Note: Intro -- Aryl Diazonium Salts: New Coupling Agents in Polymer and Surface Science -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- 1: Attachment of Organic Layers to Materials Surfaces by Reduction of Diazonium Salts -- 1.1: A Brief Survey of the Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Diazonium Salts -- 1.2: The Different Methods that Permit Grafting of Diazonium Salts -- 1.2.1: Electrochemistry -- 1.2.2: Reducing Substrate, Homolytic Dediazonation, Reaction with the Substrate -- 1.2.3: Reducing Reagent -- 1.2.4: Neutral and Basic Media -- 1.2.5: Ultrasonication -- 1.2.6: Heating and Microwave -- 1.2.7: Mechanical Grafting -- 1.2.8: Photochemistry -- 1.3: The Different Substrates, Diazonium Salts, and Solvents that Can Be Used -- 1.3.1: Substrates -- 1.3.2: Diazonium Salts -- 1.3.3: Solvents -- 1.4: Evidence for the Presence of a Bond between the Substrate and the Organic Layer -- 1.4.1: Stability of the Layer -- 1.4.2: Spectroscopic Evidence for a Bond -- 1.5: From Monolayers to Multilayers -- 1.5.1: Monolayers -- 1.5.2: Layers of Medium Thickness -- 1.5.2.1 Thick Layers -- 1.6: Structure and Formation of Multilayers -- 1.6.1: Chemical Structure -- 1.6.2: The Spatial Structure of the Layers -- 1.6.3: Compactness of the Layers -- 1.6.4: Swelling of the Layer -- 1.6.5: Electron Transfer through the Layers -- 1.6.6: The Formation Mechanism of Multilayers -- 1.7: Conclusion -- References -- 2: Aryl-Surface Bonding: A Density Functional Theory (DFT)Simulation Approach -- 2.1: Introduction -- 2.2: Density Functional Theory -- 2.3: Bonding between Aryl and Various Substrates -- 2.3.1: On Graphite/Graphene -- 2.3.1.1 On the Basal Plane -- 2.3.1.2 On the Edges of Graphene -- 2.3.2: On Carbon Nanotubes -- 2.3.3: On Metal Surfaces -- 2.4: Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3: Patterned Molecular Layers on Surfaces. , 3.1: Methods Based on Scanning Probe Lithography -- 3.1.1: AFM -- 3.1.2: SECM -- 3.1.3: Spotting -- 3.2: Methods Based on Soft Lithography -- 3.2.1: Printing -- 3.2.2: Molds -- 3.2.3: Nanosphere Lithography -- 3.3: Methods Based on Lithography -- 3.4: Methods Based on Surface-Directed Patterning -- 3.4.1: Modification of Si Surfaces -- 3.4.2: Modified Electrode Arrays -- 3.5: Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 4: Analytical Methods for the Characterization of Aryl Layers -- 4.1: Introduction -- 4.2: Scanning Probe Microscopies -- 4.3: UV-VIS Spectroscopy: Transmission, Reflection, and Ellipsometry -- 4.4: IR Spectroscopy -- 4.4.1: Transmission Spectroscopy -- 4.4.2: Reflection Spectroscopy -- 4.4.3: Infrared Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (IRSE) -- 4.4.4: IRSE Surface Characterization -- 4.4.5: In Situ IR Spectroscopy: ATR and IRSE -- 4.5: Raman Spectroscopy and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) -- 4.6: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) -- 4.7: X-ray Standing Waves (XSW) -- 4.8: Rutherford Backscattering -- 4.9: Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy -- 4.10: Electrochemistry -- 4.11: Contact Angle Measurements -- 4.12: Conclusion -- References -- 5: Modification of Nano-objects by Aryl Diazonium Salts -- 5.1: Introduction -- 5.2: Electrochemical Modification of Nano-objects by Reduction of Diazonium Salts -- 5.2.1: Surface Modification of Carbon Nano-objects via Electrochemical Reduction of Aryl Diazonium Cations -- 5.2.2: Surface Modification of Metal and Metal Oxide Nano-objects via Electrochemical Reduction of Aryl Diazonium Cations -- 5.3: Chemical Modification of Nano-objects by Reduction of Diazonium Salts -- 5.3.1: Surface Modification of Carbon Nano-objects via Chemical Reduction of Aryl Diazonium Cations. , 5.3.2: Surface Modification of Metal and Metal Oxide Nano-objects via Chemical Reduction of Aryl Diazonium Cations -- 5.4: Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6: Polymer Grafting to Aryl Diazonium-Modified Materials: Methods and Applications -- 6.1: Introduction -- 6.2: Methods for Grafting Coupling Agents from Aryl Diazonium Compounds -- 6.3: Grafting Macromolecules to Surfaces through Aryl Layers -- 6.3.1: Binding Macromolecules to Surfaces by a Grafting from Strategy -- 6.3.1.1 Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (SI-ATRP) -- 6.3.1.2 Surface-Initiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (SI-RAFT) -- 6.3.1.3 Surface-Initiated Photopolymerization -- 6.3.1.4 Alternative Methods -- 6.3.2: Attachment of Macromolecules through Grafting onto Strategies -- 6.3.2.1 Photochemical Attachment -- 6.3.2.2 Ring Opening -- 6.3.2.3 Acylation -- 6.3.2.4 Click Chemistry -- 6.3.2.5 Diazotation of Substrates