Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Editors' Biography -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Characterization and Mapping of Soils for Sustainable Management Using Geospatial Techniques -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.2.1 Study Area -- 1.2.2 Geology -- 1.2.3 Preparation of Base Maps -- 1.2.4 Ground-Truth Verification -- 1.2.5 Soil Sampling and Analysis -- 1.2.6 Soil Classification -- 1.2.7 Development of Soil Mapping Legend -- 1.2.8 Land Evaluation -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Landform Delineation -- 1.3.2 Land-Use/Land Cover -- 1.3.3 Landform and Landscape Ecological Units (LEUs) -- 1.3.4 Soil-Landform Relationship -- 1.3.5 Soil Mapping -- 1.3.6 Soil Survey Interpretation -- 1.3.7 Surface Texture -- 1.3.8 Drainage -- 1.3.9 Soil Reaction (pH) -- 1.3.10 Organic Carbon -- 1.3.11 Available Nitrogen -- 1.3.12 Available Phosphorous -- 1.4 Available Potassium -- 1.5 Land Capability Classification -- 1.6 Soil Suitability for Crops -- 1.7 Recommendation -- 1.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Sustainable Biodiversity Conservation in Tribal Area -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Tribes Role in Indigenous Botanical Knowledge (IBK) -- 2.3 Tribes Ethno Botany and Traditional Practices -- 2.4 Tribes Relationship with Flora Protection -- 2.5 Ethnic and Aboriginal Peoples' Role in Conservation -- 2.6 Tribal Relationship with Fauna -- 2.7 Tribes Role in Conservation of Insects -- 2.8 Tribes of Southern Indian -- 2.9 North Eastern Tribes -- 2.10 Tribes Association in Protecting Nature -- 2.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Soil Bioengineering Practices for Sustainable Ecosystem Restoration in Landslide-Affected Areas -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ecosystem Deterioration and Need to Replenish -- 3.2.1 Evaluating the Area. , 3.2.2 Identifying Project Goals -- 3.2.3 Identifying and Removing Sources of Disturbance -- 3.2.4 Restoring Technologies -- 3.2.5 Substrates Rehabilitation -- 3.2.6 Vegetation Restoration -- 3.2.7 Monitoring and Maintenance -- 3.3 Landslides and Ecology Deterioration -- 3.4 Landslide Restoration -- 3.5 Landslide Restoration: Losses Incurred Directly vs. Indirectly -- 3.6 Landslide-Associated Problems and Their Mitigation & -- Management Measures -- 3.7 Bioengineering Strategy in Landslide Risk Mitigation -- 3.8 Application -- 3.9 Participation of the Social Environment in the Application and Succession of Soil Bioengineering -- 3.9.1 Seedlings -- 3.9.2 Bare Root Planting -- 3.9.3 Live Stakes -- 3.9.4 Contour Wattling -- 3.9.5 Brush Layer -- 3.9.6 Trench Packing -- 3.9.7 Brush Matting -- 3.9.8 Live Cuttings -- 3.9.9 Coir Fascines -- 3.9.10 Pre-Vegetated Mats -- 3.10 Slope Stability and Ecosystem Restoration -- 3.11 Native Species in Ecosystem Regeneration -- 3.12 Barrier to Ecological Restoration of Landslides -- 3.13 Indigenous People and their Support -- 3.14 Indigenous Knowledge in Ecosystem Restoration -- 3.15 Selection of Potential Indigenous Plants Based on Their Soil Reinforcement and Anchoring Capabilities -- 3.16 Recommendations -- 3.17 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Sustainable Ecosystem Development and Landscaping for Urban and Peri-Urban Areas -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Landscapes -- 4.2.1 Urban Landscape -- 4.2.2 Peri-Urban Landscape -- 4.3 Challenges -- 4.3.1 Role of Horticulture -- 4.3.2 Impact of Urbanization on Plant Life in Riparian Areas -- 4.3.3 Issues in Urban Ecology -- 4.3.4 Urban Ecology from a Landscape Perspective -- 4.3.5 Parks and Public Green Space -- 4.3.6 Multiple Benefits of Vegetated Land Cover to Health and Well-being -- 4.3.7 Plant Resources for Building the Urban Environments. , 4.3.8 Some of the Main Problems Confronting Urban Plants Include -- 4.3.9 Exotic Species in Urban/Peri-Urban Lanscaping -- 4.3.10 Role of Evergreen Plant in Urban/Peri-urban Landscaping -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Climate Change Impact of Fluoride Contamination on Human Health in Dry Zone of Sri Lanka -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area -- 5.3 Climate