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  • 11
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    OMIP contribution to CMIP6: experimental and diagnostic protocol for the physical component of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (2016)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development, 9 (9). pp. 3231-3296.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) is an endorsed project in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). OMIP addresses CMIP6 science questions, investigating the origins and consequences of systematic model biases. It does so by providing a framework for evaluating (including assessment of systematic biases), understanding, and improving ocean, sea-ice, tracer, and biogeochemical components of climate and earth system models contributing to CMIP6. Among the WCRP Grand Challenges in climate science (GCs), OMIP primarily contributes to the regional sea level change and near-term (climate/decadal) prediction GCs. OMIP provides (a) an experimental protocol for global ocean/sea-ice models run with a prescribed atmospheric forcing; and (b) a protocol for ocean diagnostics to be saved as part of CMIP6. We focus here on the physical component of OMIP, with a companion paper (Orr et al., 2016) detailing methods for the inert chemistry and interactive biogeochemistry. The physical portion of the OMIP experimental protocol follows the interannual Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). Since 2009, CORE-I (Normal Year Forcing) and CORE-II (Interannual Forcing) have become the standard methods to evaluate global ocean/sea-ice simulations and to examine mechanisms for forced ocean climate variability. The OMIP diagnostic protocol is relevant for any ocean model component of CMIP6, including the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima experiments), historical simulations, FAFMIP (Flux Anomaly Forced MIP), C4MIP (Coupled Carbon Cycle Climate MIP), DAMIP (Detection and Attribution MIP), DCPP (Decadal Climate Prediction Project), ScenarioMIP, HighResMIP (High Resolution MIP), as well as the ocean/sea-ice OMIP simulations
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.5194/gmd-9-3231-2016
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 12
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    Cyclogenesis in the Denmark Strait Overflow Plume (2001)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31 (11). pp. 3214-3229.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-06
    Description: A densely spaced hydrographic survey of the northern Irminger Basin together with satellite-tracked near-surface drifters confirm the intense mesoscale variability within and above the Denmark Strait overflow. In particular, the drifters show distinct cyclonic vortices over the downslope edge of the outflow plume. Growing perturbations such as these can be attributed to the baroclinic instability of a density current. A primitive equation model with periodic boundaries is used to simulate the destabilization of an idealized dense filament on a continental slope that resembles the northeastern Irminger Basin. Unstable waves evolve rapidly if the initial temperature profile is perturbed with a sinusoidal anomaly that exceeds a certain cutoff wavelength. As the waves grow to large amplitudes isolated eddies of both signs develop. Anticyclones form initially within the dense filament and are rich in overflow water. In contrast, cyclones form initially with their center in the ambient water but wrap outflow water around their center, thus containing a mixture of both water types. The nonlinear advection of waters that were originally located within the front between both water masses contributes most significantly to the stronger intensification of the cyclones in comparison with anticyclones. The frontal waters carry positive relative vorticity into the center of the cyclone. The process bears therefore some resemblance to atmospheric frontal cyclogenesis. After saturation there is a bottom jet of overflow water that is confined by counterrotating eddies: anticyclones upslope and cyclones downslope of the overflow core. The parameter dependence of the maximum growth rate is studied, and the implications of eddy-induced mixing for the water mass modification is discussed.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031〈3214:CITDSO〉2.0.CO;2
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 13
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    Heat and salt intrusions in the pycnocline from sinking plumes. Test cases for the entrainment in the Black Sea (1997)
    Kluwer
    In:  In: Sensitivity to Change: Black Sea and North Sea. , ed. by Özsoy, E. and Mikaelyan, A. Kluwer, -, pp. 417-438.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-27
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Book chapter
  • 14
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    Modelling the Overflows Across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge (2008)
    Springer
    In:  In: Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Fluxes. , ed. by Dickson, R. R., Meincke, J. and Rhines, P. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 527-549. ISBN 978-1-4020-6773-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-23
    Description: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is part of a global redistribution system in the ocean that carries vast amounts of mass, heat, and freshwater. Within the AMOC, water mass transformations in the Nordic Seas (NS) and the overflows across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge (GSR) contribute significantly to the overturning mass transport. The deep NS are separated by the GSR from direct exchange with the subpolar North Atlantic. Two deeper passages, Denmark Strait (DS, sill depth 630 m) and Faroe Bank Channel (FBC, sill depth 840 m), constrain the deep outflow. The outflow transports are assumed to be governed by hydraulic control (Whitehead 1989, 1998). According to the circulation scheme by Dickson and Brown (1994), there is an overflow of 2.9 Sv (1 Sv = 1 Sverdrup = 106 m3 s–1) through DS, 1.7 Sv through FBC and another 1 Sv from flow across the Iceland%Faroe Ridge (IFR). To the south of the GSR, the overflows sink to depth and then spread along the topography, eventually merging to form a deep boundary current in the western Irminger Sea. During the descent, the dense bottom water flow doubles its volume by entrainment of ambient waters (e.g. Price and Baringer 1994) so that there is a deep water transport of 13.3 Sv once the boundary current reaches Cape Farvel (Dickson and Brown 1994). Thus the overflows and the overflow-related part of the AMOC account for more than 70% of the maximum total overturning, which is estimated from observations to be about 18 Sv (e.g. Macdonald 1998)
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6774-7_23
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    OceanRep: Book chapter
  • 15
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    Report and Preliminary Results of METEOR cruise 41/3, Vitoria - Salvador, 18.4.-15.5.1998 (1999)
