Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 2D Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Synthesis Approaches -- 1.2.1 Selection of Synthetic Raw Materials -- 1.2.2 Solvent Volatility Method -- 1.2.3 Diffusion Method -- 1.2.3.1 Gas Phase Diffusion -- 1.2.3.2 Liquid Phase Diffusion -- 1.2.4 Sol-Gel Method -- 1.2.5 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis Method -- 1.2.6 Stripping Method -- 1.2.7 Microwave Synthesis Method -- 1.2.8 Self-Assembly -- 1.2.9 Special Interface Synthesis Method -- 1.2.10 Surfactant-Assisted Synthesis Method -- 1.2.11 Ultrasonic Synthesis -- 1.3 Structures, Properties, and Applications -- 1.3.1 Structure and Properties of MOFs -- 1.3.2 Application in Biomedicine -- 1.3.3 Application in Gas Storage -- 1.3.4 Application in Sensors -- 1.3.5 Application in Chemical Separation -- 1.3.6 Application in Catalysis -- 1.3.7 Application in Gas Adsorption -- 1.4 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2 2D Black Phosphorus -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Research on Black Phosphorus -- 2.2.1 The Structure and Properties -- 2.2.1.1 The Structure of Black Phosphorus -- 2.2.1.2 The Properties of Black Phosphorus -- 2.2.2 Preparation Methods -- 2.2.2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation -- 2.2.2.2 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation -- 2.2.3 Antioxidant -- 2.2.3.1 Degradation Mechanism -- 2.2.3.2 Adding Protective Layer -- 2.2.3.3 Chemical Modification -- 2.2.3.4 Doping -- 2.3 Applications of Black Phosphorus -- 2.3.1 Electronic and Optoelectronic -- 2.3.1.1 Field-Effect Transistors -- 2.3.1.2 Photodetector -- 2.3.2 Energy Storage and Conversion -- 2.3.2.1 Catalysis -- 2.3.2.2 Batteries -- 2.3.2.3 Supercapacitor -- 2.3.3 Biomedical -- 2.4 Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3 2D Metal Carbides -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Synthesis Approaches -- 3.2.1 Ti3C2 Synthesis. , 3.2.2 V2C Synthesis -- 3.2.3 Ti2C Synthesis -- 3.2.4 Mo2C Synthesis -- 3.3 Structures, Properties, and Applications -- 3.3.1 Structures and Properties of 2D Metal Carbides -- 3.3.1.1 Structures and Properties of Ti3C2 -- 3.3.1.2 Structural Properties of Ti2C -- 3.3.1.3 Structural Properties of Mo2C -- 3.3.1.4 Structural Properties of V2C -- 3.3.2 Carbide Materials in Energy Storage Applications -- 3.3.2.1 Ti3C2 -- 3.3.2.2 Ti2C -- 3.3.2.3 V2C -- 3.3.2.4 Mo2C -- 3.3.3 Metal Carbide Materials in Catalysis Applications -- 3.3.3.1 Ti3C2 -- 3.3.3.2 V2C -- 3.3.3.3 Mo2C -- 3.3.4 Metal Carbide Materials in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.4.1 Ti3C2 in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.4.2 Ti2C in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.4.3 V2C in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.4.4 Mo2C in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.5 Carbide Materials in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.5.1 Ti3C2 in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.5.2 Ti2C in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.5.3 V2C in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.5.4 Mo2C in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.6 Carbide Materials in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.3.6.1 Ti3C2 in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.3.6.2 Ti2C in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.3.6.3 V2C in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.3.6.4 Mo2C in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.4 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 2D Carbon Materials as Photocatalysts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Carbon Nanostructured-Based Materials -- 4.2.1 Forms of Carbon -- 4.2.