Change and Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater -- 5.4 Groundwater Resources and Climate Change in Sri Lanka -- 5.5 Fluoride Contamination & -- Health Issues in Dry Zone Sri Lanka -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Application of Geospatial Technology in Catchment Modeling Using SCS-CN Method for Estimating the Direct Runoff on Barakar River Basin, Jharkhand -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Data Sources -- 6.4 SCS-CN Method -- 6.4.1 Estimation of S -- 6.4.2 Determination of CN -- 6.4.3 Selection of CN -- 6.5 Methodology -- 6.6 Results and Discussion -- 6.6.1 Watershed Delineation -- 6.6.2 Landuse-Landcover Map -- 6.6.3 Soil Map -- 6.6.4 Soil Landuse Vegetation Complex (SLV) Map -- 6.6.5 Curve Number (CN) and Weighted Curve Number (WCN) Values -- 6.7 Antecedent Moisture Conditions, CN I and CN III Values -- 6.8 Potential Maximum Retention (S) and Runoff Depth (Q) -- 6.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Hydro-Geospatial Investigation to Propose Water Conservation Sites for Water Management in Limestone Terrain -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.2.1 Location -- 7.2.2 Climate -- 7.2.3 Geology -- 7.2.4 Lineament -- 7.2.5 Geomorphology -- 7.2.6 Drainage -- 7.2.7 Land use/Land Cover -- 7.2.8 Soils -- 7.2.9 Slope -- 7.3 Materials and Methods -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.5 Lithology -- 7.6 Lineament Density -- 7.7 Geomorphology -- 7.8 Drainage Density -- 7.9 Rainfall -- 7.10 Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) -- 7.11 Slope. , 7.12 Soil -- 7.13 Terrain Wetness Index (TWI) -- 7.14 Validation -- 7.15 Conclusion -- 7.15.1 Proposed Artificial Recharge Structure -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Rainfall Spatiotemporal Variability and Trends in the Semi-Arid Ecological Zone of Nigeria -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methods -- 8.3.1 Data Sources -- 8.3.2 Trend and Variability Detection -- 8.3.3 Spatial Interpolation -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.5 Rainfall Characteristics -- 8.5.1 Statistical Overview of Rainfall Climatology -- 8.5.2 Rainfall Variability and Anomaly Patterns -- 8.6 Annual, Interannual, and Monthly Trends -- 8.7 Trends Detection Based on the WMO Standardized Period -- 8.8 Implications for Agriculture and Water Ecosystem Services -- 8.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Climate Change Awareness, Perception, and Adaptation Strategies for Small and Marginal Farmers in Yobe State, Nigeria -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Materials and Methods -- 9.3 Study Area -- 9.4 Data Compilation Techniques -- 9.5 Sampling Procedures -- 9.6 Analysis of Data -- 9.7 Results and Discussion -- 9.7.1 The Socio-economic and Institutional Characteristics of Respondents -- 9.7.2 Farmers' Awareness of Changes in Climate Parameters -- 9.7.3 Climate Change Information for Farmers -- 9.8 Climate Change and Farmers' Perceptions -- 9.9 Factors that Influence Farmers' Perceptions of Climate Change -- 9.10 Farmers' Climate Change Adaptation -- 9.11 Constraints Facing Farmers as a Result of Climate Change -- 9.12 Conclusion and Recommendation -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 10 Delineation of Groundwater Prospect Zones based on Earth Observation Data and AHP Modeling - A Study from Basaltic Rock Formation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area Description -- 10.3 Materials and Methods -- 10.3.1 Used Datasets. , 10.3.2 Methodology -- 10.3.3 AHP Method and Weight Normalization -- 10.3.4 Weighted Overlay Analysis (WOA) -- 10.3.5 Groundwater Fluctuation -- 10.3.6 Accuracy Assessment -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.4.1 LULC -- 10.4.2 Landforms and Geomorphological Features -- 10.4.3 Lineament Density -- 10.4.4 Drainage Map -- 10.4.5 Groundwater Fluctuation -- 10.4.6 Geology -- 10.4.7 Slope -- 10.4.8 Soil -- 10.4.9 Rainfall -- 10.5 Groundwater Prospective Zone Mapping -- 10.6 Validation -- 10.7 Conclusion -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 11 Hydro-geochemical Evaluation of Phreatic Groundwater for Assessing Drinking and Irrigation