.4.1 Hydrochemical Facies -- 16.4.2 Saturation Indices -- 16.5 Fluoride Enrichment -- 16.6 Conclusion -- References -- 17 Groundwater Chemistry and Arsenic Enrichment of the Ganges River Basin Aquifer Systems -- Abstract -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Upper and Central Gangetic Basin Aquifers -- 17.2.1 The Aquifers -- 17.2.2 Hydrochemical Studies -- 17.2.3 Arsenic Distribution -- 17.3 Lower Gangetic Basin Aquifers -- 17.3.1 The Aquifers -- 17.3.2 Hydrogeochemistry -- 17.3.3 Groundwater Arsenic -- References -- 18 Groundwater Quality, Contamination, and Processes in Brahmaputra River Basin Aquifers -- Abstract -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Study Area -- 18.3 Methods -- 18.4 Results and Discussion -- 18.4.1 Groundwater Chemistry -- 18.4.2 Arsenic in Groundwater -- 18.5 Synthesis -- References -- 19 Groundwater Quality of Meghna River Basin Aquifers -- Abstract -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Groundwater Chemistry -- 19.2.1 Major Solutes and Hydrochemical Facies -- 19.2.2 Minor Solutes, Redox Environment, and Groundwater Contaminants -- 19.3 Hydrogeochemical Relationships and Processes -- References -- 20 The Groundwater Flow, Chemistry and Pollutant Distribution in the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh and India -- Abstract -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.1.1 Basin Boundaries. , 20.1.2 Physiographic Units.