Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 2D Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Synthesis Approaches -- 1.2.1 Selection of Synthetic Raw Materials -- 1.2.2 Solvent Volatility Method -- 1.2.3 Diffusion Method -- 1.2.3.1 Gas Phase Diffusion -- 1.2.3.2 Liquid Phase Diffusion -- 1.2.4 Sol-Gel Method -- 1.2.5 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis Method -- 1.2.6 Stripping Method -- 1.2.7 Microwave Synthesis Method -- 1.2.8 Self-Assembly -- 1.2.9 Special Interface Synthesis Method -- 1.2.10 Surfactant-Assisted Synthesis Method -- 1.2.11 Ultrasonic Synthesis -- 1.3 Structures, Properties, and Applications -- 1.3.1 Structure and Properties of MOFs -- 1.3.2 Application in Biomedicine -- 1.3.3 Application in Gas Storage -- 1.3.4 Application in Sensors -- 1.3.5 Application in Chemical Separation -- 1.3.6 Application in Catalysis -- 1.3.7 Application in Gas Adsorption -- 1.4 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2 2D Black Phosphorus -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Research on Black Phosphorus -- 2.2.1 The Structure and Properties -- 2.2.1.1 The Structure of Black Phosphorus -- 2.2.1.2 The Properties of Black Phosphorus -- 2.2.2 Preparation Methods -- 2.2.2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation -- 2.2.2.2 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation -- 2.2.3 Antioxidant -- 2.2.3.1 Degradation Mechanism -- 2.2.3.2 Adding Protective Layer -- 2.2.3.3 Chemical Modification -- 2.2.3.4 Doping -- 2.3 Applications of Black Phosphorus -- 2.3.1 Electronic and Optoelectronic -- 2.3.1.1 Field-Effect Transistors -- 2.3.1.2 Photodetector -- 2.3.2 Energy Storage and Conversion -- 2.3.2.1 Catalysis -- 2.3.2.2 Batteries -- 2.3.2.3 Supercapacitor -- 2.3.3 Biomedical -- 2.4 Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3 2D Metal Carbides -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Synthesis Approaches -- 3.2.1 Ti3C2 Synthesis. , 3.2.2 V2C Synthesis -- 3.2.3 Ti2C Synthesis -- 3.2.4 Mo2C Synthesis -- 3.3 Structures, Properties, and Applications -- 3.3.1 Structures and Properties of 2D Metal Carbides -- 3.3.1.1 Structures and Properties of Ti3C2 -- 3.3.1.2 Structural Properties of Ti2C -- 3.3.1.3 Structural Properties of Mo2C -- 3.3.1.4 Structural Properties of V2C -- 3.3.2 Carbide Materials in Energy Storage Applications -- 3.3.2.1 Ti3C2 -- 3.3.2.2 Ti2C -- 3.3.2.3 V2C -- 3.3.2.4 Mo2C -- 3.3.3 Metal Carbide Materials in Catalysis Applications -- 3.3.3.1 Ti3C2 -- 3.3.3.2 V2C -- 3.3.3.3 Mo2C -- 3.3.4 Metal Carbide Materials in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.4.1 Ti3C2 in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.4.2 Ti2C in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.4.3 V2C in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.4.4 Mo2C in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.5 Carbide Materials in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.5.1 Ti3C2 in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.5.2 Ti2C in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.5.3 V2C in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.5.4 Mo2C in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.6 Carbide Materials in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.3.6.1 Ti3C2 in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.3.6.2 Ti2C in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.3.6.3 V2C in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.3.6.4 Mo2C in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.4 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 2D Carbon Materials as Photocatalysts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Carbon Nanostructured-Based Materials -- 4.2.1 Forms of Carbon -- 4.2.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructured-Based Materials -- 4.3 Photo-Degradation of Organic Pollutants -- 4.3.1 Graphene, Graphene Oxide, Graphene Nitride (g-C3N4) -- 4.3.1.1 Graphene-Based Materials -- 4.3.1.2 Graphene Nitride (g-C3N4) -- 4.3.2 Carbon Dots (CDs) -- 4.3.3 Carbon Spheres (CSs). , 4.4 Carbon-Based Materials for Hydrogen Production -- 4.5 Carbon-Based Materials for CO2 Reduction -- References -- Chapter 5 Sensitivity Analysis of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Based on Heterostructure of 2D BlueP/MoS2 and MXene -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Proposed SPR Sensor, Design Considerations, and Modeling -- 5.2.1 SPR Sensor and Its Sensing Principle -- 5.2.2 Design Consideration -- 5.2.2.1 Layer 1: Prism for Light Coupling -- 5.2.2.2 Layer 2: Metal Layer -- 5.2.2.3 Layer 3: BlueP/MoS2 Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Layer 4: MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Layer as BRE for Biosensing -- 5.2.2.5 Layer 5: Sensing Medium (RI-1.33-1.335) -- 5.2.3 Proposed Sensor Modeling -- 5.3 Results Discussion -- 5.3.1 Role of Monolayer BlueP/MoS2 and MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and Its Comparison With Conventional SPR -- 5.3.2 Influence of Varying Heterostructure Layers for Proposed Design -- 5.3.3 Effect of Changing Prism Material and Metal on Performance of Proposed Design -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 2D Perovskite Materials and Their Device Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Structure -- 6.2.1 Crystal Structure -- 6.2.2 Electronic Structure of 2D Perovskites -- 6.2.3 Structure of Photovoltaic Cell -- 6.3 Discussion and Applications -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Introduction and Significant Parameters for Layered Materials -- 7.1 Graphene -- 7.2 Phosphorene -- orthorhombic rhombohedral Simple cubic -- semiconductor semimetal metal -- 7.3 Silicene -- 7.4 ZnO -- 7.5 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) -- 7.6 Germanene and Stanene -- 7.7 Heterostructures -- References -- Chapter 8 Increment in Photocatalytic Activity of g-C3N4 Coupled Sulphides and Oxides for Environmental Remediation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 GCN Coupled Metal Sulphide Heterojunctions for Environment Remediation -- 8.2.1 GCN and MoS2-Based Photocatalysts. , 8.2.2 GCN and CdS-Based Heterojunctions -- 8.2.3 Some Other GCN Coupled Metal Sulphide Photocatalysts -- 8.3 GCN Coupled Metal Oxide Heterojunctions for Environment Remediation -- 8.3.1 GCN and MoO3-Based Heterojunctions -- 8.3.2 GCN and Fe2O3-Based Heterojunctions -- 8.3.3 Some Other GCN Coupled Metal Oxide Photocatalysts -- 8.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9 2D Zeolites -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 What is 2D Zeolite? -- 9.1.2 Advancement in Zeolites to 2D Zeolite -- 9.2 Synthetic Method -- 9.2.1 Bottom-Up Method -- 9.2.2 Top-Down Method -- 9.2.3 Support-Assisted Method -- 9.2.4 Post-Synthesis Modification of 2D Zeolites -- 9.3 Properties -- 9.4 Applications -- 9.4.1 Petro-Chemistry -- 9.4.2 Biomass Conversion -- 9.4.2.1 Pyrolysis of Solid Biomass -- 9.4.2.2 Condensation Reactions -- 9.4.2.3 Isomerization -- 9.4.2.4 Dehydration Reactions -- 9.4.3 Oxidation Reactions -- 9.4.4 Fine Chemical Synthesis -- 9.4.5 Organometallics -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 2D Hollow Nanomaterials -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Structural Aspects of HNMs -- 10.3 Synthetic Approaches -- 10.3.1 Template-Based Strategies -- 10.3.1.1 Hard Templating -- 10.3.1.2 Soft Templating -- 10.3.2 Self-Templating Strategies -- 10.3.2.1 Surface Protected Etching -- 10.3.2.2 Ostwald Ripening -- 10.3.2.3 Kirkendall Effect -- 10.3.2.4 Galvanic Replacement -- 10.4 Medical Applications of HNMs -- 10.4.1 Imaging and Diagnosis Applications -- 10.4.2 Applications of Nanotube Arrays -- 10.4.2.1 Pharmacy and Medicine -- 10.4.2.2 Cancer Therapy -- 10.4.2.3 Immuno and Hyperthermia Therapy -- 10.4.2.4 Infection Therapy and Gene Therapy -- 10.4.3 Hollow Nanomaterials in Diagnostics and Therapeutics -- 10.4.4 Applications in Regenerative Medicine -- 10.4.5 Anti-Neurodegenerative Applications -- 10.4.6 Photothermal Therapy -- 10.4.7 Biosensors. , 10.5 Non-Medical Applications of HNMs -- 10.5.1 Catalytic Micro or Nanoreactors -- 10.5.2 Energy Storage -- 10.5.2.1 Lithium Ion Battery -- 10.5.2.2 Supercapacitor -- 10.5.3 Nanosensors -- 10.5.4 Wastewater Treatment -- 10.6 Toxicity of 2D HNMs -- 10.7 Future Challenges -- 10.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 11 2D Layered Double Hydroxides -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Structural Aspects -- 11.3 Synthesis of LDHs -- 11.3.1 Co-Precipitation Method -- 11.3.2 Urea Hydrolysis -- 11.3.3 Ion-Exchange Method -- 11.3.4 Reconstruction Method -- 11.3.5 Hydrothermal Method -- 11.3.6 Sol-Gel Method -- 11.4 Nonmedical Applications of LDH -- 11.4.1 Adsorbent -- 11.4.2 Catalyst -- 11.4.3 Sensors -- 11.4.4 Electrode -- 11.4.5 Polymer Additive -- 11.4.6 Anion Scavenger -- 11.4.7 Flame Retardant -- 11.5 Biomedical Applications -- 11.5.1 Biosensors -- 11.5.2 Scaffolds -- 11.5.3 Anti-Microbial Agents -- 11.5.4 Drug Delivery -- 11.5.5 Imaging -- 11.5.6 Protein Purification -- 11.5.7 Gene Delivery -- 11.6 Toxicity -- 11.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 12 Experimental Techniques for Layered Materials -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methods for Synthesis of Graphene Layered Materials -- 12.3 Selection of a Suitable Metallic Substrate -- 12.4 Graphene Synthesis by HFTCVD -- 12.5 Graphene Transfer -- 12.6 Characterization Techniques -- 12.6.1 X-Ray Diffraction Technique -- d D k -- 12.6.2 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) -- 12.6.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 12.6.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR) -- 12.6.5 UV-Visible Spectroscopy -- 12.6.6 Raman Spectroscopy -- 12.6.7 Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM) -- 12.7 Potential Applications of Graphene and Derived Materials -- 12.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 13 Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Borophenes. , 13.1 Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride (2D h-BN): An Introduction.