Appropriateness - A Case Study of Chandrapur Watershed -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Fluorite (CaF2 ) Mineralization in Geological Environment -- 11.2.1 Physical Characteristics of Fluorite (CAF2 ) -- 11.2.2 High Concentration of F in Groundwater -- 11.2.3 Genesis of Fluorite (CaF2 ) Mineralization in Study Area -- 11.3 Study Area Details -- 11.4 Materials and Methods -- 11.5 Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater -- 11.5.1 Physical Parameters -- 11.5.2 Cation-Anion Chemistry -- 11.5.3 Rock-Water Interaction -- 11.6 Discussion on Groundwater Appropriateness -- 11.6.1 Drinking and General Domestic Use -- 11.6.2 Irrigation Use -- 11.7 F-Contents from Study Area -- 11.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Variability of Ground Water Quality in Quaternary Aquifers of the Cauvery and Vennar Sub-basins within the Cauvery Delta, Southern India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 Study Area -- 12.2.2 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 12.2.3 Groundwater Sampling and Laboratory Analysis -- 12.2.4 Drinking Water Quality -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.4 Drinking Water Quality -- 12.4.1 pH -- 12.4.2 Electrical Conductivity -- 12.4.3 Total Dissolved Solids -- 12.4.4 Total Hardness. , 12.4.5 Calcium.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Issues and Challenges of Groundwater and Surface Water Management in Semi-Arid Regions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Semi-Arid Regions -- 1.3 Water Scarcity -- 1.4 Climate Change and Impact of Floods and Droughts -- 1.5 Issues and Challenges of Groundwater Management -- 1.5.1 Overexploitation of Groundwater Sources -- 1.5.1.1 Declining Groundwater Tables -- 1.5.1.2 Pollution in Aquifers -- 1.6 Sustainable Water Management -- 1.7 Challenges for Sustainable Groundwater Management -- 1.8 Challenges in Surface Water Sources -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Review of GIS Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Managed Aquifer Recharge in Semi-Arid Regions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Managed Aquifer Recharge Techniques -- 2.3 Data from Remote Sensing -- 2.4 Managed Aquifer Recharge Suitability Mapping -- 2.5 Scope -- 2.6 Materials and Methods -- 2.6.1 Data -- 2.6.2 Database -- 2.6.3 Paper Selection -- 2.7 Review Process -- 2.8 Results -- 2.9 Database -- 2.10 Paper Review -- 2.11 Discussion -- 2.12 Geographical Patterns -- 2.13 Criteria Selection and Weight Distribution -- 2.14 Weighting Methods and Decision Rules -- 2.15 Specific Challenges in Semi-Arid Regions -- 2.16 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Robust Ensemble Modeling Paradigm for Groundwater Salinity Predictions in Complex Aquifer Systems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.2.1 Three-Dimensional Coastal Aquifer Numerical Simulation Model -- 3.2.2 Machine Learning Algorithms for Groundwater Salinity Predictions -- 3.2.2.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) -- 3.2.2.2 Genetic Programming (GP) -- 3.2.2.3 Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR) -- 3.2.2.4 Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) -- 3.2.2.5 Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) -- 3.3 Prediction Model Development and Prediction Phases. , 3.4 Surrogate Model Performance Evaluation -- 3.5 Homogeneous Ensemble Model -- 3.6 Study Area -- 3.7 Results -- 3.7.1 Performance Evaluation Results for Individual Machine Learning Models´ -- 3.7.2 Future Groundwater Salinity Level in the Aquifer -- 3.8 Discussions -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Modeling Landscape Dynamics, Erosion Risk, and Annual Sediment Yield in Guna-tana Watershed: A Contribution for Mic... -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Description of the Study Area -- 4.3 Data Source and Analytical Approach -- 4.3.1 RUSLE Model Description -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Trends of Land Use Land Cover Change -- 4.5 Erosion Risk and Watershed Level Annual Sediment Yield -- 4.5.1 Erosion Risk Mapping -- 4.5.2 Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS) -- 4.5.3 Cover and Management (C) Factor and Support (P) Factor -- 4.5.4 Soil Loss -- 4.6 Sediment Yield -- 4.7 Prioritization of Watershed for Soil and Water Conservation -- 4.8 Validation -- 4.9 Discussion -- 4.