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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comment on "Phytoplankton Calcification in a High-CO2 World" (2008)
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    In: Science, Washington, DC : American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1880, 322(2008), 5907, Seite 1466, 1095-9203
    In: volume:322
    In: year:2008
    In: number:5907
    In: pages:1466
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: graph. Darst
    ISSN: 1095-9203
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1161096
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Phytoplankton Blooms at Increasing Levels of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Experimental Evidence for Negative Effects on Prymnesiophytes and Positive on Small Picoeukaryotes (2017)
    Frontiers
    In:  Frontiers in Marine Science, 4 . Art.Nr. 64.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the ongoing accumulation in the surface ocean together with concomitantly decreasing pH and calcium carbonate saturation states have the potential to impact phytoplankton community composition and therefore biogeochemical element cycling on a global scale. Here we report on a recent mesocosm CO2 perturbation study (Raunefjorden, Norway), with a focus on organic matter and phytoplankton dynamics. Cell numbers of three phytoplankton groups were particularly affected by increasing levels of seawater CO2 throughout the entire experiment, with the cyanobacterium Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes (prasinophytes) profiting, and the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (prymnesiophyte) being negatively impacted. Combining these results with other phytoplankton community CO2 experiments into a data-set of global coverage suggests that, whenever CO2 effects are found, prymnesiophyte (especially coccolithophore) abundances are negatively affected, while the opposite holds true for small picoeukaryotes belonging to the class of prasinophytes, or the division of chlorophytes in general. Future reductions in calcium carbonate-producing coccolithophores, providing ballast which accelerates the sinking of particulate organic matter, together with increases in picoeukaryotes, an important component of the microbial loop in the euphotic zone, have the potential to impact marine export production, with feedbacks to Earth's climate system.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00064
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    Development of a colorimetric microfluidic pH sensor for autonomous seawater measurements (2013)
    Elsevier
    In:  Analytica Chimica Acta, 786 . pp. 124-131.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-27
    Description: High quality carbonate chemistry measurements are required in order to fully understand the dynamics of the oceanic carbonate system. Seawater pH data with good spatial and temporal coverage are particularly critical to apprehend ocean acidification phenomena and their consequences. There is a growing need for autonomous in situ instruments that measure pH on remote platforms. Our aim is to develop an accurate and precise autonomous in situ pH sensor for long term deployment on remote platforms. The widely used spectrophotometric pH technique is capable of the required high-quality measurements. We report a key step towards the miniaturization of a colorimetric pH sensor with the successful implementation of a simple microfluidic design with low reagent consumption. The system is particularly adapted to shipboard deployment: high quality data was obtained over a period of more than a month during a shipboard deployment in northwest European shelf waters, and less than 30 mL of indicator was consumed. The system featured a short term precision of 0.001 pH (n = 20) and an accuracy within the range of a certified Tris buffer (0.004 pH). The quality of the pH system measurements have been checked using various approaches: measurements of certified Tris buffer, measurement of certified seawater for DIC and TA, comparison of measured pH against calculated pH from pCO2, DIC and TA during the cruise in northwest European shelf waters. All showed that our measurements were of high quality. The measurements were made close to in situ temperature (+0.2 ̊C) in a sampling chamber which had a continuous flow of the ship’s underway seawater supply. The optical set up was robust and relatively small due to the use of an USB mini-spectrometer, a custom made polymeric flow cell and an LED light source. The use of a three wavelength LED with detection that integrated power across the whole of each LED output spectrum indicated that low wavelength resolution detectors can be used instead of the current USB mini spectrophotometer. Artefacts due to the polychromatic light source and inhomogeneity in the absorption cell are shown to have a negligible impact on the data quality. The next step in the miniaturization of the sensor will be the incorporation of a photodiode as detector to replace the spectrophotometer.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.05.008
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 4
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    Seawater-pH measurements for ocean-acidification observations (2012)
    Elsevier
    In:  TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 40 . pp. 146-157.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-04
    Description: The uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the oceans since the onset of the industrial revolution is considered a serious challenge to marine ecosystems due to ensuing carbonate-chemistry changes (ocean acidification). Furthermore, the CO2 uptake is reducing the ocean's capacity to absorb future CO2 emissions. In order to follow the changes in the ocean's carbonate system, high-quality analytical measurements with good spatial and temporal resolution are necessary. High-precision and accurate pH measurements are now possible, and allow us to determine the progression of ocean acidification. The spectrophotometric pH technique is now widely used and capable of the required high-quality measurements. Spectrophotometric pH systems are deployed on ships and in situ on remote platforms. Smaller and more rugged instruments are nevertheless required for more widespread in situ application to allow routine high-resolution measurements, even in the most remote regions. We critically review oceanic pH measurements, and focus on state-of-the-art spectrophotometric pH measurement techniques and instrumentation. We present a simple microfluidic design integrated in a shipboard instrument featuring high accuracy and precision as a key step towards a targeted pH microsensor system
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.07.016
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 5
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    Marine CDOM accumulation during a coastal Arctic mesocosm experiment: No response to elevated pCO2levels (2014)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 119 (6). pp. 1216-1230.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-20