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructured-Based Materials -- 4.3 Photo-Degradation of Organic Pollutants -- 4.3.1 Graphene, Graphene Oxide, Graphene Nitride (g-C3N4) -- 4.3.1.1 Graphene-Based Materials -- 4.3.1.2 Graphene Nitride (g-C3N4) -- 4.3.2 Carbon Dots (CDs) -- 4.3.3 Carbon Spheres (CSs). , 4.4 Carbon-Based Materials for Hydrogen Production -- 4.5 Carbon-Based Materials for CO2 Reduction -- References -- Chapter 5 Sensitivity Analysis of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Based on Heterostructure of 2D BlueP/MoS2 and MXene -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Proposed SPR Sensor, Design Considerations, and Modeling -- 5.2.1 SPR Sensor and Its Sensing Principle -- 5.2.2 Design Consideration -- 5.2.2.1 Layer 1: Prism for Light Coupling -- 5.2.2.2 Layer 2: Metal Layer -- 5.2.2.3 Layer 3: BlueP/MoS2 Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Layer 4: MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Layer as BRE for Biosensing -- 5.2.2.5 Layer 5: Sensing Medium (RI-1.33-1.335) -- 5.2.3 Proposed Sensor Modeling -- 5.3 Results Discussion -- 5.3.1 Role of Monolayer BlueP/MoS2 and MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and Its Comparison With Conventional SPR -- 5.3.2 Influence of Varying Heterostructure Layers for Proposed Design -- 5.3.3 Effect of Changing Prism Material and Metal on Performance of Proposed Design -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 2D Perovskite Materials and Their Device Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Structure -- 6.2.1 Crystal Structure -- 6.2.2 Electronic Structure of 2D Perovskites -- 6.2.3 Structure of Photovoltaic Cell -- 6.3 Discussion and Applications -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Introduction and Significant Parameters for Layered Materials -- 7.1 Graphene -- 7.2 Phosphorene -- orthorhombic rhombohedral Simple cubic -- semiconductor semimetal metal -- 7.3 Silicene -- 7.4 ZnO -- 7.5 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) -- 7.6 Germanene and Stanene -- 7.7 Heterostructures -- References -- Chapter 8 Increment in Photocatalytic Activity of g-C3N4 Coupled Sulphides and Oxides for Environmental Remediation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 GCN Coupled Metal Sulphide Heterojunctions for Environment Remediation -- 8.2.1 GCN and MoS2-Based Photocatalysts. , 8.2.2 GCN and CdS-Based Heterojunctions -- 8.2.3 Some Other GCN Coupled Metal Sulphide Photocatalysts -- 8.3 GCN Coupled Metal Oxide Heterojunctions for Environment Remediation -- 8.3.1 GCN and MoO3-Based Heterojunctions -- 8.3.2 GCN and Fe2O3-Based Heterojunctions -- 8.3.3 Some Other GCN Coupled Metal Oxide Photocatalysts -- 8.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9 2D Zeolites -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 What is 2D Zeolite? -- 9.1.2 Advancement in Zeolites to 2D Zeolite -- 9.2 Synthetic Method -- 9.2.1 Bottom-Up Method -- 9.2.2 Top-Down Method -- 9.2.3 Support-Assisted Method -- 9.2.4 Post-Synthesis Modification of 2D Zeolites -- 9.3 Properties -- 9.4 Applications -- 9.4.1 Petro-Chemistry -- 9.4.2 Biomass Conversion -- 9.4.2.1 Pyrolysis of Solid Biomass -- 9.4.2.2 Condensation Reactions -- 9.4.2.3 Isomerization -- 9.4.2.4 Dehydration Reactions -- 9.4.3 Oxidation Reactions -- 9.4.4 Fine Chemical Synthesis -- 9.4.5 Organometallics -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 2D Hollow Nanomaterials -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Structural Aspects of HNMs -- 10.3 Synthetic Approaches -- 10.3.1 Template-Based Strategies -- 10.3.1.1 Hard Templating -- 10.3.1.2 Soft Templating -- 10.3.2 Self-Templating Strategies -- 10.3.2.1 Surface Protected Etching -- 10.3.2.2 Ostwald Ripening -- 10.3.2.3 Kirkendall Effect -- 10.3.2.4 Galvanic Replacement -- 10.4 Medical Applications of HNMs -- 10.4.1 Imaging and Diagnosis Applications -- 10.4.2 Applications of Nanotube Arrays -- 10.4.2.1 Pharmacy and Medicine -- 10.4.2.2 Cancer Therapy -- 10.4.2.3 Immuno and Hyperthermia Therapy -- 10.4.2.4 Infection Therapy and Gene Therapy -- 10.4.3 Hollow Nanomaterials in Diagnostics and Therapeutics -- 10.4.4 Applications in Regenerative Medicine -- 10.4.5 Anti-Neurodegenerative Applications -- 10.4.6 Photothermal Therapy -- 10.4.7 Biosensors. , 10.5 Non-Medical Applications of HNMs -- 10.5.1 Catalytic Micro or Nanoreactors -- 10.5.2 Energy Storage -- 10.5.2.1 Lithium Ion Battery -- 10.5.2.2 Supercapacitor -- 10.5.3 Nanosensors -- 10.5.4 Wastewater Treatment -- 10.6 Toxicity of 2D HNMs -- 10.7 Future Challenges -- 10.