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Evaluation of Multiwell Pumping Aquifer Tests in Unconfined Aquifer System by Neuman (1975) Method with Numerical M... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Groundwater Flow Model Development -- 5.2.2 Aquifer Test Data Analysis -- 5.3 Results -- 5.3.1 Model 1 -- 5.3.2 Model 2 -- 5.4 Discussion -- 5.4.1 Effect of Different Radial Observation Distance on the Transmissivity Interpretation -- 5.4.2 Effect of Different Radial Observation Distance on the Specific Yield Interpretation -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Groundwater Remediation Design Strategies Using Finite Element Model -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Governing Equations for Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Finite Element Formulation for Groundwater Flow and Transport. , 6.3.1.1 Finite Element Formulation for Groundwater Flow -- 6.3.1.2 Finite Element Formulation for Contaminant Transport -- 6.3.1.3 Two-Dimensional Coupled Flow and Transport Model -- 6.4 Strategies of Aquifer Remediation -- 6.5 Results and Discussion -- 6.5.1 Case 1(a) -- 6.5.2 Case 1(b) -- 6.5.3 Case 1(c) -- 6.5.4 Case 2(a) -- 6.5.5 Case 2(b) -- 6.5.6 Case 2(c) -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Modeling of Groundwater Level Using Artificial Neural Network Algorithm and WA-SVR Model -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Feedforward Neural Networks (FFNN) -- 7.2.2 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) -- 7.2.3 Algorithms -- 7.2.4 The Levenberg-Marquardt Training Algorithm -- 7.2.5 The Resilient BackPropagation Algorithm -- 7.2.6 The Scaled Conjugate Gradient Algorithm (SCG) -- 7.2.7 The Fletcher-Reeves Conjugate Gradient Algorithm -- 7.2.8 The One Step Secant (OSS) Backpropagation -- 7.2.9 Conjugate Gradient Algorithm by Polak and Ribiere -- 7.3 Gradient Descent with Momentum (GDM) -- 7.3.1 Gradient Descent with Adaptive Learning Rate Backpropagation -- 7.4 Performance Measures -- 7.4.1 Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Index (Ef) -- 7.4.2 Coefficient of Determination (R2) -- 7.5 Model Development -- 7.5.1 Dataset -- 7.6 SVR-WA Model -- 7.7 Result and Discussion -- 7.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Development of Conceptual Model and Groundwater Flow Modeling Using GMS Software: A Case Study for Dharsiwa Block, ... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methodology -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Digitization and Boundary Conditions -- 8.2.3 Sources and Sinks Description -- 8.2.4 Delineating Recharge Zone -- 8.2.5 Defining the Hydraulic Conductivity and Layer Elevation -- 8.2.6 Running the Modflow -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Developed Conceptual Model -- 8.3.2 Calibration -- 8.3.3 Validation -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 9: Numerical Modeling for Groundwater Recharge -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.3.1 General -- 9.3.2 MODFLOW (MODular FLOW) Model -- 9.3.3 MT3D (Modular Transport 3D) Model -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.4.1 Flow Model -- 9.4.2 Model Construction -- 9.4.3 Model Discretization -- 9.4.4 Initial Conditions and Boundary Conditions -- 9.4.5 Model Parameters and Stresses -- 9.4.6 Temporal Conditions and Solver -- 9.4.7 Model Calibration and Validation -- 9.5 Transport Model -- 9.5.1 Performance of Individual Structures -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability for Sea-Water Intrusion in Nagapattinam Coast, Tamil Nadu, Using Geospatial Te... -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area Description -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.4 GALDIT: An Open-Ended Model -- 10.4.1 Groundwater Occurrence or Aquifer Type (G) -- 10.4.2 Aquifer Hydraulic Conductivity (A) -- 10.4.3 Depth to Groundwater Level above Mean Sea Level (L) -- 10.4.4 Distance from the Shore (D) -- 10.4.5 Impact of the Existing Status of Seawater Intrusion (I) -- 10.4.6 The Thickness of the Aquifer Mapped (T) -- 10.4.7 Computing the GALDIT Index -- 10.5 Decision Criteria -- 10.6 Application of the GALDIT Method to a Case Study in Nagapattinam Taluk -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Watershed Planning and Development Based on Morphometric Analysis and Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: A Case St... -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Computation of Morphometric Parameters -- 11.5 Usefulness of Morphometric Parameters -- 11.5.1 Stream Order -- 11.5.2 Stream Number (Nu) -- 11.5.3 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) -- 11.5.4 Weighted Mean Bifurcation Ratio (Rbwm) -- 11.5.5 Stream Length (Lu) -- 11.5.6 Mean Stream Length (Lum) -- 11.5.7 Stream Length Ratio (Lurm). , 11.5.8 Channel Index (Ci) and Valley Index (Vi) -- 11.5.9 Rho Coefficient (ρ) -- 11.5.10 Length of Basin (Lb) -- 11.5.11 Basin Area (A) -- 11.5.12 Basin Perimeter (P) -- 11.5.13 Length Area Relation (Lar) -- 11.5.14 Elongation Ratio (Re) -- 11.5.15 Digital Elevation Model -- 11.5.16 Land Use and Land Cover -- 11.6 Watershed Planning Method -- 11.7 Results and Discussion -- 11.8 Drainage Network and Basin Geometry Parameters of Watershed Area -- 11.9 Land Use and Land Cover -- 11.10 Soil Slope -- 11.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Correlation Between Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Cover of Nagapattinam Coastal Zone, Tamil Nadu, Using ... -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area Description -- 12.2.1 Objectives -- 12.2.1.1 Methodology -- 12.3 Land Surface Temperature Mapping -- 12.3.1 Conversion of DN Value to Spatial Radiance -- 12.3.2 Spatial Radiance into Temperature in Kelvin -- 12.3.3 Kelvin in Temperature to Celsius -- 12.3.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index -- 12.4 Results and Discussion -- 12.4.1 Correlation Between NDVI and LST (1995) -- 12.4.2 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2000) -- 12.4.3 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2005) -- 12.4.4 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2010) -- 12.4.5 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2015) -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: GIS-Based Legitimatic Evaluation of Groundwater´s Health Risk and Irrigation Susceptibility Using Water Quality In... -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Background of the Study -- 13.3 Objective of the Study -- 13.4 Materials and Methods -- 13.4.1 Study Area -- 13.4.2 Geology Settings -- 13.4.3 Sampling and Analysis -- 13.4.4 Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 13.4.5 Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI) -- 13.4.6 Fluoride Pollution Index (FPI) -- 13.4.7 Irrigation Water Quality Indexes (IWQI) -- 13.4.8 Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) -- 13.4.9 GIS Analysis. , 13.5 Results and Discussion.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Impact of Climate Change on Livelihood Security and Biodiversity - Issues and Mitigation Strategies -- Introduction -- Influence of Environmental Change -- The Issue of Water -- Diversification -- Susceptibility and Hazard -- The Impacts on Urban Livelihoods -- Heavy Rainfall and Floods -- Combined Effect Between Food Security and Climate Change Mitigation -- Mitigating Methane Emissions Through New Irrigation Schemes (Bohol, Philippines) -- Challenges -- Climate Change's Impact on Biodiversity -- Populations of Species Fluctuations -- Responses from Various Populations -- Changes in Phenology -- Climate Change, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Services -- Feedbacks to Climate -- Sustainable Biodiversity Management in the Face of Climate Impacts -- The Next Steps -- Climate Change's Effects on Livelihoods and Resilience Measures -- Adaptation Approaches -- Global Warming, Habitat, and Economics -- Concerning Climate Change, Biodiversity Protection, and Poverty Reduction Is the Way Forward -- Future Scope of the Study -- Policy Recommendations -- The Emphasis Is on Smallholders, Sensitive Spots, and the Community at Large -- Climate-Smart Agriculture, Green Agriculture, and Rural Nonfarm Activities Must All Be Prioritised -- Opportunities for Adaptation -- Opportunities for Mitigation -- Collaboration on a Broad Basis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Desertification Intensity Assessment Within the Ukraine Ecosystems Under the Conditions of Climate Change on the Basis of Remote Sensing Data -- Introduction -- Background -- Materials and Methods -- Visual Interpretation of Remote Sensing Data -- The Drought Map Creation by Using Indexes -- The Meteorological Observations -- Results and Discussions -- Physiographic Conditions -- Climate Conditions -- Drought Estimation. , Index of Drought -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3: Climate Change Effect on the Urbanization: Intensified Rainfall and Flood Susceptibility in Sri Lanka -- Introduction -- Relationship Between Urbanization and Climate Change -- Climate Change and Sri Lanka -- Climate Change and Urbanization in Sri Lanka -- Case Study: Climate Change and Urbanization in Colombo -- Conclusion -- Appendixes -- Appendix 1: World CO2 Data -- Sri Lanka -- Afganisthan -- Albania -- Algeria -- Andorra -- Angola -- Anguilla -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Argentina -- Armenia -- Aruba -- Australia -- Austria -- Azerbaijan -- Bahamas -- Bahrain -- Bangladesh -- Barbados -- Belarus -- Belgium -- Belize -- Benin -- Bermuda -- Bhutan -- Bolivia -- Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba -- Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Botswana -- Brazil -- British Virgin Islands -- Brunei Darussalam -- Bulgaria -- Burkina Faso -- Burundi -- Cambodia -- Cameroon -- Canada -- Cape Verde -- Central African Republic -- Chad -- Chile -- China -- Colombia -- Comoros -- Congo -- Cook Islands -- Costa Rica -- Côte d'Ivoire -- Croatia -- Cuba -- Curaçao -- Cyprus -- Czech Republic -- Democratic Republic of the Congo -- Denmark -- Djibouti -- Dominica -- Dominican Republic -- Ecuador -- Egypt -- El Salvador -- Equatorial Guinea -- Eritrea -- Estonia -- Ethiopia -- Faeroe Islands -- Fiji -- Finland -- France -- French Polynesia -- Gabon -- Gambia -- Georgia -- Germany -- Ghana -- Greece -- Greenland -- Grenada -- Guatemala -- Guinea -- Guinea-Bissau -- Guyana -- Haiti -- Honduras -- Hong Kong -- Hungary -- Iceland -- India -- Indonesia -- Iran -- Iraq -- Ireland -- Israel -- Italy -- Jamaica -- Japan -- Jordan -- Kazakhstan -- Kenya -- Kiribati -- Kosovo -- Kuwait -- Kyrgyzstan -- Laos -- Latvia -- Lebanon -- Lesotho -- Liberia -- Libya -- Liechtenstein -- Lithuania -- Luxembourg -- Macao. , Madagascar -- Malawi -- Malaysia -- Maldives -- Mali -- Malta -- Marshall Islands -- Mauritania -- Mauritius -- Mexico -- Micronesia (Federated States of) -- Moldova -- Mongolia -- Montenegro -- Montserrat -- Morocco -- Mozambique -- Myanmar -- Namibia -- Nauru -- Nepal -- Netherlands -- New Caledonia -- New Zealand -- Nicaragua -- Niger -- Nigeria -- Niue -- North Korea -- North Macedonia -- Norway -- Occupied Palestinian Territory -- Oman -- Pakistan -- Palau -- Panama -- Papua New Guinea -- Paraguay -- Peru -- Philippines -- Poland -- Portugal -- Qatar -- Republic of South Sudan -- Romania -- Russian Federation -- Rwanda -- Saint Helena -- Saint Kitts and Nevis -- Saint Lucia -- Saint Pierre and Miquelon -- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- Samoa -- Sao Tome and Principe -- Saudi Arabia -- Senegal -- Serbia -- Seychelles -- Sierra Leone -- Singapore -- Slovakia -- Slovenia -- Solomon Islands -- Somalia -- South Africa -- South Korea -- Spain -- Sudan -- Suriname -- Swaziland -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- Syria -- Taiwan -- Tajikistan -- Tanzania -- Thailand -- Timor-Leste -- Togo -- Tonga -- Trinidad and Tobago -- Tunisia -- Turkey -- Turkmenistan -- Turks and Caicos Islands -- Tuvalu -- Uganda -- Ukraine -- United Arab Emirates -- United Kingdom -- United States of America -- Uruguay -- Uzbekistan -- Vanuatu -- Venezuela -- Vietnam -- Wallis and Futuna Islands -- Yemen -- Zambia -- Zimbabwe -- Appendix 2: Region CO2 Data -- EU27 -- Canada -- China -- India -- Iran -- Japan -- Russian Federation -- Saudi Arabia -- South Korea -- United States of America -- Appendix 3: Landuse Emitted CO2 Data -- Canada -- Caribbean -- Central Africa -- Central America & -- Mexico -- China -- East Africa -- East Asia -- Europe -- Former Soviet Union -- NonTropical S. America -- North Africa & -- Middle East -- Oceania -- South Asia -- Southeast Asia. , Southern Africa -- Tropical S. America -- USA -- West Africa -- References -- Chapter 4: Climate Change, a Strong Threat to Food Security in India: With Special Reference to Gujarat -- Introduction to Climate Change Measures in Gujarat -- Climate Change, a Strong Threat to Agriculture Productivity -- Temperature and Drought: Major Challenge to Food Security -- Issues and Challenges in Semi-Arid and Arid Regions of Gujarat -- Climate Change Impact on Cropping Patterns -- Climate Change Impact on the Landscape and Irrigation -- Climate Change Effect on Rainfall Trend -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Livelihood Vulnerability Assessment and Drought Events in South Africa -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Impact of Drought in South Africa -- Livelihood Vulnerability in South Africa -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Possible Influence of Urbanisation on Rainfall in Recent Past -- Introduction -- Studies on the Rainfall and Urbanisation Through Observations -- Urban Features, Processes and Mechanisms Influencing the Rainfall -- Aerosols, Cloud Physics and Heat Fluxes -- Urban Land Cover and Surface Roughness -- Urban Heat Island and Their Consequences on Rainfall -- Modelling Studies on Rainfall and Urbanisation -- Changes in Rainfall Characteristics Over a Typical Urban Centre of Gangetic Plain -- Study Area -- Data and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 7: Influence of Climate Change on Crop Yield and Sustainable Agriculture -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Data Collection -- Results and Discussion -- Agriculture Sector and GDP of Pakistan -- Major Crops of Pakistan -- Cotton -- Sugarcane -- Maize -- Rice -- Wheat -- Meteorological Parameters -- Temperature -- Rainfall -- Strategies and Future Recommendations -- References. , Chapter 8: Hybrid Daily Streamflow Forecasting Based on Variational Mode Decomposition Random Vector Functional Link Network-Based Ensemble Forecasting -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Site -- Methodology -- Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) -- Random Vector Functional Link Network (RVFL) -- Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) -- Results and Discussion -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Climate Change and Natural Hazards in the Senegal River Basin: Dynamics of Hydrological Extremes in the Faleme River Basin -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data and Methods -- Data -- Methods -- Results -- Extreme Discharges in the Faleme Basin Between Humidity and Drought -- Minimum Daily Discharges -- Maximum Daily Discharges -- Dynamics of the Hydrological Extremes of the Faleme Basin Through Some Indices -- Power of Peak Discharges -- Irregularity Index -- Taring Coefficient -- Hydroclimatic Risks in the Faleme Basin -- Different Aspects of the Hydrological Drought in the Faleme Basin -- Hydrological Parameters and Flooding in the Valley -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Review of Various Impacts of Climate Change in South Asia Region, Specifically Pakistan -- Introduction -- National Level Climate Change Trends in International Context -- Climate Change Impacts on Various Sectors -- Climate Change Impact on Water Resource Sector -- Climate Change Impact on Seaside Sector -- Climate Change Impact on Energy and Food Sector Reliability -- Climate Change Impact on Agriculture Sector -- Climate Change Impact on Livestock -- Climate Change Impact on Natural and Economic Catastrophes -- Impacts of Climate Change on Community -- Climate Change Adoption and Alleviation -- Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 11: Future Hydroclimatic Variability Projections Using Combined Statistical Downscaling Approach and Rainfall-Runoff Model: Case of Sebaou River Basin (Northern Algeria).