    Fachbereich Geowissenschaften Univesität Bremen
    In:  Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen, 129 . Fachbereich Geowissenschaften Univesität Bremen, Bremen, Germany, 160 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-20
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 16
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    Model guidance for the evolution of the IAOOS (2018)
    AtlantOS
    In:  AtlantOS Deliverable, D1.6 . AtlantOS, 7 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-28
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/book
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.3289/atlantos_d1.6
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    OceanRep: Report - other report
  • 17
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    Global temperature modes shed light on the Holocene temperature conundrum (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Reconstructions of the global mean annual temperature evolution during the Holocene yield conflicting results. One temperature reconstruction shows global cooling during the late Holocene. The other reconstruction reveals global warming. Here we show that both a global warming mode and a cooling mode emerge when performing a spatio-temporal analysis of annual temperature variability during the Holocene using data from a transient climate model simulation. The warming mode is most pronounced in the tropics. The simulated cooling mode is determined by changes in the seasonal cycle of Arctic sea-ice that are forced by orbital variations and volcanic eruptions. The warming mode dominates in the mid-Holocene, whereas the cooling mode takes over in the late Holocene. The weighted sum of the two modes yields the simulated global temperature trend evolution. Our findings have strong implications for the interpretation of proxy data and the selection of proxy locations to compute global mean temperatures.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 18
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    Clarifying the Relative Role of Forcing Uncertainties and Initial-Condition Unknowns in Spreading the Climate Response to Volcanic Eruptions (2019)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 46 (3). pp. 1602-1611.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Radiative forcing from volcanic aerosol impacts surface temperatures; however, the background climate state also affects the response. A key question thus concerns whether constraining forcing estimates is more important than constraining initial conditions for accurate simulation and attribution of posteruption climate anomalies. Here we test whether different realistic volcanic forcing magnitudes for the 1815 Tambora eruption yield distinguishable ensemble surface temperature responses. We perform a cluster analysis on a superensemble of climate simulations including three 30-member ensembles using the same set of initial conditions but different volcanic forcings based on uncertainty estimates. Results clarify how forcing uncertainties can overwhelm initial-condition spread in boreal summer due to strong direct radiative impact, while the effect of initial conditions predominate in winter, when dynamics contribute to large ensemble spread. In our setup, current uncertainties affecting reconstruction-simulation comparisons prevent conclusions about the magnitude of the Tambora eruption and its relation to the “year without summer.”
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/2018GL081018
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 19
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    Variability in the northern North Atlantic and Arctic oceans across the last two millennia: A review (2019)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34 (8). pp. 1399-1436.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The climate of the last two millennia was characterised by decadal to multi‐centennial variations which were recorded in terrestrial records and had important societal impacts. The cause of these climatic events is still under debate but changes in the North Atlantic circulation have often been proposed to play an important role. In this review we compile available high‐resolution paleoceanographic datasets from the northern North Atlantic and Nordic Seas. The records are grouped into regions related to modern ocean conditions and their variability is discussed. We additionally discuss our current knowledge from modelling studies, with a specific focus on the dynamical changes that are not well inferred from the proxy records. An illustration is provided through the analysis of two climate model ensembles and an individual simulation of the last millennium. This review thereby provides an up‐to‐date paleo‐perspective on the North Atlantic multidecadal to multi‐centennial ocean variability across the last two millennia.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/2018PA003508
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 20
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    Frictionally modified flow in a deep ocean channel: Application to the Vema Channel (1999)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 104 (C9). 21,123-21,136.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-17
    Description: The modification of the exchange flow in a deep southern hemisphere passage, resembling the Vema Channel, by frictionally induced secondary circulation is investigated numerically. The hydrostatic primitive equation model is a two-dimensional version of the sigma-coordinate Princeton Ocean Model. The time dependent response of a stratified along-channel flow, forced by barotropic or baroclinic pressure gradients, is examined. Near the bottom, where the along-channel now is retarded, there is cross-channel Ekman nux that is associated with downwelling on the eastern side and upwelling on the western side of the channel. In the presence of stratification the cross-channel flow rearranges the density structure, which in turn acts on the along-channel velocity via the thermal wind relation. Eventually the cross-isobath Ekman flux is shut down. In the case of baroclinically driven flow of Antarctic Bottom Water through the Vema Channel the model reproduces the observed shape of the deep temperature profiles and their cross-channel asymmetry. The model offers an explanation that is alternative or supplementary to inviscid multilayer hydraulic theory that;was proposed in earlier studies. It explains the extremely thick bottom boundary layers in the center and on the western slope of the channel. The deep thermocline is spread out in the west and sharpened in the east, and the coldest water is found on the eastern side of the deep trough; The modified density field reduces the along-channel flow near the bottom and focuses it into a narrow jet on the eastern side of the channel.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/1998JC900055
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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