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 11 2D Layered Double Hydroxides -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Structural Aspects -- 11.3 Synthesis of LDHs -- 11.3.1 Co-Precipitation Method -- 11.3.2 Urea Hydrolysis -- 11.3.3 Ion-Exchange Method -- 11.3.4 Reconstruction Method -- 11.3.5 Hydrothermal Method -- 11.3.6 Sol-Gel Method -- 11.4 Nonmedical Applications of LDH -- 11.4.1 Adsorbent -- 11.4.2 Catalyst -- 11.4.3 Sensors -- 11.4.4 Electrode -- 11.4.5 Polymer Additive -- 11.4.6 Anion Scavenger -- 11.4.7 Flame Retardant -- 11.5 Biomedical Applications -- 11.5.1 Biosensors -- 11.5.2 Scaffolds -- 11.5.3 Anti-Microbial Agents -- 11.5.4 Drug Delivery -- 11.5.5 Imaging -- 11.5.6 Protein Purification -- 11.5.7 Gene Delivery -- 11.6 Toxicity -- 11.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 12 Experimental Techniques for Layered Materials -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methods for Synthesis of Graphene Layered Materials -- 12.3 Selection of a Suitable Metallic Substrate -- 12.4 Graphene Synthesis by HFTCVD -- 12.5 Graphene Transfer -- 12.6 Characterization Techniques -- 12.6.1 X-Ray Diffraction Technique -- d D k -- 12.6.2 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) -- 12.6.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 12.6.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR) -- 12.6.5 UV-Visible Spectroscopy -- 12.6.6 Raman Spectroscopy -- 12.6.7 Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM) -- 12.7 Potential Applications of Graphene and Derived Materials -- 12.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 13 Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Borophenes. , 13.1 Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride (2D h-BN): An Introduction.

Note: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Toxic Geogenic Contaminants in Serpentinitic Geological Systems: Occurrence, Behavior, Exposure Pathways, and Human Health Risks -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Serpentinitic Geological Systems -- 1.2.1 Nature, Occurrence, and Geochemistry -- 1.2.2 Occurrence and Behavior of Toxic Contaminants -- 1.3 Human Exposure Pathways -- 1.3.1 Occupational Exposure -- 1.3.2 Non-Occupational Exposure Routes -- 1.4 Human Health Risks and Their Mitigation -- 1.4.1 Health Risks -- 1.4.2 Mitigating Human Exposure and Health Risks -- 1.5 Future Perspectives -- 1.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Benefits of Geochemistry and Its Impact on Human Health -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General Overview of Geochemistry and Human Health -- 2.2.1 Types of Geochemistry -- 2.2.2 Some Beneficial Effect of Some Mineral With Health Benefits -- 2.2.3 Application of Geochemistry on Human Health -- 2.3 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 3 Applications of Geochemistry in Livestock: Health and Nutritional Perspective -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 General and Global Perspective About Geochemistry in Livestock -- 3.3 Types of Geochemistry and Their Numerous Benefits -- 3.3.1 Analytical Geochemistry -- 3.3.2 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.3.3 Low Temperature Geochemistry -- 3.3.4 Organic and Petroleum Geochemistry -- 3.4 Application of Geochemistry in Livestock -- 3.5 Geochemistry and Animal Health -- 3.6 General Overview of Geochemistry in Livestock's Merits of Geochemistry/Essential Minerals in Livestocks -- 3.6.1 Specific Examples of Authors That Have Used Essential Minerals in Livestock -- 3.6.2 Livestock in Relation to Geominerals -- 3.6.3 Trace Minerals Parallel Importance in Livestock -- 3.6.4 Heavy Metals Impact Livestock -- 3.7 Conclusion and Recommendations. , References -- 4 Application in Geochemistry Toward the Achievement of a Sustainable Agricultural Science -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General Overview on the Utilization of Geochemistry and Their Wide Application on Agriculture -- 4.2.1 Classification -- 4.2.2 Chemical Composition of Rocks -- 4.2.3 Effect of Some Beneficial Minerals in Agriculture -- 4.2.4 Beneficial