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Editors -- Chapter 1. Polythiophene-Based Battery Applications -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Synthesis -- 1.2.1 Electrochemical Polymerization -- 1.2.2 Chemical Synthesis -- 1.3 Battery Applications of PTs -- 1.3.1 PTs as Cathodic Materials -- 1.3.1.1 PTs as Active Materials -- 1.3.1.2 PTs as Binder -- 1.3.1.3 PTs as Conduction-Promoting Agents -- 1.3.2 PTs as Air Cathode -- 1.3.2.1 Li-Air Batteries -- 1.3.2.2 Aluminum-Air Battery -- 1.3.2.3 Zinc-Air Battery -- 1.3.3 PTs as Anodic Materials -- 1.3.3.1 PTs as Active Materials for Anode -- 1.3.3.2 PTs as Binders -- 1.3.3.3 PTs as Conduction Promoting Agents (CPAs) -- 1.3.4 PTs as Battery Separators -- 1.3.4.1 Li-Ion Batteries -- 1.3.4.2 Li-S Batteries -- 1.3.4.3 Li-O2 Batteries -- 1.3.5 PTs as Electrolytes -- 1.3.6 PTs as Coin-cell Cases -- 1.3.7 PTs as Li-O2 Catalyst -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2. Synthetic Strategies and Significant Issues for Pristine Conducting Polymers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Conduction Mechanism -- 2.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers -- 2.3.1 Synthesis through Polymerization -- 2.3.1.1 Chain-Growth Polymerization -- 2.3.1.2 Step-Growth Polymerization -- 2.3.2 Synthesis by Doping with Compatible Dopants -- 2.3.2.1 Types of Doping Agents -- 2.3.2.2 Doping Techniques -- 2.3.2.3 Mechanism of Doping -- 2.3.2.4 Influence of Doping on Conductivity -- 2.3.3 Electrochemical Polymerization -- 2.3.4 Photochemical Synthesis -- 2.4 Various Issues for Synthesis -- 2.4.1 Vapor-Phase Polymerization -- 2.4.2 Hybrid Conducting Polymers -- 2.4.3 Nanostructure Conducting Polymers -- 2.4.4 Narrow Bandgap Conducting Polymers -- 2.4.5 Synthesis in Supercritical CO2 -- 2.4.6 Biodegradability and Biocompatibility of Conducting Polymers -- 2.5 Applications. , 2.6 Future Scope for Applications -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3. Conducting Polymer Derived Materials for Batteries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Theory -- 3.3 Discussion on Conducting Polymer-Derived Materials -- 3.3.1 PEDOT Derivatives -- 3.3.1.1 Structural Properties -- 3.3.1.2 Electrochemical Studies of PEDOT and Its Derivatives -- 3.3.1.3 Magnetic Properties -- 3.3.2 PPy for the Energy-Storage Devices -- 3.3.2.1 Structural Property of PPy -- 3.3.2.2 Electrochemical Properties of Polypyrrol -- 3.3.2.3 Magnetic Properties -- 3.3.3 PANI for Battery Application -- 3.3.3.1 Structural Properties -- 3.3.3.2 Electrochemical Properties of PANI for Battery Electrode -- 3.3.3.3 Magnetic Properties of PANI -- 3.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. An Overview on Conducting Polymer-Based Materials for Battery Application -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Principle of Conducting Polymer Battery -- 4.3 Assortment of Conducting Polymer Electrodes for Battery Application -- 4.4 Mechanism of Conducting Polymers in Rechargeable Batteries -- 4.5 Organic Conducting Polymer for Lithium-ion Battery -- 4.5.1 Types of Organic Conducting Polymers -- 4.6 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer -- 4.6.1 Hard-template Method -- 4.6.2 Soft-template Method -- 4.6.3 Template-free Technique -- 4.6.4 Self-Assembly or Interfacial -- 4.6.5 Electrospinning -- 4.7 Characterization -- 4.7.1 Surface Characterization by AFM and AFMIR -- 4.7.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 4.7.3 Electrochemical Characterization -- 4.8 Applications of Various Conducting Polymers in Battery -- 4.8.1 Polyacetylene Battery -- 4.8.2 Polyaniline Batteries -- 4.8.3 Poly (p-phenylene) Batteries -- 4.8.4 Heterocyclic Polymer Batteries -- 4.9 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5. Polymer-Based Binary Nanocomposites -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Binary Composites. , 5.3 Nanostructured CPs -- 5.4 Strategies to Improve Performance -- 5.4.1 Low-dimensional Capacitors -- 5.4.2 Hybrid Capacitors -- 5.4.2.1 Hybrid Electrode Material -- 5.5 CP/Carbon-based Binary Composite -- 5.6 CP/Metal Oxides Binary Composites -- 5.7 CP/Metal Sulfides Binary Complexes -- 5.8 Other Cp-supported Binary Complexes -- 5.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. Polyaniline-Based Supercapacitor Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Polyaniline (PANI) and Its Application Potential -- 6.3 Supercapacitors -- 6.3.1 PANI in Supercapacitors -- 6.3.2 PANI and Carbon Composites -- 6.3.3 PANI/Porous and Carbon Composites -- 6.3.4 PANI/Graphene Composites -- 6.3.5 PANI/CNTs Composites -- 6.3.6 Polyaniline Activation/Carbonization -- 6.3.7 Composites of Polyaniline with Various Conductive Polymer Blends -- 6.3.8 Composites of Polyaniline with Transition Metal Oxides -- 6.3.9 Composites of Polyaniline Core-Shells with Metal Oxides -- 6.3.10 PANI-modified Cathode Materials -- 6.3.11 PANI-modified Anode Materials -- 6.4 Redox-active Electrolytes for PANI Supercapacitors -- 6.5 Examples of Various Polyaniline-based Supercapacitor -- 6.5.1 Composites of Polyaniline Doped with CoCl2 as Materials for Electrodes -- 6.5.2 Composites of Polyaniline Nanofibers with Graphene as materials for electrodes -- 6.5.3 Composites of Polyaniline (PANI) with Graphene Oxide as Electrode Materials -- 6.5.4 Hybrid Films of Manganese Dioxide and Polyaniline as Electrode Materials -- 6.5.5 Composites of Activated Carbon/Polyaniline with Tungsten Trioxide as Electrode Materials -- 6.5.6 PANI- and MOF-based Flexible Solid-state Supercapacitors -- 6.5.7 Polyaniline-based Nickel Electrodes for Electrochemical Supercapacitors -- 6.5.8 Hydrogel of Ultrathin Pure Polyaniline Nanofibers in Supercapacitor Application -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Chapter 7. Conductive Polymer-derived Materials for Supercapacitor -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Types of Supercapacitor -- 7.3 Parameters of Supercapacitors -- 7.4 Conducting Polymers (CPs) as Electrode Materials -- 7.4.1 Class of Conducting Polymer as Supercapacitor Electrode -- 7.5 Polyaniline (PANI)-based Electrode -- 7.6 Polypyrrole (PPy)-based Electrode -- 7.7 Polythiophene (PTh)-based Electrode -- 7.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 8. Conducting Polymer-Metal Based Binary Composites for Battery Applications -- 8.1 Conducting polymer (CPs) -- 8.2 Conducting polymers conductivity -- 8.3 Conducting polymer composites -- 8.3.1 Metal center nanoparticles -- 8.3.2 Metal nanoparticles -- 8.4 Conducting Polymer Based Binary Composites -- 8.4.1 Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) -- 8.4.2 Poly (Thiophene) composite -- 8.4.3 Poly (Para-Phenylene Vinylene) composite -- 8.4.4 Poly (Carbazole) composite -- 8.4.5 Vanadium oxide based conducting composite -- 8.4.6 PANI-V2O5 composite -- 8.4.7 Poly(N-sulfo propyl aniline)-V2O5 composite -- 8.5 Conducting polymer composite battery applications -- 8.5.1 Conducting polymer composite for Lithium-ion (Li+) based battery -- 8.5.2 Conducting polymer composites for Sodium-ion (Na+) based Battery -- 8.5.3 Conducting Polymer composite for Mg-Ion (Mg+2) Based Battery -- 8.6 Conducting polymer based composites for electrode materials -- References -- Chapter 9. Novel Conducting Polymer-Based Battery Application -- 9.1 Conducting Polymers (CPs) -- 9.1.1 Poly(Acetylene) -- 9.1.2 Poly(Thiophene) -- 9.1.3 Poly(Aniline) -- 9.1.4 Poly(Pyrrole) -- 9.1.5 Poly(Paraphenylene) and Poly(Phenylene) -- 9.2 Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- 9.2.1 Lithium Sulfide batteries -- 9.2.2 Binder for Lithium sulfide battery cathode -- 9.2.3 Sulfur encapsulation for electrode materials. , 9.2.4 Sulfur Encapsulation through Conductive Polymers -- 9.2.5 Conducting polymer anodes for Lithium sulfide battery -- 9.2.6 Conducting polymer as materials interlayer -- 9.3 Li+-ion-based Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- 9.4 Na+- ion-based Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- 9.5 Mg+2-ion-based Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- References -- Chapter 10. Conducting Polymer-Carbon-Based Binary Composites for Battery Applications -- Abbreviations -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Batteries -- 10.2.1 Types of Batteries -- 10.2.2 Electrode Materials -- 10.3 Conducting Polymer-Carbon-Based Binary Composite in Battery Applications -- 10.3.1 Polyaniline PANI-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.3.2 Polypyrrole (PPy)-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.3.3 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.3.4 Others Conducting Polymer-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11. Polyethylenedioxythiophene-Based Battery Applications -- 11.1 Chemistry of PEDOT -- 11.1.1 PEDOT Synthesis and Morphology -- 11.1.1.1 Synthetic Techniques to Achieve Desired Morphologies -- 11.1.2 PEDOT-Based Nanocomposites -- 11.2 PEDOT-Based Polymers in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries -- 11.3 Lithium-Air Battery Based on PEDOT or PEDOT:PSS -- 11.3.1 PEDOT-Based Nanocomposites for Li-O2 Batteries -- 11.3.2 PEDOT:PSS-Based Li-O2 Battery Cathodes -- 11.4 Lithium and Alkali Ion Polythiophene Batteries -- 11.4.1 Cathodes -- 11.4.1.1 Cathode Binders and Composites -- 11.4.2 Anodes -- 11.4.2.1 Anode Binders and Composites -- 11.4.3 All-Polythiophene and Metal-Free Batteries -- References -- Chapter 12. Polythiophene-Based Supercapacitor Applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Properties of Polythiophene (PTh) -- 12.3 Synthesis of Polythiophene -- 12.4 Charge Storage in Polythiophene Electrochemical Capacitors. , 12.5 Polythiophene Electrode Fabrication.