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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Experimentelle Untersuchungen von Austauschprozessen in der Sediment-Wasser-Grenzschicht (1999)
    Kiel
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 Seiten = 4 MB) , Illustrationen, Graphen
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe 2023
    URL: https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/59058/
    Language: German
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  • 2
    Book
    Book
    Fluid discharge at different seep environments : distribution, flow rate, and influence on particle resuspension (2002)
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Dissertation ; Cold Seep ; Eckernförder Bucht ; Fluid ; Ausbreitung ; Schlierenmethode ; Cascade Range ; Subduktion
    Description / Table of Contents: Zs.-Fassung ; General Abstract
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: VIII, 101 Bl. , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Language: English , German
    Note: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 2003 , Enth.: A new schlieren technique application for fluid flow visualization at cold seep sites / Volker Karpen, Laurenz Thomsen, Erwin Suess, S. 10 - 31, auch in: Marine geology. - Groundwater discharges in the Baltic Sea : survey and quantification using a schlieren technique application. - Fluid and gas discharge and their implication for aggregate resuspension and pore fluid entrainment
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A new s̕chlieren ̕technique application for fluid flow visualization at cold seep sites (2004)
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    In: Marine geology, Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1964, 204(2004), 1/2, Seite 145-159, 1872-6151
    In: volume:204
    In: year:2004
    In: number:1/2
    In: pages:145-159
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Ill., graph. Darst
    ISSN: 1872-6151
    DOI: 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00370-0
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fluid discharge at different seep environments : distribution, flow rate, and influence on particle resuspension (2002)
    Kiel
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Hochschulschrift ; Dissertation ; Cold Seep ; Eckernförder Bucht ; Fluid ; Ausbreitung ; Schlierenmethode ; Cascade Range ; Subduktion
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource ( 110Seiten = 14MB) , Ill., graph. Darst.
    URL: https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/14921/
    Language: English , German
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  • 5
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    Groundwater discharges in the Baltic Sea: survey and quantification using a schlieren technique application (2006)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  Geofluids, 6 . pp. 241-250. Date online first: 2006
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-02
    Description: Groundwater seeps are known to occur in Eckernförde Bay, Baltic Sea. Their discharge rate and dispersion were investigated with a new schlieren technique application, which is able to visualize heterogeneous water parcels with density anomalies down to Drt ¼ 0.049 on the scale of millimeters. With the use of an inverted funnel, discharged fluids can be captured and the outflow velocity can be determined. Overall, 46 stations could be categorized by three different cases: active vent sites, seep-influenced sites, and non-seep sites. New seep locations were discovered, even at shallow near-shore sites, lacking prominent sediment depression, which indicate submarine springs. The detection of numerous seeps was possible and the groundwater-influenced area was defined to be approximately 6.3 km2. Flow rates of between 0.05 and 0.71 l m)2 min)1 were measured. A single focused fluid plume, which was not disturbed by the funnel was recorded and revealed a flux of 59.6 ± 20 ml cm)2 min)1 and it was calculated that this single focused plume would be strong enough to produce a flow rate through the funnel of 1.32 ± 0.44 l m)2 min)1. The effect of different seep-meter funnel sizes is discussed.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-8123.2006.00145.x
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    A new "schlieren" technique application for fluid flow visualization at cold seep sites (2004)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 204 (1-2). pp. 145-159.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-02
    Description: A new optical instrument for the investigation of submarine fluid flows based on a ‘schlieren’ technique was developed and successfully deployed at cold seep sites. With this application it is possible to visualize the discharge and distribution of fluids in the ambient bottom water and to resolve microstructures and mixing processes at a scale of centimeters. The system is sensitive to small refractive index anomalies caused by temperature and salinity variations. Density anomalies of Δσt=0.049 are detectable evaluated by in-situ temperature variations of ΔT=0.1°C and salinity variations of ΔS=0.045 psu. In flume experiments the smallest detectable density variation was even lower with Δσt=0.023. The technique has been successfully applied in two different environments. First field experiments were performed to observe submarine groundwater discharge in Eckernförde Bay (western Baltic Sea) at shallow water depths. Subsequently, the ‘schlieren’ technique was successfully brought to a cold seep location at the Cascadia convergent margin (800 m water depth). The discharge of fluids was recorded in both field experiments which enabled a qualitative seep site identification.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00370-0
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    Fluid discharge at different seep environments : distribution, discharge rate, influence on particle resuspension (2002)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-31
