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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By screening patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa for mutations in the rhodopsin gene, two deletions (8bp and 1bp) have been identified in exon 5; these deletions cause a shift in the reading frame. The predicted proteins should be radically altered with translation continuing past the normal stop signal and resulting in a rhodopsin molecule that is, respectively, 1 and 10 amino acids longer. The clinical phenotype of the patients is described and is compared with that associated with other mutations in the same region of the gene.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The locus for the incomplete form of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB2) maps to a 1.1-Mb region in Xp11.23 between markers DXS722 and DXS255. We identified a retina-specific calcium channel α 1-subunit gene (CACNA1F) in this region, consisting of 48 exons encoding ...
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Mutation of a receptor tyrosine kinase gene, Mertk, in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat results in defective phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retinal degeneration. We screened the human orthologue, MERTK, located at 2q14.1 (ref. 10), in ...
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The chromophore of the visual pigments, 11-cis retinal, is derived from vitamin A (all-trans retinol) through a series of reactions that take place in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE); (ref. 1). The first of these reactions is catalyzed by lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT); (ref. 2). We ...
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Juvenile neuronale Zeroidlipofuszinose ; Klinische Elektrophysiologie ; Speicherkrankheiten ; Netzhautdegeneration ; Key words Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis ; Clinical electrophysiology ; Storage diseases ; Batten's disease ; Retinal degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Background: Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) is important to the ophthalmologist, since eye symptoms are usually the first evidence of the disease and permit establishment of an early diagnosis. The disorder usually begins with a dramatic loss of vision between age 4 and 10 due to bullseye maculopathy followed by rapid degeneration of the retina and pigment epithelium. Blindness results within 1 to 3 years after onset of symptoms. The further course of the disease is mainly determined by degradation of the CNS with motor and intellectual deficits. Most patients die before the age of 30. Methods: A case of two sisters is presented to demonstrate eye findings and diagnostic procedures, emphasizing electrophysiologic and morphologic tests (peripheral blood smear, histology). Results: Both sisters reported the first decrease in vision at the ages of 8 and 6 respectively; visual acuity at time of visit was light projection (20/400). Both had tapetoretinal degeneration with optic disc atrophy, narrowed vessels, pigment epitheliopathy and bullseye maculopathy. The ERG was almost extinguished in the older sister and greatly reduced in the younger one (scotopic more than photopic). Histologically, vacuolated lymphocytes were found in the peripheral blood smear, as were intracellular inclusions of the fingerprint and curvilinear type in the conjunctival biopsy. Conclusion: During the course of JNCL, it is very common for the vision to be affected at the age of 6 – 7. The correct diagnosis, however, is often made years later when massive neurologic symptoms such as seizures appear. When there is sudden loss of vision in a child of this age combined with a tapetoretinal degeneration, a biopsy or at least a peripheral blood smear should be performed.
    Notes: Hintergrund: Die juvenile neuronale Zeroidlipofuszinose (JNCL) ist für den Augenarzt wichtig, da die Erstsymptome häufig das Auge betreffen und eine frühe Diagnosestellung ermöglichen. Die Erkrankung beginnt im 4. bis 10. Lebensjahr meist mit einem Visusabfall infolge einer Makulopathie, gefolgt von einer rasch fortschreitenden Degeneration von Netzhaut und Pigmentepithel und führt binnen ca. 1 – 3 Jahren zur Erblindung. Danach stehen neurologische Veränderungen (motorische und intellektuelle Defizite) im Vordergrund; der Tod tritt meist bis zur 3. Lebensdekade ein. Methode: Anhand eines Falls von 2 Schwestern werden Befunde und diagnostisches Vorgehen unter Berücksichtigung elektrophysiologischer und ergänzender Untersuchungen (Blutausstrich, Histologie) erläutert. Ergebnisse: Bei der älteren (jüngeren) Schwester traten mit 8(6) Jahren erste Sehprobleme auf; bei der Untersuchung betrug die Sehschärfe Lichtprojektion (0,05). Morphologisch zeigte sich eine tapetoretinale Degeneration mit Papillenatrophie, Gefäßverengung, Pigmentepitheliopathie und Bulls-eye-Makulopathie. Im ERG waren bei der älteren Schwester lediglich Restpotentiale ableitbar, bei der jüngeren war es deutlich vermindert (skotopisch mehr als photopisch). Im Blutausstrich fanden sich vakuolisierte Lymphozyten, bei der histologischen Untersuchung der Bindehautbiopsie zeigten sich Einschlüsse vom Typ der kurvilinearen Körper sowie Fingerprint-Strukturen. Schlußfolgerungen: Trotz einer starken Sehbeeinträchtigung mit bereits ca. 6 – 7 Jahren wird die Diagnose JNCL häufig erst Jahre später, wenn neurologische Symptome wie Grand-mal-Anfälle hinzukommen, gestellt. Bei plötzlichem Visusabfall im entsprechenden Alter und elektrophysiologisch gesicherter tapetoretinaler Degeneration sollten daher zumindest ein peripherer Blutausstrich und ggf. eine Biopsie veranlaßt werden.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report describes ocular findings obtained in four patients from three families with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) due to missense mutations in the rhodopsin gene. Phenotypes were characterized by standard ophthalmologic examinations, visual fields, electroretinography (ERG), dark adaptation, and two-color dark-adapted threshold perimetry. Two patients aged 38 and 45 years, respectively, from a family with the Cys110Phe mutation showed mild fundus changes without bone spicules as well as small arcuate scotomas in the inferior quadrants of their visual fields but displayed severe functional loss of rods and cones in the ERG. Two-color dark-adapted threshold perimetry revealed a regional type of degeneration. A 48-year-old patient with an Arg135Gly mutation had typical RP with concentrically narrowed visual fields and nondetectable ERG responses. Central visual functions were well preserved for a long time. Two-color dark-adapted threshold perimetry indicated a diffuse type of retinal degeneration. An 18-year-old patient with a GIn344stop mutation has been followed for 13 years. His ERG was clearly reduced at the age of 5 years; since that time, disease progression has been very slow. Currently, there are relatively mild alterations in visual acuity, rod sensitivity, and visual fields. Our findings confirm that there is a large phenotypic variety among patients with adRP and different rhodopsin mutations.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  · Background: Usher syndrome is a genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive diseases featuring retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and sensorineural hearing loss. A general ciliary dysfunction has been suspected following reports of a mutated cytoskeletal protein (myosin VIIA) in type IB, and preliminary data has suggested an olfactory deficit. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess olfactory function in Usher syndrome patients and to search for a correlation between the degree of impairment of the three sensory systems as indication of an underlying ciliary defect. · Methods: 39 patients with Usher syndrome (8 type I, 31 type II) were examined. The ophthalmologic protocol included patient history, visual acuity, eye morphology, Goldmann perimetry, and electroretinography. The ENT protocol included a thorough examination, speech-recognition test, pure-tone audiometry and an olfactory function test. · Results: In both groups, visual acuity was typically 20/40, the remaining visual field area was small, and the ERG responses were low to non-detectable. Average hearing loss was 100% in type I and 40% in type II. Olfactory thresholds were normal [median 9.7 (I) and 8.5 (II) vs 8.5 in the control group]. There were multiple significant correlations between parameters of the same organ, but no relationship between parameters of different sensory systems. · Conclusion: Almost all Usher syndrome patients in this study had an advanced form of RP. In contrast, auditory function differed considerably between type I and type II. An impairment of the olfactory system could not be detected, and there was no correlation between parameters representing visual function, hearing ability, and olfactory sense.
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