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND ALLIED APPLICATIONS. VOLUME 1 -- ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND ALLIED APPLICATIONS. VOLUME 1 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- About the Editor -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Advances in Membranes for High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCS) -- 2.1. Role of Proton Conducting Membrane in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 2.2. Requirement for Proton Conducting Membrane for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 2.3. Current Status of Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid and Alternative Proton Conducting Membranes -- 2.4. Proton Transport in Sulfonic Acid Membranes -- 2.5. Challenges Facing Sulfonic Acid Membranes in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 3. High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte -- Membrane Fuel Cell -- 3.1. Proton Exchange Membranes for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- 3.2. Membranes Obtained by Modification with Hygroscopic Inorganic Fillers -- 3.3. Membranes Obtained by Modification with Solid Proton Conductors -- 3.4. Membranes Obtained by Modification with Less Volatile Proton Assisting Solvent -- 3.4.1. Doping with Heterocyclic Solvents -- 3.4.2. Doping with Phosphoric Acid -- 3.4.3. Radiation Grafted and Acid Doped Membranes -- 3.5. Disadvantages of Using Phosphoric Acid Composite Membranes for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications -- 3.6. Alternative Membranes Based on Benzimidazole Derivatives -- 3.7. Alternative Benzimidazole Polymers Doped with Heteropoly Acids -- 3.8. Membrane Impregnated with Ionic Liquids -- 3.9. Summary of Membranes Obtained by Modification of Sulfonic. , Acid Ionomers -- 4. Proton Conduction Mechanism in High Temperature Proton Conducting Membrane -- Conclusion and Prospectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Surface-Confined Ruthenium and Osmium Polypyridyl Complexes as Electrochromic Materials -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Electrochromic Windows, Displays and Mirrors -- 1.2. Classes of Electrochromic Materials -- 1.3. Metal Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- 1.3.1. Ruthenium (II) Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- (I). Optical Behavior of Ruthenium Complexes -- (II). Redox Behavior of Ruthenium Complexes -- (III). Role of Spacers in Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes -- 1.3.2. Osmium (II) Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- 1.3.3. Other Metal Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- 1.4. Substrates Used for Electrochromic Material -- 1.5. Modification of Substrates -- 2. Surface-Confined Ruthenium Complexes -- As Electrochromic Materials -- 2.1. Chemically Adsorbed Ruthenium Complexes -- 2.2. Physically Adsorbed Ruthenium Complexes -- 3. Surface-Confined Osmium Complexes -- As Electrochromic Materials -- 3.1. Osmium Complex-Based Monolayer -- 3.2. Osmium Complex-Based Multilayer -- 4. Surface-Confined Hetero-Metallic -- Complexes As Electrochromic Materials -- 4.1. Coordinative Supramolecular Assembly As Thin Films -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Magnetic Polymeric Nanocomposite Materials: Basic Principles Preparations and Microwave Absorption Application -- 1Department of Materials Science, School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science -- and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia -- 2Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, -- Jalan Semarak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Background. , 3. Interaction Mechanisms of Electromagnetic Wave -- with Materials -- 3.1. Interaction Mechanism with Conductor Materials -- 3.2. Interaction Mechanism with Dielectric Materials -- 3.3. Interaction Mechanism with Magnetic Materials -- 4. The Reason of Using Microwave Absorbing Materials -- 5. The Criteria for Choosing the Filler and the -- Importance of Matching Conditions for Ideal -- Microwave Absorbing Materials -- 5.1. Metal-Backed Single Layer Absorber Mode -- 5.2. Stand-Alone Absorbing Material Model -- 6. Types and Properties of Polymers -- 7. Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites -- 7.1. Nanomaterials -- 7.2. Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites' Properties -- 7.3. Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites' Applications -- 7.4. The Importance of Dispersion in Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites -- 8. Preparation and Processing of -- Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites -- 8.1. In-Situ Oxidative Polymerization Method (with Sonication) -- 8.2. One-Step Chemical Method -- 8.3. Surface-Initiated Polymerization Method -- 8.4. Microemulsion Chemical Oxidative Polymerization Method -- 8.5. Reverse Micelle Microemulsion Method -- 8.6. In-Situ Inverse Microemulsion Polymerization -- 8.7. Irradiation Induced Inverse Emulsion Polymerization -- 8.8. Miniemulsion Polymerization -- 8.9. Mechanical Melt Blending Method -- 8.10. Melt Processing Method Using Ultrasonic Bath -- 8.11. Template Free Method -- 8.12. Solution Casting Method -- 8.13. Sonochemical Method -- 8.14. Electrochemical Synthesis -- 9. Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Application of Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites -- 9.1. The Crucial Role of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Sample Thickness in the Determination of the Microwave Absorption Application -- 9.2. Effect of Magnetic Filler Size on the Microwave Absorption and/or Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Application. , 9.3. Broadening the Microwave Absorption Range for Low and High Frequency Applications Using Binary Magnetic Nanofillers -- 9.4. The Enhancement of the Microwave Absorption for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Application Using Magnetic and Dielectric Nanofillers -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Polyetheramide-Birth of a New Coating Material -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Raw Materials and Test Methods -- 3. Linseed Oil Based Polyetheramides[LPEtA] -- 4. Soybean Oil Based Polyetheramides (SPEtA) -- 5. Albizia Lebbek Benth Oil Based PEtA (ABOPEtA) -- 6. Jatropha Seed Oil Based PEtA(JPEtA) -- 6. Olive Oil Based PEtA (OPEtA) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- [1] Sørensen, P. A., Kiil,S., Dam-Johansen, K. & -- Weinell, C. E. (2009). Anticorrosive coatings: a review, J. Coat. Technol. Res., 6(2), 135-176. -- Chapter 5: Advanced Functional Polymers and Composite Materials and Their Role in Electroluminescent Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction & -- Scope of the Work -- 1. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Characteristics and Categories -- (a) LED- Device Configuration -- (b) Recent Developments in The LED's Technology -- In-organic Light Emitting Diode -- Materials & -- Characteristics -- 3-I. Luminescence and Scintillation from the Inorganic Phosphor Materials -- An Ideal Luminescencent Material's Characteristics -- 3-II. Scintillation -- 3-III. Inorganic Electroluminescent Materials & -- Devices -- Organic Light Emitting Diodes Devices (OELDs) -- 4- (i). OLED Characteristics -- 4-(ii). OLED- Device Configuration & -- Working Principle -- 4-(iii). General Electroluminescent Materials Used for OLED Devices -- 4-(iv). OLED Device Fabrication -- 4-(v). OLED- Electro-Optical (EO) Properties -- 4-(vi). Quantum Efficiency of OLED Devices -- The Classifications of OLED types. , 4-I. An Overview of Historical Background about Polymeric OLEDs -- (P-OLEDs) -- 4-II. Polymeric OLEDs (P-OLEDs) as Electroluminescent Devices -- 4- III. Polymeric OLEDs (P-OLEDs) Employed in Various Device's Applications -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- [1] Akcelrud, L. Prog. Polym. Sci. 28 (2003). 875-962. -- Chapter 6: Poly(Methacrylic Acid) and Poly (Itaconic Acid) Applications as pH-Sensitive Actuators -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methacrylic Acid and Itaconic Acid -Basic Properties -- 2. Poly(methacrylic acid) and Poly(Itaconic Acid) pH-sensitive Polymers -- 2.1. Linear Systems -- 2.2. Hydrogels -- 2.3. Amphiphillic Block and Graft Copolymers (Micelles) -- 2.4. Modified Surfaces and Membranes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: Cell Scaffolds and Fabrication Technologies for Tissue Engineering -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cell Based-Therapies for Tissue Engineering -- 3. Scaffolds Preparation Technologies -- 3.1. Nanofibrous -- 3.2. Freeze-Drying -- 3.3. Fiber Bonding -- 3.4. Phase Separation -- 3.5. Gas Foaming -- 3.6. Rapid Prototyping -- 4. Special Applications in Tissue Ingineering -- 4.1. Injectable Matrices for Cell Therapy -- 4.2. Bioceramic Matrices for Cell Therapy -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Immobilization of Lipase by Physical Adsorption on Selective Polymers -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Mechanism of Action of Lipases -- 3. Properties of Enzymes Influenced by Immobilization -- 4. Properties of Matrices for Immobilization -- 5. Methods for Enzyme Immobilization -- 5.1. Physical Adsorption -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzymes Immobilization Using the Adsorption Technique -- 5.2. Ionic Binding -- 5.3. Covalent Binding. , Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzymes Immobilization Using the Covalent Technique.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Progress in Separators for Rechargeable Batteries -- 1.1 Separator Overview -- 1.2 Polymer Membrane -- 1.2.1 Polyolefin Separators -- 1.2.2 PVDF -- 1.2.3 PTFE -- 1.2.4 PU -- 1.2.5 PVA -- 1.2.6 Cellulose -- 1.2.7 Other Polymer -- 1.3 Non-Woven Fabric Separator -- 1.3.1 PET -- 1.3.2 PAN -- 1.3.3 PVDF -- 1.3.4 PTFE -- 1.3.5 PVA -- 1.3.6 PI -- 1.4 Polymer Electrolyte -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Pb Acid Batteries -- 2.1 History of Batteries -- 2.2 Primary Batteries -- 2.3 Secondary Batteries -- 2.4 Flow Batteries -- 2.4.1 All Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRBs) -- 2.4.2 Zinc-Bromine Flow Cells -- 2.5 Lead-Acid Batteries -- 2.5.1 Early Applications of Lead-Acid Batteries -- 2.5.2 Comparison With Other Types of Secondary Batteries -- 2.5.3 Electrochemistry of Lead-Acid Batteries -- 2.5.4 Basic Components of Lead-Acid Cells -- 2.5.5 Types of Lead-Acid Batteries -- 2.5.6 Charging -- 2.5.7 Maintenance -- 2.5.8 Failure Modes -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3 Flexible Batteries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Battery Types -- 3.2.1 Lead-Acid Battery -- 3.2.2 Nickel Cadmium -- 3.2.3 Nickel/Hydrogen and Nickle/Metal Hydride -- 3.2.