Mineral Nutrients That are Crucial to the Development of Plants -- 4.3 Role of Geochemistry in Agriculture -- 4.4 Geochemical Effects of Heavy Metals on Crops Health -- 4.5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 5 Geochemistry, Extent of Pollution, and Ecological Impact of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Soil -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Material and Methods -- 5.2.1 Review Process -- 5.2.2 Ecological Risk Index -- 5.3 Toxic Heavy Metal and Their Impact to the Ecosystems -- 5.3.1 Arsenic -- 5.3.2 Cadmium -- 5.3.3 Chromium -- 5.3.4 Copper -- 5.3.5 Lead -- 5.3.6 Nickel -- 5.3.7 Zinc -- 5.4 Metal Pollution in Soil Across the Globe -- 5.5 Ecological and Human Health Risk Impacts of Heavy Metals -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Isotope Geochemistry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic Definitions -- 6.2.1 The Notation -- 6.2.2 The Fractionation Factor -- 6.2.3 Isotope Fractionation -- 6.2.4 Mass Dependent and Independent Fractionations -- 6.3 Application of Traditional Isotopes in Geochemistry -- 6.3.1 Geothermometer -- 6.3.2 Isotopes in Biological System -- 6.3.3 Isotopes in Archaeology -- 6.3.4 Isotopes in Fossils and the Earliest Life -- 6.3.5 Isotopes in Hydrothermal and Ore Deposits -- 6.4 Non-Traditional Isotopes in Geochemistry -- 6.4.1 Application in Tracing of Source -- 6.4.2 Application in Process Tracing -- 6.4.3 Biological Cycling -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Environmental Geochemistry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Overview of the Environmental Geochemistry -- 7.3 Conclusions. , 7.4 Abbreviations -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 Medical Geochemistry -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Evolution of Geochemistry -- 8.3 This Science has Expanded Considerably to Become Distinct Branches -- 8.3.1 Cosmochemistry -- 8.3.2 The Economic Importance of Geochemistry -- 8.3.3 Analytical Geochemistry -- 8.3.4 Geochemistry of Radioisotopes -- 8.3.5 Medical Geochemistry and Human Health -- 8.3.6 Environmental Health and Safety -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Inorganic Geochemistry -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Elements and the Earth -- 9.2.1 Iron -- 9.2.2 Oxygen -- 9.2.3 Silicon -- 9.2.4 Magnesium -- 9.3 Geological Minerals -- 9.3.1 Quartz -- 9.3.2 Feldspar -- 9.3.3 Amphibole -- 9.3.4 Pyroxene -- 9.3.5 Olivine -- 9.3.6 Clay Minerals -- 9.3.7 Kaolinite -- 9.3.8 Bentonite, Montmorillonite, Vermiculite, and Biotite -- 9.4 Characterization Techniques -- 9.4.1 Powder X-Ray Diffraction -- 9.4.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectra -- 9.4.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra -- 9.4.4 Electron Probe Micro-Analysis -- 9.4.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry -- 9.4.6 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy -- 9.4.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis -- 9.4.8 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Introduction and Scope of Geochemistry -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Periodic Table and Electronic Configuration -- 10.2 Periodic Properties -- 10.2.1 Ionization Enthalpy -- 10.2.2 Electron Affinity -- 10.2.3 Electro-Negativity -- 10.3 Chemical Bonding -- 10.3.1 Ionic Bond -- 10.3.2 Covalent Bond -- 10.3.3 Metallic Bond -- 10.3.4 Hydrogen Bond -- 10.3.5 Van der Waals Forces -- 10.4 Geochemical Classification and Distribution of Elements -- 10.4.1 Lithophiles -- 10.4.2 Siderophiles -- 10.4.3 Chalcophiles -- 10.4.4 Atmophiles -- 10.4.5 Biophiles -- 10.5 Chemical Composition of the Earth -- 10.6 Classification of Earth's Layers. , 10.6.1 Based on Chemical Composition -- 10.6.2 Based on Physical Properties -- 10.7 Spheres of the Earth -- 10.7.1 Geosphere/Lithosphere -- 10.7.2 Hydrosphere -- 10.7.3 Biosphere -- 10.7.4 Atmosphere -- 10.7.5 Troposphere -- 10.7.6 Stratosphere -- 10.7.7 Mesosphere -- 10.7.8 Thermosphere and Ionosphere -- 10.7.9 Exosphere -- 10.8 Sub-Disciplines of Geochemistry -- 10.9 Scope of Geochemistry -- 10.10 Conclusion -- References -- Index -- EULA.