    Description: In this study submarine seepages were quantified and their implication within the marine environment was investigated. This work was accomplisheJ wiLh Lhe m;e of a new optical schlieren technique application. In different benthic environments - from the littoral to the abyssal - groundwater discharges, cold seeps, and hot vents have been known since deep sea exploration became possible. Nevertheless, many of the seeps are not obviously visible and a high technical and logistical effort is needed to explore them. A new instrument was developed, which enables an optical investigation of different seep types. This instrument was successfully deployed in two different marine environments influenced by different seep systems. First deployments were performed in Eckernforde Bay, western Baltic Sea where the impact of seep activities was observed at numerous stations. A general distinction between active seep sites and seep-influenced stations was carried out. The simultaneous deployment of a CTD-sen sor was used to confirm the video-recordings. Heterogeneous water masses with smallest density anomalies of Δσt = 0.049 were detected optically and by the CTD. In this study it was discovered that even a fluid with a density less than that of the ambient seawater does not ascend directly but is captured within the benthic boundary layer. Eckernförde Bay is characterized by the influence of an aquifer system, which has been the focus of several studies. The determination of the outer border of this seepage-influenced area is still vague. A general survey around known fluid-influenced pockmarks was carried out to detect new active seeps and the distribution of discharged groundwater into the ambient bottom-water. For this study a seep-influenced area of 6.3 km² was determined. Within this area it was possible to observe the distribution of discharged fluid at the sediment water interface. Several active seep sites were detected and a determination of the fluid discharge rates was performed using image processing software. Flow rates varied between 0.05 and 0.7 lm-2min-1 and the flux of a single focussed plume was determined to be as high as 59.6 ml cm-2 min-1. The results present new insights into the variability of discharge patterns as well as into the dispersion of fluids into adjacent regions. A first deployment at a water depth of about 800 m was performed at Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia subduction zone. Active cold seeps were investigated using the new optical application with a TV-guided frame. At two of the stations, discharged fluid was recorded, thus the optical investigation of fluid discharge even at this depth was successful. Further experimental investigations were carried out to study the interaction of fluid and gas bubble discharges forcing the resuspension of aggregates from the sediment-water interface. Sediment cores from both environments described above were obtained and integrated into seawater flumes. A fluid discharge through the sediment cores was simulated and recorded. The resuspended aggregates were counted and measured using image processing software. The median diameters of aggregates from Hydrate Ridge sediments varied between 0.121 and 0.183 mm. The aggregates from the Eckernförde Bay were larger with medians of 0.163-0.612 mm. The escape of bubbles leads to the resuspension of particles in the same size range. A simulated focussed plume which was comparable to a naturally observed one, had a discharge rate of 0.13 ml s-1. Thirteen aggregates per second were resuspended in this water mass. Also, the fluid entrainment due to the bubble discharge was made visible and the transport mass of pore fluid was determined with image processing software. A single ascending bubble (5 x 3.5 mm) with a vertical velocity of 20 cm s-1 entrained a fluid body of 30 μl in its wake up to 4 cm into the water column. These new experiments revealed that active seeps have to be taken into account for the calculation of resuspension fluxes. The size of the resuspended fraction is comparable to known size ranges of aggregates within the benthic boundary layer.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Thesis - not published by a publisher
  • 8
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    Experimentelle Untersuchungen von Austauschprozessen in der Sediment-Wasser-Grenzschicht (1999)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: Physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften eines Wasserkörpers wirken sich auf seine Dichte und somit auch auf seinen Brechungsindex aus. Fluidaustritte mit physikalischen und chemischen Anomalien wurden simuliert. Die Vermischung von Wasserkörpern mit unterschiedlichen Brechungsindizes wurde mit einer Schlierenoptik untersucht. Durch Experimente mit Temperatur- und Salzgehaltsanomalien war es möglich, die Empfindlichkeit der Schlierenoptik zu ermitteln. Für temperaturinduzierte Schlieren lag die Nachweisgrenze bei Δ 0,1°C. Die Entstehung von Schlieren durch Salzgehaltsanomalien konnte bis zu einer Salzgehaltsdifferenz von Δ 0,1 nachgewiesen werden. Mit Hilfe der gewonnenen Daten wurde ein optisches Auswerteverfahren entwickelt. Die Abweichungen des Brechungsindizes einer Schliere im Vergleich zu seinem Umgebungswasser konnte somit abgeschätzt werden. In Anlehnung an submarine Quellen wurden Experimente zu Fluidaustritten simuliert. Untersuchungen am Strömungskanal zeigten den Einfluß der Strömung auf die Vermischungsvorgänge. Es wurden sowohl SüBwasser- als auch Salzwasseraustritte untersucht und die unterschiedlichen Strömungsmuster charakterisiert. Der Einfluß biogener Aktivitäten und Strukturen auf den Austritt von Fluiden und Gasblasen wurde durch Experimente mit Muscheln dargestellt. Die von Arctica islandica freigesetzten Fluidmengen konnten mit Hilfe einer Bildverarbeitung quantifiziert werden. In Aktivitätsphasen können so 5,4 cm3 h-1 Porenwasser freigesetzt werden. Die Kalibrierung des optischen Verfahrens ermöglichte die qualitative und quantitative Auswertung biogen induzierter Schlieren. In Experimenten mit unterschiedlichen Muschelarten (Mytilus edulis, Arctica islandica, Saxicava arctica) wurden Pumpaktivitäten untersucht. Die Pumprate von Arctica islandica wurde mit Hilfe der Schlierenoptik bestimmt. Die Auswertung ergab eine Pumprate zwischen 0,16 cm3·s-1 und 3,0 cm3·s-1.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Thesis - not published by a publisher
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