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 3.3 Storage Mechanism -- 3.3.1 Flexible Electrode -- 3.3.2 Carbon Base Flexible Electrodes -- 3.4 Graphene Base Flexible Batteries -- 3.5 Metal Oxide-Based Flexible Batteries -- 3.6 Fiber-Shape Designed Flexible Batteries -- 3.7 Natural Fiber Base Flexible Batteries -- 3.8 Flexible Electrolytes -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Polymer Electrolytes in Rechargeable Batteries -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Solid Electrolytes for Rechargeable Batteries -- 4.2.1 Solid Oxide Electrolytes -- 4.2.2 Sulfide Solid Electrolytes -- 4.2.3 Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Electrolytes. , 4.2.4 Solid Polymer Electrolytes in Rechargeable Batteries -- 4.3 Polymer-Based Electrolytes -- 4.4 Classification of Polymer-Based Electrolytes -- 4.4.1 Polymer-Salt Complexes -- 4.4.2 Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes -- 4.4.3 Rubbery Electrolytes -- 4.4.4 Solvent-Swollen Polymers -- 4.4.5 Polyelectrolytes -- 4.4.6 Gel Polymer Electrolytes -- 4.4.7 Composite Polymer Electrolytes (CPEs) -- 4.4.8 Ionic Liquid Incorporated Polymer/Gel Electrolytes -- 4.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 5 Advancement in Electrolytes for Rechargeable Batteries -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Aqueous Electrolytes -- 5.2.1 Lithium Nitrate -- 5.2.2 Saturated LiCl Electrolyte -- 5.2.3 Aqueous Sodium Salts -- 5.3 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes -- 5.4 Polymer Electrolytes -- 5.4.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPE) -- 5.4.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPE) -- 5.5 Ionic Liquids Electrolytes (ILE) -- 5.6 Hybrid Electrolytes -- 5.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 Fabrication Assembly Techniques for K-Ion Batteries -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Battery and Its Types -- 6.3 Ni-Cd Batteries -- 6.4 Li-Ion Batteries -- 6.5 Advantages of Rechargeable Batteries -- 6.6 Disadvantages of Rechargeable Batteries -- 6.7 K-Ion Batteries -- 6.8 Advantages -- 6.9 Disadvantages -- 6.10 Honeycomb Structure of K-Ion Batteries -- 6.10.1 Methods/Synthesis of Potassium Tellurates -- 6.11 Negative Electrode Materials for K-Ion Batteries -- 6.12 K-Ion Batteries Based on Patterned Electrodes -- 6.13 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 7 Recent Advances in Ni-Fe Batteries as Electrical Energy Storage Devices -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Structure of Ni-Fe Batteries -- 7.3 Discussion on Electrochemical Parameters of Various Materials for Ni-Fe Batteries -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Batteries -- 8.1 Introduction. , 8.2 History -- 8.3 Invention of the Rechargeable Battery -- 8.4 Metal Hydrides (MH) -- 8.5 Thermodynamics and Crystal Structures of Ni-MH Battery Materials -- 8.5.1 Thermodynamics -- 8.5.2 Crystal Structures of Battery Materials -- 8.5.3 Crystal Structure of AB -- 8.5.3 Crystal Structure of AB5 and AB2 Materials -- 8.5.4 Structure of AB5 Compounds -- 8.5.5 Structure of AB2 Compounds -- 8.5.6 Substitutions of A and B Components in AB5 and AB2 -- 8.5.7 Mg-Based Alloys -- 8.5.8 Rare Earth-Mg-Ni-Based Alloys -- 8.5.9 Ti-V-Based Alloys -- 8.6 Ni-MH Batteries -- 8.7 Mechanism of Ni-MH Batteries -- 8.7.1 Battery Description -- 8.7.2 Principle -- 8.7.3 Negative Electrode -- 8.7.4 Positive Electrode -- 8.7.5 Electrolyte -- 8.7.6 Separator -- 8.8 Materials -- 8.9 Charging Nickel-Based Batteries -- 8.9.1 Guidelines for Charging -- 8.10 Performance -- 8.11 Factors Affecting Life -- 8.11.1 Exposure to Elevated Temperatures -- 8.11.2 Reversal -- 8.11.3 Extended Storage under Load -- 8.11.4 Limiting Mechanisms -- 8.12 Advantages -- 8.13 Applications -- 8.13.1 Electric Vehicles -- 8.13.2 Fuel Cell (FC) EVs -- 8.13.3 Pure EVs -- 8.13.4 Hybrid EVs -- 8.13.5 Applications in Traditional Portable Electronic Devices -- 8.13.5.1 Mobile Phones -- 8.13.5.2 Digital Cameras -- 8.14 Recent Developments and Research Work -- 8.15 Shortcomings -- References -- Chapter 9 Ni-Cd Batteries -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 History -- 9.3 Characteristics -- 9.4 Construction and Working -- 9.5 Types of NiCd Batteries -- 9.6 Memory Effect -- 9.7 Maintenance and Safety -- 9.8 Availability and Cost -- 9.9 Applications -- 9.9.1 Transportation in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles -- 9.9.2 Aircrafts -- 9.9.3 Electronic Flash Units -- 9.9.4 Cordless Applications -- 9.9.5 Motorized Equipment -- 9.9.6 Two Ways Radios -- 9.9.7 Medical Instrumentation -- 9.9.8 Toys -- 9.10 Advantages and Disadvantages. , 9.11 Recycling of NiCd Batteries -- 9.12 Comparison With Other Batteries -- 9.13 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 10 Ca-Ion Batteries -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Selection of Anodic and Cathodic Materials -- 10.2.1 Alloy Anodes -- 10.2.1.1 Choice of Cathodes for Calcium-Ion Batteries -- 10.2.1.2 Choice of Anodes for Calcium-Ion Batteries -- 10.3 Electrochemical Arrangement -- 10.4 Electrode Materials -- 10.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 11 Analytical Investigations in Rechargeable Batteries -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Components of a Battery -- 11.3 Principle of Rechargeable Battery -- 11.4 Aging of Rechargeable Battery -- 11.5 Analysis Techniques Used for Rechargeable Batteries -- 11.5.1 X-Ray Based -- 11.5.2 Neutron Based -- 11.5.3 Optical Analysis Techniques -- 11.5.4 Electron Based -- 11.5.5 Vibrational Analysis Techniques -- 11.5.6 Magnetism Based -- 11.5.7 Gravimetric-Based Analysis Techniques -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Remediation of Spent Rechargeable Batteries -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 A Brief History of Battery Origin -- 12.3 The Types of Batteries -- 12.3.1 Types of Primary Batteries -- 12.3.1.1 Types of Secondary Batteries -- 12.4 Recharge the Battery -- 12.5 Battery Life -- 12.6 A Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) -- 12.6.1 Advantages of Li-Ion Batteries -- 12.6.2 Disadvantages of Li-Ion Batteries -- 12.7 Impact of Batteries on Health -- 12.7.1 Protection Against Battery Disadvantages [101] -- 12.8 Mercury (Hg) -- 12.9 Remediation of Spent Rechargeable Batteries -- 12.9.1 Future and Challenges: Nanotechnology in Batteries -- 12.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 Classification, Modeling, and Requirements for Separators in Rechargeable Batteries -- Acronyms -- 13.1 Introduction and Area -- 13.2 Separators in Rechargeable Batteries. , 13.3 Classification of Separator in Rechargeable Batteries -- 13.3.1 Nonwoven Separators -- 13.3.2 Microporous Membrane Separators -- 13.3.3 Ion-Exchange Membrane Separators -- 13.3.4 Nanoporous Membrane Separators -- 13.4 Properties of Separator in Rechargeable Batteries -- 13.5 Requirements for Separator in Rechargeable Batteries -- 13.6 Modeling of Separator in Rechargeable Batteries -- 13.7 Results and Discussions -- 13.8 Future Approach -- 13.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Research and Development and Commercialization in Rechargeable Batteries -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Types of Rechargeable Batteries (RBs) and Challenges Faced Towards Practical Applications -- 14.1.1.1 Li-Ion Batteries (LIBs) -- 14.1.1.2 Na and K-Ion Batteries -- 14.1.1.3 Magnesium Rechargeable Batteries (MgRBs) -- 14.1.1.4 Aqueous RBs -- 14.1.1.5 Pb-Acid, Ni-Cd, and Ni-MH Batteries -- 14.1.1.6 Zinc-Ion RBs -- 14.1.1.7 Metal-Air Batteries -- 14.1.1.8 Flexible RBs -- 14.1.2 Nanotechnology Interventions in Rechargeable Batteries -- 14.2 Research and Development in Rechargeable Batteries -- 14.2.1 Zinc Rechargeable Batteries (ZnRBs) -- 14.2.2 Magnesium Rechargeable Batteries (MgRBs) -- 14.2.3 Aqueous RBs and Hybrid Aqueous RBs -- 14.2.4 Li-Based RBs -- 14.3 Commercialization Aspects of Rechargeable Batteries -- 14.4 Future Prospects of RBs -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Alkaline Batteries -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 How Batteries Work -- 15.2 History -- 15.3 Advantages -- 15.4 Disadvantages -- 15.4.1 Internal Resistance -- 15.4.2 Leakage and Damages -- 15.5 Spent ARBs -- 15.6 Classification of ABs -- 15.6.1 Ni/Co Batteries -- 15.6.2 Ni/Ni ARBs -- 15.7 Application of ABs -- 15.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 16 Advances in "Green" Ion-Batteries Using Aqueous Electrolytes -- 16.1 Introduction. , 16.2 Monovalent Ion Aqueous Batteries.