and Macromolecules -- 6.4: Adhesion of Polymers to Surfaces through Aryl Layers -- 6.5: Conclusion -- References -- 7: Grafting Polymer Films onto Material Surfaces: The One-Step Redox Processes -- 7.1: Cathodic Electrografting (CE) in an Organic Medium -- 7.1.1: Direct Cathodic Electrografting of Vinylic Polymers -- 7.1.2: Indirect Cathodic Electrografting -- 7.2: Surface Electroinitiated Emulsion Polymerization (SEEP) -- 7.2.1: Characterization of Poly(Butyl Methacrylate) Films -- 7.2.2: Determination of the Film Structure -- 7.2.3: Reduction of Protons and the Role of Hydrogen Radicals -- 7.2.4: Mechanism of SEEP -- 7.3: Chemical Grafting via Chemical Redox Activation (Graftfast™) -- 7.3.1: Process without Vinylic Monomer -- 7.3.2: Process with Vinylic Monomer -- 7.3.2.1 Type of Materials -- 7.3.2.2 Parameters Controlled in the Process -- 7.4: Summary and Conclusions -- References. , 8: Electrografting of Conductive Oligomers and Polymers -- 8.1: Introduction -- 8.2: Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers -- 8.3: Surface Grafting Based on Electroreduction of Diazonium Salts -- 8.4: Polyphenylene and Oligophenylene-Tethered Surface Prepared by the Diazonium Reduction of Aniline or 4-Substituted Aniline -- 8.5: n-Doping and Conductance Switching of Grafted Biphenyl, Terphenyl, Nitro-biphenyl and 4-Nitroazobenzene Mono- and Multilayers -- 8.6: p-Doping and Conductance Switching of Grafted Oligo-Phenylthiophene or Oligothiophene Mono- and Multilayers -- 8.7: p-Doping and Conductance Switching of Grafted Oligoaniline Mono- and Multilayers -- 8.8: Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 9: The Use of Aryl Diazonium Salts in the Fabrication of Biosensors and Chemical Sensors -- 9.1: Introduction -- 9.1.1: Sensors and Interfacial Design -- 9.1.2: Molecular Level Control over the Fabrication of Sensing Interfaces -- 9.2: The Important Features of Aryl Diazonium Salts with Regard to Sensing -- 9.3: Sensors and Biosensors Fabricated Using Aryl Diazonium Salts -- 9.3.1: Chemical Sensors - Sensors Fabricated via the Immobilization of Chemical Recognition Species -- 9.3.2: Biosensors -- 9.3.2.1 Enzyme Biosensors -- 9.3.2.2 Immunobiosensors -- 9.3.2.3 DNA-Based Biosensors -- 9.3.2.4 Cell-Based Biosensors -- 9.4: Conclusions -- References -- 10: Diazonium Compounds in Molecular Electronics -- 10.1: Introduction -- 10.2: Fabrication of Molecular Junctions Using Diazonium Reagents -- 10.2.1: Substrates for Diazonium-Derived Molecular Junctions -- 10.2.2: Surface Modification Using Diazonium Chemistry -- 10.2.3: Application of Top Contacts -- 10.3: Electronic Performance of Diazonium-Derived Molecular Junctions -- 10.3.1: Surface Diffusion Mediated Deposition (SDMD) -- 10.3.2: Structural Control of Molecular Junction Behavior. , 10.3.3: Redox Reactions in Molecular Junctions -- 10.3.4: Microfabricated Molecular Devices Made with Diazonium Chemistry -- 10.4: Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11: Electronic Properties of Si Surfaces Modified by Aryl Diazonium Compounds -- 11.1: Introduction -- 11.2: Experimental Techniques to Characterize Electronic Properties of Si Surfaces in Solutions -- 11.2.1: In Situ Photoluminescence and Photo Voltage Measurements -- 11.2.2: In Situ PL and PV Measurements during Electrochemical Grafting -- 11.2.3: Reaction Scheme of the Electrochemical Grafting via Diazonium Ions -- 11.2.4: Change in IPL and UPV during Electrochemical Grafting onto Si Surfaces -- 11.2.5: Change in Band Bending and Work Function after Electrochemical Grafting onto Si Surfaces -- 11.2.6: pH Dependence and Enhanced Surface Passivation -- 11.3: Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12: Non-Diazonium Organic and Organometallic Coupling Agents for Surface Modification -- 12.1: Amines -- 12.1.1: Characterization of the Grafted Layer -- 12.1.1.1 Electrochemical Methods -- 12.1.1.2 Surface Analysis Techniques -- 12.1.2: Chemical Grafting -- 12.1.3: Localized Electrografting -- 12.1.4: Grafting Mechanism -- 12.1.5: Applications -- 12.2: Arylhydrazines -- 12.3: Aryltriazenes -- 12.4: Alcohols -- 12.4.1: Observation and Characterization of the Film -- 12.4.2: Applications -- 12.5: Grignard Reagents -- 12.5.1: Characterization of the Layers -- 12.5.2: Grafting Mechanism -- 12.6: Onium Salts -- 12.6.1: Iodonium Salts -- 12.6.2: Sulfonium Salts -- 12.6.3: Ammonium Salts -- 12.7: Alkyl Halides -- 12.8: Conclusion -- References -- 13: Various Electrochemical Strategies for Grafting Electronic Functional Molecules to Silicon -- 13.1: Introduction -- 13.2: Architecture of Hybrid Devices -- 13.2.1: Molecular Dielectrics and Wires. , 13.2.2: Molecular Diodes.