    Description: A large-scale multidisciplinary mesocosm experiment in an Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard; 78°56.2′N) was used to study Arctic marine food webs and biogeochemical elements cycling at natural and elevated future carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. At the start of the experiment, marine-derived chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) dominated the CDOM pool. Thus, this experiment constituted a convenient case to study production of autochthonous CDOM, which is typically masked by high levels of CDOM of terrestrial origin in the Arctic Ocean proper. CDOM accumulated during the experiment in line with an increase in bacterial abundance; however, no response was observed to increased pCO2 levels. Changes in CDOM absorption spectral slopes indicate that bacteria were most likely responsible for the observed CDOM dynamics. Distinct absorption peaks (at ~ 330 and ~ 360 nm) were likely associated with mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Due to the experimental setup, MAAs were produced in absence of ultraviolet exposure providing evidence for MAAs to be considered as multipurpose metabolites rather than simple photoprotective compounds. We showed that a small increase in CDOM during the experiment made it a major contributor to total absorption in a range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) and, therefore, is important for spectral light availability and may be important for photosynthesis and phytoplankton groups composition in a rapidly changing Arctic marine ecosystem.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1002/2013JG002587
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 6
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    Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 487 (7407). pp. 313-319.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Fertilization of the ocean by adding iron compounds has induced diatom-dominated phytoplankton blooms accompanied by considerable carbon dioxide drawdown in the ocean surface layer. However, because the fate of bloom biomass could not be adequately resolved in these experiments, the timescales of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere are uncertain. Here we report the results of a five-week experiment carried out in the closed core of a vertically coherent, mesoscale eddy of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, during which we tracked sinking particles from the surface to the deep-sea floor. A large diatom bloom peaked in the fourth week after fertilization. This was followed by mass mortality of several diatom species that formed rapidly sinking, mucilaginous aggregates of entangled cells and chains. Taken together, multiple lines of evidence—although each with important uncertainties—lead us to conclude that at least half the bloom biomass sank far below a depth of 1,000 metres and that a substantial portion is likely to have reached the sea floor. Thus, iron-fertilized diatom blooms may sequester carbon for timescales of centuries in ocean bottom water and for longer in the sediments.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/nature11229
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 7
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    Variation in particulate C and N isotope composition following iron fertilization in two successive phytoplankton communities in the Southern Ocean (2011)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 25 (3). GB3013.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-08
    Description: Surface delta(15)N(PON) increased 3.92 +/- 0.48 over the course of 20 days following additions of iron (Fe) to an eddy in close proximity to the Antarctic Polar Front in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. The change in delta(15)N(PON) was associated with an increase in the 〉20 mu m size fraction, leading to a maximal difference of 6.23 between the 〉20 mu m and 〈20 mu m size fractions. Surface delta(13)C(POC) increased 1.18 +/- 0.31 over the same period. After a decrease in particulate organic matter in the surface layer, a second phytoplankton community developed that accumulated less biomass, had a slower growth rate and was characterized by an offset of 1.56 in delta(13)C(POC) relative to the first community. During growth of the second community, surface delta(13)C(POC) further increased 0.83 +/- 0.13. Here we speculate on ways that carboxylation, nitrogen assimilation, substrate pool enrichment and community composition may have contributed to the gradual increase in delta(13)C(POC) associated with phytoplankton biomass accumulation, as well as the systematic offset in delta(13)C(POC) between the two phytoplankton communities.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/2010gb003824
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    Competitive fitness of a predominant pelagic calcifier impaired by ocean acidification (2017)
    Nature Research
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 10 . pp. 19-23.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-18
    Description: Coccolithophores—single-celled calcifying phytoplankton—are an important group of marine primary producers and the dominant builders of calcium carbonate globally. Coccolithophores form extensive blooms and increase the density and sinking speed of organic matter via calcium carbonate ballasting. Thereby, they play a key role in the marine carbon cycle. Coccolithophore physiological responses to experimental ocean acidification have ranged from moderate stimulation to substantial decline in growth and calcification rates, combined with enhanced malformation of their calcite platelets. Here we report on a mesocosm experiment conducted in a Norwegian fjord in which we exposed a natural plankton community to a wide range of CO2-induced ocean acidification, to test whether these physiological responses affect the ecological success of coccolithophore populations. Under high-CO2 treatments, Emiliania huxleyi, the most abundant and productive coccolithophore species, declined in population size during the pre-bloom period and lost the ability to form blooms. As a result, particle sinking velocities declined by up to 30% and sedimented organic matter was reduced by up to 25% relative to controls. There were also strong reductions in seawater concentrations of the climate-active compound dimethylsulfide in CO2-enriched mesocosms. We conclude that ocean acidification can lower calcifying phytoplankton productivity, potentially creating a positive feedback to the climate system.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2854
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 9
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    Responses of marine microorganisms to ocean acidification during a mesocosm study in the Arctic (Svalbard) (2013)
    In:  [Talk] In: EGU General Assembly 2013, 07.-12.04.2013, Vienna, Austria .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-21
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Talk
  • 10
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    AMAP Assessment 2013: Arctic Ocean Acidification (2013)
    Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)
    In:  Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway, vii, 99 pp. ISBN 978-82-7971-082-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-18
    Type: Book , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Book
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