Note: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Toxic Geogenic Contaminants in Serpentinitic Geological Systems: Occurrence, Behavior, Exposure Pathways, and Human Health Risks -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Serpentinitic Geological Systems -- 1.2.1 Nature, Occurrence, and Geochemistry -- 1.2.2 Occurrence and Behavior of Toxic Contaminants -- 1.3 Human Exposure Pathways -- 1.3.1 Occupational Exposure -- 1.3.2 Non-Occupational Exposure Routes -- 1.4 Human Health Risks and Their Mitigation -- 1.4.1 Health Risks -- 1.4.2 Mitigating Human Exposure and Health Risks -- 1.5 Future Perspectives -- 1.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Benefits of Geochemistry and Its Impact on Human Health -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General Overview of Geochemistry and Human Health -- 2.2.1 Types of Geochemistry -- 2.2.2 Some Beneficial Effect of Some Mineral With Health Benefits -- 2.2.3 Application of Geochemistry on Human Health -- 2.3 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 3 Applications of Geochemistry in Livestock: Health and Nutritional Perspective -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 General and Global Perspective About Geochemistry in Livestock -- 3.3 Types of Geochemistry and Their Numerous Benefits -- 3.3.1 Analytical Geochemistry -- 3.3.2 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.3.3 Low Temperature Geochemistry -- 3.3.4 Organic and Petroleum Geochemistry -- 3.4 Application of Geochemistry in Livestock -- 3.5 Geochemistry and Animal Health -- 3.6 General Overview of Geochemistry in Livestock's Merits of Geochemistry/Essential Minerals in Livestocks -- 3.6.1 Specific Examples of Authors That Have Used Essential Minerals in Livestock -- 3.6.2 Livestock in Relation to Geominerals -- 3.6.3 Trace Minerals Parallel Importance in Livestock -- 3.6.4 Heavy Metals Impact Livestock -- 3.7 Conclusion and Recommendations. , References -- 4 Application in Geochemistry Toward the Achievement of a Sustainable Agricultural Science -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General Overview on the Utilization of Geochemistry and Their Wide Application on Agriculture -- 4.2.1 Classification -- 4.2.2 Chemical Composition of Rocks -- 4.2.3 Effect of Some Beneficial Minerals in Agriculture -- 4.2.4 Beneficial Mineral Nutrients That are Crucial to the Development of Plants -- 4.3 Role of Geochemistry in Agriculture -- 4.4 Geochemical Effects of Heavy Metals on Crops Health -- 4.5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 5 Geochemistry, Extent of Pollution, and Ecological Impact of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Soil -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Material and Methods -- 5.2.1 Review Process -- 5.2.2 Ecological Risk Index -- 5.3 Toxic Heavy Metal and Their Impact to the Ecosystems -- 5.3.1 Arsenic -- 5.3.2 Cadmium -- 5.3.3 Chromium -- 5.3.4 Copper -- 5.3.5 Lead -- 5.3.6 Nickel -- 5.3.7 Zinc -- 5.4 Metal Pollution in Soil Across the Globe -- 5.5 Ecological and Human Health Risk Impacts of Heavy Metals -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Isotope Geochemistry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic Definitions -- 6.2.1 The Notation -- 6.2.2 The Fractionation Factor -- 6.2.3 Isotope Fractionation -- 6.2.4 Mass Dependent and Independent Fractionations -- 6.3 Application of Traditional Isotopes in Geochemistry -- 6.3.1 Geothermometer -- 6.3.2 Isotopes in Biological System -- 6.3.3 Isotopes in Archaeology -- 6.3.4 Isotopes in Fossils and the Earliest Life -- 6.3.5 Isotopes in Hydrothermal and Ore Deposits -- 6.4 Non-Traditional Isotopes in Geochemistry -- 6.4.1 Application in Tracing of Source -- 6.4.2 Application in Process Tracing -- 6.4.3 Biological Cycling -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Environmental Geochemistry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Overview of the Environmental Geochemistry -- 7.3 Conclusions. , 7.4 Abbreviations -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 Medical Geochemistry -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Evolution of Geochemistry -- 8.3 This Science has Expanded Considerably to Become Distinct Branches -- 8.3.1 Cosmochemistry -- 8.3.2 The Economic Importance of Geochemistry -- 8.3.3 Analytical Geochemistry -- 8.3.4 Geochemistry of Radioisotopes -- 8.3.5 Medical Geochemistry and Human Health -- 8.3.6 Environmental Health and Safety -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Inorganic Geochemistry -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Elements and the Earth -- 9.2.1 Iron -- 9.2.2 Oxygen -- 9.2.3 Silicon -- 9.2.4 Magnesium -- 9.3 Geological Minerals -- 9.3.1 Quartz -- 9.3.2 Feldspar -- 9.3.3 Amphibole -- 9.3.4 Pyroxene -- 9.3.5 Olivine -- 9.3.6 Clay Minerals -- 9.3.7 Kaolinite -- 9.3.8 Bentonite, Montmorillonite, Vermiculite, and Biotite -- 9.4 Characterization Techniques -- 9.4.1 Powder X-Ray Diffraction -- 9.4.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectra -- 9.4.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra -- 9.4.4 Electron Probe Micro-Analysis -- 9.4.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry -- 9.4.6 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy -- 9.4.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis -- 9.4.8 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Introduction and Scope of Geochemistry -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Periodic Table and Electronic Configuration -- 10.2 Periodic Properties -- 10.2.1 Ionization Enthalpy -- 10.2.2 Electron Affinity -- 10.2.3 Electro-Negativity -- 10.3 Chemical Bonding -- 10.3.1 Ionic Bond -- 10.3.2 Covalent Bond -- 10.3.3 Metallic Bond -- 10.3.4 Hydrogen Bond -- 10.3.5 Van der Waals Forces -- 10.4 Geochemical Classification and Distribution of Elements -- 10.4.1 Lithophiles -- 10.4.2 Siderophiles -- 10.4.3 Chalcophiles -- 10.4.4 Atmophiles -- 10.4.5 Biophiles -- 10.5 Chemical Composition of the Earth -- 10.6 Classification of Earth's Layers. , 10.6.1 Based on Chemical Composition -- 10.6.2 Based on Physical Properties -- 10.7 Spheres of the Earth -- 10.7.1 Geosphere/Lithosphere -- 10.7.2 Hydrosphere -- 10.7.3 Biosphere -- 10.7.4 Atmosphere -- 10.7.5 Troposphere -- 10.7.6 Stratosphere -- 10.7.7 Mesosphere -- 10.7.8 Thermosphere and Ionosphere -- 10.7.9 Exosphere -- 10.8 Sub-Disciplines of Geochemistry -- 10.9 Scope of Geochemistry -- 10.10 Conclusion -- References -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Analytical Methods for the Determination of Heavy Metals in Water -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Total Concentration and Speciation Analysis -- 1.3 Health and Legislation -- 1.4 Sample Preparation for Elemental Analysis of Heavy Metals -- 1.4.1 Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.1 Classic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.1.1 Modern Sorbents for Classic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.1.2 Micro Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.2 Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.2.1 Dispersion Techniques -- 1.4.1.2.2 Modern Sorbents for Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction and Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction -- Nanostructured Materials -- Hybrid Materials -- 1.4.1.3 Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.3.1 Advanced Magnetic Sorbents -- 1.4.2 Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 1.4.2.1 Modern Solvents Used in Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 1.4.2.1.1 Non-ionic or Zwitterionic Surfactants -- 1.4.2.1.2 Ionic Liquids -- 1.4.2.1.3 Deep Eutectic Solvents -- 1.4.2.2 Novel Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Techniques -- 1.4.2.2.1 Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Techniques -- 1.4.2.2.2 In-Situ Phase Separation Techniques -- 1.4.2.2.3 Cloud Point Extraction -- 1.4.2.2.4 Non-dispersive Microextraction Techniques -- 1.4.2.3 Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Flow Analysis -- 1.5 Analytical Techniques for Heavy Metal Detection -- 1.5.1 Spectroscopic Techniques -- 1.5.1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy -- 1.5.1.2 Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.3 Atomic Emission Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.4.1 Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.5 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy -- 1.5.1.6 X-Ray Fluorescence -- 1.5.1.7 UV-Vis Spectrophotometry -- 1.5.2 Electrochemical Techniques -- 1.5.2.1 Potentiostatic Techniques. , 1.5.2.1.1 Amperometry -- 1.5.2.1.2 Chronocoulometry -- 1.5.2.1.3 Voltammetric Techniques -- 1.5.2.2 Galvanostatic Stripping Chronopotentiometry -- 1.5.2.3 Electrochemiluminescence -- 1.5.3 Other Methods -- 1.5.3.1 Ion Chromatography -- 1.5.3.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy -- 1.5.3.3 Bio Methods -- 1.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2: Olive-Oil Waste for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Olive Tree Pruning as Biosorbent of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions -- 2.2.1 Characterization -- 2.2.2 Biosorption Tests -- 2.3 Olive Stone as Biosorbent of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions -- 2.3.1 Characterization -- 2.3.2 Biosorption Tests -- 2.4 Olive Pomace and Olive-Cake as Biosorbents of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions -- 2.4.1 Characterization -- 2.4.2 Biosorption Tests -- 2.5 Other Valorization Opportunities for Olive-Oil Waste -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Metal Oxide Composites for Heavy Metal Ions Removal -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Issues in Environmental Remediation -- 3.3 Different Types of Magnetic Sorbents -- 3.3.1 Iron Oxide Modified Nanoparticle -- 3.3.2 Zeolite -- 3.3.3 Silica -- 3.3.4 Polymer Functionalization -- 3.3.5 Chitosan and Alginate -- 3.3.6 Activated Carbon -- 3.3.7 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphene -- 3.3.8 Agricultural Wastes -- 3.4 Case Studies -- 3.4.1 Characterization -- 3.4.2 Factors Affecting Sorption Processes -- 3.4.3 Agro-Based Magnetic Biosorbents Recovery and Reusability -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Materials for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Heavy Metal Ions Removal Mechanism -- 4.2.1 Surface Complexation -- 4.2.2 Van der Waals Interaction -- 4.2.3 Ion Exchange -- 4.3 Different Types of Two-Dimensional Material for Heavy Metal Removal. , 4.3.1 Graphene-Based Two-Dimensional Materials -- 4.3.1.1 Structure -- 4.3.1.2 Graphene-Based Materials for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.2 Dichalcogenides -- 4.3.2.1 Structure -- 4.3.2.2 Molybdenum Disulfide for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.3 MXenes -- 4.3.3.1 Structure -- 4.3.3.2 MXenes for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.4 Clay Minerals -- 4.3.4.1 Structure -- 4.3.4.2 Clay Mineral for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.5 Layered Double Hydroxides -- 4.3.5.1 Structure -- 4.3.5.2 Layered Double Hydroxides for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.6 Layered Zeolites -- 4.3.6.1 Structure -- 4.3.6.2 Layered Zeolites for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.7 Other Two-Dimensional Materials -- 4.4 Heavy Metal Removal Other than Adsorption -- 4.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Appendix: List of Two-Dimensional Materials that Mentioned in this Chapter for Heavy Metal Removal and their Removal Capacities -- References -- Chapter 5: Membranes for Heavy Metals Removal -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Electrodialysis -- 5.2.1 Electrodialysis Applied to Metal Removal -- 5.2.2 Principle -- 5.2.3 Evaluation and Control Parameters -- 5.2.4 Use in Electroplating Industry -- 5.2.4.1 Zinc -- 5.2.4.2 Chromium -- 5.2.4.3 Copper -- 5.2.4.4 Nickel -- 5.2.5 Use in Mining and Mineral Processing Industry -- 5.2.6 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 6: Metal Oxides for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Adsorption Methods -- 6.3 Metal Oxides for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Water -- 6.3.1 Titanium Dioxide -- 6.3.2 Manganese Dioxide -- 6.3.3 Iron Oxide -- 6.3.4 Aluminum Oxide -- 6.3.5 Binary Metal Oxides -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchange Materials for Heavy Metal Removal from Water -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ion Exchange Process -- 7.3 Ion Exchange Materials -- 7.3.1 Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.3.2 Organic Ion Exchangers. , 7.4 Heavy Metal Removal with Ion Exchange Materials -- 7.4.1 Lead (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.2 Mercury (II) Removal from Waste Water with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.3 Cadmium (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.4 Nickel (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.5 Chromium (III, VI) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.6 Copper (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.7 Zinc (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Low-Cost Technology for Heavy Metal Cleaning from Water -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sources and Impact -- 8.3 Different Routes of Contamination -- 8.4 Conventional Water Treatment Methods -- 8.4.1 Preliminary Treatment -- 8.4.2 Secondary Water Treatment -- 8.4.3 Tertiary Water Treatment -- 8.4.4 Membrane Filtration -- 8.5 Advanced Technology for Heavy Metal Ion Removal -- 8.5.1 Nano-Adsorption -- 8.5.2 Molecularly-Imprinted Polymers -- 8.5.3 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) and Covalent-Organic Framework (COF) -- 8.5.4 Emerging Membrane Technologies -- 8.6 Low-Cost and Biotechnological Approaches -- 8.6.1 Biosorption -- 8.6.2 Microbial Remediation -- 8.6.3 Biotechnological Strategies -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Use of Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Remediation -- 9.1 General Introduction -- 9.2 Heavy Metals in the Environment -- 9.2.1 Characteristics of Selected Heavy Metals -- 9.3 Wastewater Treatment -- 9.4 Nanomaterials -- 9.4.1 Clay Minerals -- 9.4.2 Layered Double Hydroxide and Their Mixed-Oxides Counterparts -- 9.4.3 Zeolites -- 9.4.4 Two-dimensional Early Transition Metal Carbides and Carbonitrides -- 9.4.5 Metal Based Nanoparticles. , 9.4.5.1 Zero-valent Metals -- 9.4.5.2 Metal Oxides -- 9.4.6 Carbon-based Materials -- 9.4.6.1 Carbon Nanotubes -- 9.4.6.2 Fullerenes -- 9.4.6.3 Graphene -- 9.4.6.4 Graphene Oxide -- 9.4.6.5 Reduced Graphene Oxide -- 9.4.6.6 Graphitic Carbon Nitride -- 9.4.7 Metal Organic Frameworks -- 9.5 Disadvantages of Using Nanomaterials -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Ecoengineered Approaches for the Remediation of Polluted River Ecosystems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Occurrence of Pollutants, Emerging Contaminants and Their Riverine Fates -- 10.3 Hazardous Effects of Water Contaminants on Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota -- 10.4 Historic Concepts of River Bioremediation -- 10.5 Physico-chemical River Remediation Methods -- 10.6 Eco-engineered River Water Remediation Technologies -- 10.6.1 Plant Based River Remediation Systems -- 10.6.1.1 Constructed Wetlands -- 10.6.1.2 Ecological Floating Wetlands, Beds and Islands -- 10.6.1.3 Eco-tanks -- 10.6.1.4 Bio-racks -- 10.6.2 Microorganisms Based River Remediation Systems -- 10.6.2.1 Biofilm Based Eco-engineered Treatment Systems -- 10.6.2.1.1 Bio-filters in River Bioremediation -- 10.6.2.2 Periphyton Based Technologies -- 10.7 In Situ Emerging Integrated Systems for the River Bioremediation -- 10.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 11: Ballast Water Definition, Components, Aquatic Invasive Species, Control and Management and Treatment Technologies -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Component of Ballast Water -- 11.3 Aquatic Invasive Species -- 11.4 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments -- 11.5 IMO Standards for Ballast Water Quality -- 11.6 Management Options of Ballast Water -- 11.7 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies -- 11.7.1 Mechanical Treatment -- 11.7.2 Physical Treatment -- 11.7.2.1 Ultrasound and Cavitation. , 11.7.3 Chemical Treatment.

Note: Intro -- Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Green Inorganic Synthesis -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Microwave-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- Description -- Key features -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Technical aspects of microwave technique -- 2.1. Principles and heating mechanism of microwave method -- 2.2. Green solvents for microwave reactions -- 2.3. Microwave versus conventional synthesis -- 2.4. Microwave instrumentation -- 2.5. Advantages and limitations -- 3. MW-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 3.1. Metallic nanostructured materials -- 3.2. Metal oxides nanostructured materials -- 3.3. Metal chalcogenides nanostructured materials -- 3.4. Quantum dot nanostructured materials -- 4. Conclusions and future aspects -- 4.1. Challenges and scope to further study -- References -- Chapter 2: Green synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles using microemulsion methods -- Description -- Key features -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental aspects of microemulsion synthesis -- 2.1. Microemulsion and types -- 2.2. Micelles, types, and formation mechanism -- 2.3. Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance number -- 2.4. Surfactants and types -- 2.5. Advantages and limitations of microemulsion synthesis of nanomaterials -- 3. Microemulsion-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanostructured materials -- 3.1. General mechanism microemulsion method for nanomaterial synthesis -- 3.2. Preparation of metallic and bimetallic nanoparticles -- 3.3. Metal oxide synthesis by microemulsion -- 3.4. Synthesis of metal chalcogenide nanostructured materials -- 3.5. Synthesis of inorganic quantum dots -- 4. Conclusions, challenges, and scope to further study -- References -- Chapter 3: Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using microorganisms -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Green approach for synthesis of nanoparticles -- 3. General mechanisms of biosynthesis -- 4. Optimization of nanoparticles biosynthesis -- 4.1. Effect of the temperature -- 4.2. Effect of pH -- 4.3. Effect of metal precursor concentration -- 4.4. Effect of culture medium composition -- 4.5. Effect of biomass quantity and age -- 4.6. Synthesis time -- 5. Biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles -- 5.1. Bacteria-mediated synthesis -- 5.2. Fungi-mediated synthesis -- 5.3. Yeast-mediated synthesis -- 5.4. Algae- and viruses-mediated synthesis -- 6. Biosynthesis of metal chalcogenide nanoparticles -- 7. Final considerations -- References -- Chapter 4: Challenge and perspectives for inorganic green synthesis pathways -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis methods -- 2.1. Physical synthesis -- 2.1.1. Advantages -- 2.1.2. Inconvenient -- 2.2. Chemical synthesis -- 2.2.1. Advantages -- 2.2.2. Inconvenient -- 2.3. Green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials and application -- 3. Challenge and perspectives -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Types of nanomaterials -- 1.2. Approaches for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1.3. Characterization of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1.4. What are carbohydrates? -- 1.4.1. Types of carbohydrates -- Monosaccharides -- Oligosaccharides -- Polysaccharides -- 2. Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.1. Synthesis of metal nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.2. Synthesis of metal oxide-based nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.3. Synthesis of nanomaterials using polysaccharides extracted from fungi and plant -- 3. The advantages and disadvantages of inorganic nanomaterials -- 4. Conclusion and future scope -- References -- Chapter 6: Fundamentals for material and nanomaterial synthesis. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental synthesis for materials -- 2.1. Solid-state synthesis -- 2.2. Chemical vapor transport -- 2.3. Sol-gel process -- 2.4. Melt growth (MG) method -- 2.5. Chemical vapor deposition -- 2.6. Laser ablation methods -- 2.7. Sputtering method -- 2.8. Molecular beam epitaxy method -- 3. Fundamental synthesis for nanomaterials -- 3.1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches -- 3.1.1. Ball milling (BL) synthesis process -- 3.1.2. Electron beam lithography -- 3.1.3. Inert gas condensation synthesis method -- 3.1.4. Physical vapor deposition methods -- 3.1.5. Laser pyrolysis methods -- 3.2. Chemical synthesis methods -- 3.2.1. Sol-gel method -- 3.2.2. Chemical vapor deposition method -- 3.2.3. Hydrothermal synthesis -- 3.2.4. Polyol process -- 3.2.5. Microemulsion technique -- 3.2.6. Microwave-assisted (MA) synthesis -- 3.3. Bio-assisted (B-A) methods -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Bioinspired synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Nanomaterials and current limitations -- 1.2. Bioinspired synthesis -- 2. General mechanism of interaction -- 3. Bioinspired synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 3.1. Microorganisms-mediated synthesis -- 3.2. Plant-mediated synthesis -- 3.2.1. Root extract assisted synthesis -- 3.2.2. Leaves extract assisted synthesis -- 3.2.3. Shoot-mediated synthesis -- 3.3. Protein templated synthesis -- 3.4. DNA-templated synthesis -- 3.5. Butterfly wing scales-templated synthesis -- 4. Applications of bioinspired nanomaterials -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Polysaccharides for inorganic nanomaterials synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Polysaccharides -- 2.1. Types of polysaccharides -- 2.1.1. Cellulose -- 2.1.2. Starch -- 2.1.3. Chitin -- 2.1.4. Chitosan -- 2.1.5. Properties of polysaccharides for bioapplications -- 3. Nanomaterials -- 3.1. Types of nanomaterials. , 3.1.1. Organic nanomaterials -- Carbon nanotubes -- Graphene -- Fullerenes -- 3.1.2. Inorganic nanomaterials -- Magnetic nanoparticles -- Metal nanoparticles -- Metal oxide nanoparticles -- Luminescent inorganic nanoparticles -- 3.2. Health effects of nanomaterials -- 4. Polysaccharide-based nanomaterials -- 4.1. Cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.1.1. Preparation of cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.1.2. Structure of cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.2. Chitin nanomaterials -- 4.2.1. Preparation of chitin nanomaterials -- 4.2.2. Structure and properties of chitin nanomaterials -- 4.3. Starch nanomaterials -- 4.3.1. Preparation of starch nanomaterials -- 4.3.2. Structure and properties of starch nanomaterials -- 5. Preparation of polysaccharide-based inorganic nanomaterials -- 5.1. Bulk nanocomposites -- 5.2. Composite nanoparticles -- 6. Applications of polysaccharide-based inorganic nanomaterials -- 6.1. Biotechnological applications -- 6.1.1. Bioseparation -- 6.1.2. Biolabeling and biosensing -- 6.1.3. Antimicrobial applications -- 6.2. Biomedical applications -- 6.2.1. Drug delivery -- 6.2.2. Digital imaging -- 6.2.3. Cancer treatment -- 6.3. Agricultural applications -- 7. Characterization of polysaccharide-based nanomaterials -- 7.1. Spectroscopy -- 7.1.1. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy -- 7.1.2. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) -- 7.1.3. UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy -- 7.2. Microscopy -- 7.2.1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -- 7.2.2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) -- 7.3. X-ray methods -- 7.4. Thermal analysis -- 8. Future prospects -- 9. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Supercritical fluids for inorganic nanomaterials synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The supercritical fluid as a substitute technology -- 2.1. What is supercritical fluid? -- 2.2. Supercritical antisolvent precipitation. , 2.3. Supercritical-assisted atomization -- 2.4. Sol-gel drying method -- 3. Synthesis in supercritical fluids -- 3.1. Route of supercritical fluids containing nanomaterials synthesis -- 3.2. Sole supercritical fluid -- 3.3. Mixed supercritical fluid -- 4. Theory of the synthesis of supercritical fluids containing nanomaterials -- 4.1. Supercritical fluids working process -- 4.2. Origin of nanoparticles -- 4.3. The rapid expansion of supercritical solutions -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Green synthesized zinc oxide nanomaterials and its therapeutic applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Green synthesis -- 3. ZnO NPs characterization -- 4. ZnO NPs synthesis by plant extracts -- 5. ZnO NPs synthesis by bacteria and actinomycetes -- 6. ZnO NPs synthesis by algae -- 7. ZnO NPs synthesis by fungi -- 8. NPs synthesis by virus -- 9. ZnO NPs synthesis with alternative green sources -- 10. Therapeutic applications -- 11. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Sonochemical synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1. Background -- 2. Inorganic nanomaterials in sonochemical synthesis -- 3. Applications -- 4. Final comments -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Thermoelectric Effects -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Thermoelectric effects -- 2.1 Performance parameters of thermoelectric material -- 2.2 Thermoelectric materials -- 2.3 Hybrid thermoelectric materials -- 2.4 Thermoelectric plastics -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 2 -- Fabrication of Polymer and Organic-Inorganic Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Polymers -- 2.1 Organic polymers -- 2.2 Inorganic polymers -- 2.2.1 Thermoplastic -- 2.2.2 Thermoset -- 3. Composite -- 3.1 Filled composites -- 3.2 Reinforced composites -- 4. Organic-Inorganic composites -- 4.1 Synthesis of inorganic-organic composites -- 4.1.1 Electrospinning technique -- 4.1.2 Solution processing -- 4.1.2.1 Hydrothermal synthesis -- 4.1.2.2 Spray coating -- 4.2.3 Inkjet printing -- 4.1.4 Hot pressing -- 4.1.5 Atomic layer deposition technique (ALD) -- 4.1.6 Three-Dimensional (3D) printing -- 4.2 Characterization of organic-inorganic composites -- 4.2.1 Mechanical -- 4.2.2 Thermal -- 4.2.3 Microscopy -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Thermoelectric Properties of Polymer and Organic-Inorganic Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Thermoelectric polymers -- 2.1 Thermoelectric organic-inorganic composites -- 2.2 Thermoelectric properties -- 2.3 Thermoelectric effects -- 2.3.1 Seebeck effect -- 2.3.2 Peltier effect -- 2.3.3 Thomson effect -- 2.4 Joule heating and thermal conduction -- 2.5 Measurement techniques -- 2.5.1 Electrical conductivity measurement -- 2.5.2 Thermal conductivity measurement -- References -- 4 -- Materials used in Thermoelectric Polymers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conducting polymers -- 2.1 Preparation and processing of thermoelectric polymers -- 3. P-type thermoelectric polymers -- 3.1 Polyacetylene -- 3.2 Polyaniline -- 3.3 Polypyrrole -- 3.4 (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) -- 3.5 Polythiophenes. , 3.6 Poly(2,7-carbazole) and derivative -- 4. n-type thermoelectric polymers -- 4.1 Factors affecting thermoelectric properties -- 4.1.1 Polymer structure -- 4.1.2 Concentration of polymer -- 4.1.3 Temperature -- 4.1.4 Polymer chain alignment -- References -- 5 -- Cage Structured Compounds -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification based on the mode of synthesis -- 3. Biomedical Applications -- 4. Classification based on their mechanism of complexation -- 4.1 Cryptophane cages -- 4.2 Calixarene cages -- 4.3 Upper rostrum alteration -- 4.4 Lower rostrum alteration -- 5-. Polymers designed by covalent bonding of monomers having calixarene moiety -- 6. Calixarene functionalized polymers used for iodine capture -- 7. Sensing and elimination of pollutants. -- Conclusion & -- future challenges -- References -- 6 -- Thermoelectric Conversion Efficiency and Figure of Merit -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Seebeck coefficient and Thermoelectric figure of merit -- 2.1 Seebeck coefficient -- 2.2 Figure of merit -- 2.3 The dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) -- 3. Thermoelectric conversion efficiency -- 4. Challenges and their possible solutions -- 4.1 Engineering Dimensionless Figure of Merit (zT)eng -- 4.2 Designing power factor and output power density -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 -- Other New Thermoelectric Compounds -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Organic conjugated polymers as promising TE materials -- 1.2 Power factor (PF) optimization -- 1.3 Design of new potential organic thermoelectric polymers -- 2. p-type TE polymeric compounds -- 2.1 Poly (styrenesulfonate): PEDOT as a promising TE material -- 2.1.1 Nano structuring approach in PEDOT family -- 2.1.2 PEDOT/CNT composites -- 2.1 Semi-crystalline TE polymeric materials -- 2.1.1 Polythiophene (PTP) derivatives -- 2.1.1.1 Electro-chemical polymerization and TE properties of PTP. , 2.2.1.2 PTP derivative: P3HTP (Poly (3-hexyl-thiophene-2,5-diyl) -- 2.2.1.3 PTP/CNT composites -- 3. TE n-type polymeric compounds -- 3.1 Thermoelectric (n-Type) Organic polymeric materials -- 3.2 Transition metals and Organic Hybrid (n-Type) Polymeric materials -- 4. Recent trends of TE polymeric compounds -- 4.1 Self-powered/multi-parameter sensor technology -- 4.2 Conducting polymeric materials application in TE modules -- 4.3 Other incipient uses -- Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- Ion Exchange Technology II -- Preface -- Editors' Bios -- Contents -- Contributors -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Separation of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins by Ion Exchange Chromatography -- Chapter 2: Application of Ion Exchanger in the Separation of Whey Proteins and Lactin from Milk Whey -- Chapter 3: Application of Ion Exchangers in Speciation and Fractionation of Elements in Food and Beverages -- Chapter 4: Applications of Ion Exchangers in Alcohol Beverage Industry -- Chapter 5: Use of Ion Exchange Resins in Continuous Chromatography for Sugar Processing -- Chapter 6: Application of Ion Exchange Resins in the Synthesis of Isobutyl Acetate -- Chapter 7: Therapeutic Applications of Ion Exchange Resins -- Chapter 8: Application of Ion Exchange Resins in Kidney Dialysis -- Chapter 9: Zeolites as Inorganic Ion Exchangers for Environmental Applications: An Overview -- Chapter 10: Ion Exchange Materials and Environmental Remediation -- Chapter 11: Metal Recovery, Separation and/or Pre-concentration -- Chapter 12: Application of Ion Exchange Resins in Selective Separation of Cr(III) from Electroplating Effluents -- Chapter 13: Effect of Temperature, Zinc, and Cadmium Ions on the Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solution via Ion Exchange with Hydrotalcite -- Chapter 14: An Overview of '3d' and '4f' Metal Ions: Sorption Study with Phenolic Resins -- Chapter 15: Inorganic Ion Exchangers in Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatographic Separations -- Chapter 16: Cation-Exchanged Silica Gel-Based Thin-Layer Chromatography of Organic and Inorganic Compounds -- Chapter 17: Ion Exchange Technology: A Promising Approach for Anions Removal from Water -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1: Application of Endophyte Microbes for Production of Secondary Metabolites -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Origin and Evolution of Endophytes -- 1.3 Endophyte Diversity -- 1.4 Close Relationship Between Endophytes and Medicinal Herbs -- 1.5 Endophytes and Secondary Metabolites -- 1.6 Terpenoids -- 1.7 Phenolics -- 1.8 Flavonoids -- 1.9 Alkaloids -- 1.10 Glycosides -- 1.11 Saponins -- 1.12 Polyketides -- 1.13 Coumarins -- 1.14 Steroids -- 1.15 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 2: Application of Microbes in Synthesis of Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Basics of Supercapacitors -- 2.1.2 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors -- 2.1.3 Why Microbes in Energy Storage Devices? -- 2.2 Different Microbes Commonly Used in EES -- 2.2.1 Bacteria -- What so Special About Bacterial Cellulose? -- 2.2.2 Viruses -- 2.2.3 Fungi -- 2.3 Microbes as Bio-templates for Energy Storage Materials -- 2.3.1 Bacteria as Bio-templates -- 2.3.2 Fungi as Bio-templates -- 2.3.3 Viruses as Bio-templates -- 2.4 Microbe-Based Carbon Materials as Supporting Matrix -- 2.5 Microbe-Derived Carbons for Energy Storage Applications -- 2.5.1 Bacteria-Derived Carbons for Energy storage applications -- 2.5.2 Fungi-Derived Carbons for Energy Storage Applications -- 2.5.3 Microbe-Derived Carbon-Based Nanocomposites as Energy Storage Materials -- 2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 3: Application of Microbes in Climate-Resilient Crops -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Heat Stress Tolerance -- 3.3 Cold Stress Tolerance -- 3.4 Submergence Stress Tolerance -- 3.5 Salinity and Drought Stress Tolerance -- 3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 4: Application of Microbes in Biotechnology, Industry, and Medical Field -- 4.1 Overview of Microorganisms -- 4.1.1 Prokaryotic Microorganisms. , Bacteria -- Archaea -- 4.1.2 Eukaryotic Microorganisms -- Protist -- Fungi -- Virus -- 4.2 Principles -- 4.2.1 Screening for Microbial Products -- Screening Methods -- 4.2.2 Microbial Bioprocess -- Optimization -- Sustainable Technologies -- 4.2.3 Enzymology -- 4.2.4 Gene Manipulation -- Recombinant DNA Technology -- 4.3 Applications -- 4.3.1 Industry -- Food-Fermented Foods -- Improvement of Food Quality -- Improvement Efficiency and Productivity of Process -- Food Additives -- Agroindustry -- Pest in Crops -- Crop Yield and Product Quality -- Construction -- Chemical Industry -- Cleaning -- Bioremediation -- Chemical-Based Cleaning Products -- 4.3.2 Environment -- Wastewater Treatment -- Solid Hazardous Treatment -- Composting -- Anaerobic Digestion -- Metal Recovery -- Microbial Biofuels -- Biomethanol -- Bioethanol -- Butanol -- Biodiesel -- Medical Biotechnology -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5: Applications of Microbes for Energy -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Microbes for Energy Applications -- 5.2.1 Microbes for Fuel Cells -- 5.2.2 Microbes for Hydrogen Production -- 5.2.3 Microbes for Methane Production -- 5.2.4 Microbes for Ethanol Production -- 5.2.5 Microbes for Biodiesel Production -- 5.2.6 Microbes for Electrosynthesis -- 5.2.7 Microbes for Energy Storage -- 5.3 Conclusion and Future Remarks -- References -- 6: Applications of Microbes in Electric Generation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Different BFC Types -- 6.2.1 DET-BFC -- 6.2.2 MET-BFC -- 6.2.3 EBFC -- 6.2.4 MFC -- 6.3 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for EBFC -- 6.3.1 Carbon Materials -- 6.3.2 Metal Nanoparticles -- 6.3.3 Composite Materials -- 6.4 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC -- 6.4.1 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC Anode -- Carbon Nanomaterials -- Metal Nanomaterials -- Conductive Polymers -- 6.4.2 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC Cathode. , Noble Metal-Based Materials -- Non-noble Metal-Based Materials -- 6.5 Summary and Prospect -- References -- 7: Application of Microbes in Household Products -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Household Products -- 7.2.1 Cleaning Product -- 7.2.2 Cosmeceutical -- 7.2.3 Textiles -- 7.2.4 Others -- 7.3 Benefits and Challenges -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Electricity Generation and Wastewater Treatment with Membrane-Less Microbial Fuel Cell -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Electricity Generation -- 8.2.1 Anode and Cathode Electrodes -- Cathode Electrode -- Anode Electrode -- 8.2.2 Effect of Operating Temperature -- 8.2.3 Effect of pH -- 8.2.4 Effect of Substrate Pretreatment -- 8.2.5 Effect of Reactor Design -- 8.2.6 Effect of Electrode Surface Area and Electrode Spacing -- 8.2.7 Effect of Substrate Conductivity -- 8.3 Water Treatment (Substrate) -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Microbes: Applications for Power Generation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Reduction of the Environmental and Air Pollution -- 9.2.1 Natural Aerosols from Vegetation -- 9.2.2 Landfill Gas -- 9.2.3 Biogas -- Using Leachate of the Waste -- 9.2.4 Biodiesel -- 9.2.5 Bioethanol -- Using Celluloses -- Using Starch -- Using Sugar -- 9.2.6 Sewer -- 9.3 Energy Efficiency -- 9.3.1 Microorganisms -- 9.3.2 Microbial Fuel Cells -- Using Natural Fermentation -- Using Biomass -- Using Domestic Wastewater -- Using Industrial Wastewater -- Using Sewage -- Using Crop Residue -- Using Mud -- Using Biogas Slurry -- 9.3.3 Newer Microbial Fuel Cells -- Using Electronophore (Traditional) -- Using Biochar (Latest) -- 9.3.4 Biogas -- Using Sewage -- Using Animal Waste -- Using Animal Manure -- 9.3.5 Biohydrogen -- 9.4 Availability -- 9.4.1 Biomass -- 9.5 Clean Energy -- 9.5.1 Algae -- 9.5.2 Microbial Biophotovoltaic Cells -- Using Algae -- Using Cyanobacteria -- Using Plant Rhizodeposition. , 9.6 Sustainability -- 9.6.1 Biomass -- Crop Residue -- 9.6.2 Camphor -- 9.7 Conclusion -- 9.8 Future Approach -- References -- 10: Applications of Microbes in Food Industry -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Applications of Microorganisms in Food Industry -- 10.2.1 Baking Industry Applications -- 10.2.2 Alcohol and Beverage Industry Applications -- 10.2.3 Enzyme Production and Its Applications -- 10.2.4 Production of Amino Acids -- 10.2.5 Microbial Detergents as Food Stain Removers -- 10.2.6 Dairy Industry Applications -- 10.2.7 Pigment Production -- 10.2.8 Organic Acid Production -- 10.2.9 Aroma and Flavouring Agents Production -- 10.2.10 Miscellaneous Applications -- Xanthan Gum Production -- Ripening Process -- Food Grade Paper Production -- Single-Cell Protein -- Applications in Other Foods -- 10.3 Summary -- References -- 11: Applications of Microbes in Human Health -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Human Microbiome -- 11.3 Probiotics -- 11.4 Properties of Probiotics -- 11.5 Probiotics Mechanism of Action -- 11.6 Oral Probiotics -- 11.6.1 Probiotics in Preventing Dental Caries Progression -- 11.6.2 Probiotics in Prevention of Gingival Inflammation -- 11.6.3 Probiotics in Prevention of Periodontal Diseases -- 11.7 Probiotics in Halitosis -- 11.7.1 Probiotics in Oral Mucositis -- 11.7.2 Benefits of Probiotics in General Health -- 11.7.3 Anti-Inflammatory Property -- 11.8 Antimicrobial Properties -- 11.9 Antioxidant Properties -- 11.10 Anticancer Properties -- 11.10.1 Probiotics in Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections -- 11.10.2 Probiotics in Treatment of Urogenital Infections -- 11.10.3 Probiotics in Improvement of Intestinal Health -- 11.10.4 Probiotics in Treatment of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Induced Diarrhea -- 11.10.5 Probiotics in Treatment of Anemia -- 11.11 Treatment and Prevention of Obesity -- 11.12 Probiotics as Immunomodulator. , 11.13 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Applications of Microbes in Soil Health Maintenance for Agricultural Applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Microbial Sources -- 12.2.1 Microalgae and Cyanobacteria -- 12.2.2 Fungi -- 12.2.3 Bacteria -- 12.3 Applications of Microbes -- 12.3.1 Plant Growth Regulators -- 12.3.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) -- 12.3.3 Biotic Elicitors -- 12.3.4 Bioremediation -- 12.3.5 Biocontrol -- 12.3.6 Different Types of Microbes -- 12.4 Healthy Soil and Eco-Friendly Environment -- 12.4.1 Biofertilizers -- 12.4.2 Biopesticides -- 12.4.3 Bioherbicides -- 12.4.4 Bioinsecticides -- 12.5 Microbiome and Sustainable Agriculture -- 12.5.1 Benefits of Mycorrhizal Fungi -- 12.5.2 Soil and Environmental Health -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- 13: Co-functional Activity of Microalgae: Biological Wastewater Treatment and Bio-fuel Production -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Wastewater Treatment Using Microalgae -- 13.2.1 Wastewater Composition -- 13.2.2 Nutrient Removal -- Influence of Additives in Wastewater on Nutrient Removal by Microalgae -- 13.2.3 Heavy Metal Removal -- 13.3 Microalgae Cultivation and Harvesting -- 13.3.1 Open Ponds -- 13.3.2 Closed System (Photobioreactor PBRs) -- 13.3.3 Hybrid System -- 13.3.4 Harvesting Techniques -- 13.4 Bio-refinery -- 13.5 Bio-fuel Production Using Microalgae -- 13.5.1 Thermochemical Conversion -- 13.5.2 Biochemical Conversion/Fermentation -- 13.5.3 Chemical Reaction/Transesterification -- 13.5.4 Direct Combustion -- 13.6 Sustainability of Energy from Microalgae -- 13.7 Conclusions -- References -- 14: Microalgae Application in Chemicals, Enzymes, and Bioactive Molecules -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Microalgae-Based Products -- 14.2.1 Chemical Products -- 14.2.2 Bioactive Molecules -- 14.3 Microalgae Enzymes -- 14.4 Industrial Applications of Microalgae. , 14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives.