Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Wastewater Treatment and Monitoring: Physico-Chemical Treatment -- Chapter 1: RSM and ANN-GA Experimental Design Optimization for Electrocoagulation Removal of Chromium -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Experimental Setup and Procedure -- 2.2 Analytical Techniques -- 2.3 Electrocoagulation Process -- 2.4 Experimental Design -- 2.4.1 Response Surface Methodology -- 2.4.2 Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm -- 2.5 Path Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 RSM Modelling and Optimization -- 3.2 Centre Composite Design -- 3.3 ANN-GA Modelling and Optimization -- 3.4 Path Analysis -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Sunlight-Assisted Photo-Fenton Process for Removal of Insecticide from Agricultural Wastewater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Chemicals Used -- 2.2 Experimental Procedure -- 2.3 Analytical Methods -- 3 Result and Discussions -- 3.1 Effect of pH -- 3.2 Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration -- 3.3 Effect of Ferrous Sulphate Dosing Concentration -- 3.4 Effect of Initial Concentration of Insecticide -- 3.5 Rate Equation and Kinetics -- 3.6 FTIR Spectra Analysis -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Catalytic Reduction of Water Contaminant `4-Nitrophenol´ over Manganese Oxide Supported Ni Nanoparticles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Synthesis -- 2.3 Characterizations -- 2.4 Catalytic Reduction -- 2.5 Computational Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Computational Studies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Simulation of Nitrate Removal in a Batch Flow Electrocoagulation-Flotation (ECF) Process by Response Surface Method... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 ECF Reactor -- 2.2 Experimental Procedure. , 2.3 Experimental Design and Data Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Development of Regression Model Equation -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Wastewater Treatment and Monitoring: Biological Treatment -- Chapter 5: Decolourization Studies of a Novel Textile Dye Degrading Bacterium -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Source of Sample -- 2.2 Isolation of Dye-Decolourizing Bacteria -- 2.3 Screening of Dye Decolourizing Bacteria and Decolourization Activity -- 2.4 Optimization of Different Parameters for Maximum Decolourization -- 2.5 Decolourization Analysis with Optimized Condition -- 2.6 Decolourization of Different Dyes -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Isolation and Screening of Dye Decolourizing Bacteria -- 3.2 Dye Decolourization Activity -- 3.3 Optimization for Maximum Decolourization -- 3.4 Decolourization Activity with Different Dyes -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Preliminary Study of Rapid Enhanced Effective Micro-organisms (REEM) in Oil and Grease Trap from Canteen Wastewater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Wastewater Characteristics -- 2.2 Characteristics of Rapid Effective Enhancements Micro-organisms (REEM) -- 2.3 Experimental Set-up -- 2.4 REEM Batch Experiments -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Effects of REEM on Oil and Grease Removal -- 3.2 Effects of REEM on BOD Removal -- 3.3 Effect of REEM on SS Removal -- 3.4 Oil and Grease Removal in Batch Experiment -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendation -- References -- Chapter 7: Step-Feed Technology in SBR to Enhance the Treatment of Landfill Leachate -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Experimental Lab-Scale Reactor -- 2.2 Leachate Composition and Seed Sludge -- 2.3 Operating Strategy of Conventional SBR Cycle -- 2.4 Operating Strategy of Step-Feed SBR Cycle -- 2.5 Analytical Method -- 3 Results and Discussion. , 3.1 Overview of System Performance -- 3.2 Performance of Conventional SBR Cycle -- 3.3 Evaluation of Conventional SBR Cycle -- 3.4 Performance of Modified SBR Cycle (Step-Feed Process) -- 3.5 Evaluation of Modified SBR Cycle -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Response Surface Optimization of Phosphate Removal from Aqueous Solution Using a Natural Adsorbent -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Adsorbent -- 2.2 Adsorbate -- 2.3 Analytical Methods -- 2.4 Adsorption Experiments -- 2.5 RSM-Based Experimental Design, Modelling and Statistical Analysis -- 2.6 Equilibrium Kinetics and Isotherms Studies -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Characterization of Adsorbent and Adsorption Process -- 3.2 RSM Model Fitting and ANOVA Analysis -- 3.3 Interaction of Variables and the Effect on Response -- 3.4 Process Optimization and Experimental Validation -- 3.5 Equilibrium Kinetics and Isotherms Studies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water Using Adsorption -- 1 Background -- 2 Adverse Effects of ECs -- 3 Treatment Technologies -- 4 Clay as Adsorbent -- 5 Experimental Studies on Organo Clay in Adsorbing Ciprofloxacin from Water -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Hydrological and Quality Issues: Surface Water -- Chapter 10: Hydrological Regimes and Zooplankton Ecology at Tempe Floodplains, Indonesia: Preliminary Study Before the Operati... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Environmental Variables -- 3.2 Zooplankton -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Organics and Heavy Metals Content in River Receiving the Effluent of Municipal Landfill Leachate Treatment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: Hydrological and Quality Issues: Groundwater Contamination. , Chapter 12: Tracing the Significance of River for Arsenic Enrichment and Mobilization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Groundwater Sampling -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in 14 Districts in Sri Lanka: A Collaboration Research Between Sri Lanka and Jap... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater Affecting Holocene Aquifers of India: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Bengal Delta (West Bengal) -- 3.2 Middle Ganga Plain -- 3.3 Ghaghara Valley -- 3.4 Terai Plain of Nepal and West Bengal -- 3.5 Brahmaputra Valley -- 3.6 Barak Valley -- 3.7 Manipur Valley -- 4 Source and Release of Arsenic to Groundwater -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Water Quality Evaluation in a Rural Stretch of Tezpur, Assam (India) Using Water Quality Index and Correlation Mat... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Sampling Area -- 2.2 Sampling and Analysis -- 2.3 Ground Water Quality Index -- 2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Water Quality Parameters -- 3.2 Ground Water Quality Index -- 3.3 Statistical Analysis -- 3.3.1 Basic Statistics -- 3.3.2 Correlation Coefficient -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part V: Hydrological and Quality Issues: Water Resource in Changing Paradigm -- Chapter 16: Meltwater Quality and Quantity Assessment in the Himalayan Glaciers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Assessment of Meltwater Quality -- 2.1 Chemical Weathering and Hydrogeochemical Processes -- 2.2 Input from Atmospheric Precipitation and Anthropogenic Activities -- 3 Assessment of Meltwater Quantity -- 3.1 Meltwater Runoff -- 3.2 Suspended Sediment Transport. , 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17: Delineation of Point Sources of Recharge in Karst Settings -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Spring Hydrology -- 3.2 Hydrogeochemistry -- 3.3 Water Isotopes in Catchment Waters -- 3.4 Field Investigations -- 3.5 Tracer Test -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18: Identify the Major Reasons to Cause Vulnerability to Mekong Delta Under the Impacts of Drought and Climate Change -- 1 Mekong Delta -- 2 Assessment Method of Drought Impacts to Eco-social Sectors -- 3 Identification of Drought Impact Types and Causes -- 3.1 The Identification of Drought Impact Types to Each Sector in Mekong Delta -- 3.2 Major Drought Impacts to Each Sector in Mekong Delta -- 3.3 The Causes of Major Drought Impact Types -- 3.4 The Sectors Vulnerable Caused by Drought Impacts in Mekong Delta -- 3.5 Importance of Identification of Major Drought Impact Types and Vulnerable Sector -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19: Multi-pathway Risk Assessment of Trihalomethanes Exposure in Drinking Water Supplies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Analysis of THMs -- 2.2 Cancer Risk Estimation -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Concentration Range of THMs in Drinking Water Supplies -- 3.2 Risk Assessment -- 3.2.1 Cancer Risk Through Oral Ingestion -- 3.2.2 Cancer Risk from Dermal Absorption -- 3.2.3 Cancer Risk from Inhalation Route -- 3.2.4 Non-cancer Risk Assessment -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20: The Study of Water Losses Using Knowledge Based System Approach -- 1 Water-Issues and Objectives -- 1.1 The Study Area -- 1.2 Water Balance -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Visual Basic Development -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Knowledge Base -- 3.2 User Interface -- 3.3 Non-revenue Water Expert System (NRWES) -- 3.4 NRW Detections. , 3.5 Non-revenue Water Estimation.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Role of Data Indices for UN Sustainable Development Goals Implementation in Russia -- 1.1 Section -- 1.2 Study Area -- 1.3 Data and Methodology -- 1.3.1 The Role of Global Indices and Indicators -- 1.3.2 Country and Municipal Levels of Ecological Problems' Evaluation -- 1.4 Results and Discussion -- 1.4.1 Ecological Indices and Indicators for Russia Score Evaluation -- 1.4.2 Multiscale Evaluation of Ecological Problems for Sustainable Development Planning -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of NCT of Delhi Using GIS-Based Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Study Area -- 2.3 Materials and Methods -- 2.3.1 Data Collection and Integration -- 2.3.2 Selection and Preparation of Criteria Maps -- 2.3.3 Suitability Scoring/Ranking and Development of Pairwise Comparison Matrix -- 2.3.4 Computation of the Criterion Weights -- 2.3.5 Rasterization of Criteria Maps -- 2.3.6 Integration of Maps -- 2.3.7 Preparation of Vulnerability Assessment Map -- 2.4 Modelling of Seismic Vulnerability Assessment -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Human Capital Impact for Sustainable Economic Growth -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Factors that Can Slow Down Sustainable Economic Development -- 3.3 Methods and Data -- 3.4 Main Paradoxes -- 3.4.1 Paradox 1. Rising Inequality -- 3.4.2 Paradox 2. The Growing Urbanization -- 3.4.3 Paradox 3. There is no Automatic Link Between Income and Human Development -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Land Use Land Cover Dynamics Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Western Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Materials and Methods -- 4.4 Results and Discussions -- 4.4.1 Slope Map -- 4.4.2 Land Use/Cover Status -- 4.4.3 Accuracy Assessment -- 4.4.4 Change Detection -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References. , 5 Dying and Dwindling of Non-glacial Fed Rivers Under Climate Change (A Case Study from the Upper Kosi Watershed, Central Himalaya, India) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 About the Representative Watershed -- 5.3 Database and Methodology -- 5.3.1 Hydrometeorological Database -- 5.3.2 Land Use/Land Cover Data -- 5.4 Geohydrometeorological Results -- 5.4.1 Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics -- 5.4.2 Pattern and Trend of Rainfall -- 5.4.3 Pattern and Trend of Rainy Days -- 5.4.4 Pattern and Trend of Rainfall Intensity -- 5.4.5 Pattern and Trend of Water Discharge -- 5.4.6 Pattern and Trend of Runoff -- 5.4.7 Pattern and Trend of Evaporation -- 5.4.8 Pattern and Trend of Water BalancePattern and Trend of Water Balance -- 5.4.9 Dying of Tributary Streams -- 5.4.10 Dwindling of the Master Kosi River -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Robust and Reliable Technique of Automatic Building Extraction from High Resolution Imagery -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Spatial Data -- 6.3.2 Unsupervised Classification Method -- 6.3.3 Object Based Classification Method -- 6.4 Results -- 6.4.1 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 7 Soil Resource Inventory for Meeting Challenges of Land Degradation: A Remote Sensing Approach -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Materials and Methods -- 7.3.1 Data Used -- 7.3.2 Database Preparation -- 7.3.3 Visual Image Interpretation -- 7.3.4 Ground Truth Collection -- 7.3.5 Post-field Interpretation -- 7.3.6 Accuracy Assessment -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Soil Mapping Units -- 7.4.2 Soil Orders and Suborders -- 7.4.3 Soil Families and Soil Series -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Temporal Variation in Glacier's Area and Identification of Glacial Lakes in Sikkim -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.3.1 Data Source. , 8.3.2 Glaciers Delineation -- 8.3.3 Identification of Lakes -- 8.3.4 Topographical Parameters -- 8.4 Results -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of the Yerla River Basin, Deccan Trap Region, India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Objective -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.4 Study Area -- 9.5 Morphometric Analysis -- 9.5.1 Linear Aspects -- 9.5.2 Relief Aspects -- 9.5.3 Areal Aspects -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Analysing the Capability of NCI Technique in Change Detection Using High- and Medium-Resolution Multispectral Data -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Methodology -- 10.2.1 Study Area and Pre-processing of Satellite Data -- 10.2.2 Algorithm Description -- 10.2.3 Calibration and Radiometric Normalization of IKONOS Data -- 10.2.4 Neighbourhood Configuration and NCI Generation -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 NCI Value for Different Approaches -- 10.3.2 Comparison Between Different Approaches for NCI Output -- 10.3.3 Visual Interpretation for Change and No-Change Zones on NCI -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Comparative Analysis of Multi-temporal Drought Indices Using Monthly Precipitation Data: A Study in the Southwestern Part of West Bengal, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Objectives -- 11.3 The Study Area -- 11.4 Data and Methodology -- 11.4.1 Standardized Precipitation Indices (SPI) -- 11.4.2 The Effective Drought Index (EDI) -- 11.4.3 Rainfall Anomaly Indices (RAI) -- 11.5 Results and Discussion -- 11.5.1 Comparisons of SPIs and EDI -- 11.5.2 Comparison of RAIs and EDI -- 11.5.3 Comparison Among the Different Drought Indices -- 11.5.4 Discussion on Drought Events -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Use of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System on Agroforestry Ecosystem in Himalayan Region of Uttarakhand -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area -- 12.3 Materials and Methods. , 12.3.1 Satellite Data Process -- 12.3.2 Land Use/Cover in Chamoli -- 12.4 Results and Discussion -- 12.4.1 Agri-Silviculture System -- 12.4.2 Agri-Horticulture System -- 12.4.3 Agri-Silvi-Pastoral System -- 12.4.4 Agri-Horti-Silviculture System -- 12.4.5 Home Gardens -- 12.4.6 Farming Systems -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 UN SDGs and Context of Holy-Heritage Cities in India: A Study of Ayodhya and Varanasi -- 13.1 The Perspective: Culture, Cultural Heritage and Inclusive Heritage Development -- 13.2 Introducing the Two Heritage-Holy Cities: Ayodhya and Varanasi -- 13.3 Heritage Zones: Ayodhya and Varanasi -- 13.3.1 Ayodhya -- 13.3.2 Varanasi: Heritage Zones -- 13.4 Ayodhya and Varanasi: Intangible Heritage on UNESCO Scale -- 13.5 Shaping Sustainable Heritage City System -- 13.6 Heritage and Pilgrimage Inclusive Development: Framing HRIDAY and PRASAD -- 13.6.1 National Mission of HRIDAY -- 13.6.2 National Mission of PRASAD -- 13.7 Epilogue: Vision and Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Spatial Analysis and Mapping of Malaria Risk in Dehradun City India: A Geospatial Technology-Based Decision-Making Tool for Planning and Management -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.2.1 Soil Characteristics -- 14.2.2 Ground Cover and Land Use -- 14.2.3 Settlement Structure and Urban Form -- 14.2.4 Demographic Aspects -- 14.2.5 Socio-Economic Function of Dehradun City -- 14.3 Methodology -- 14.4 Results and Discussions -- 14.4.1 Temporal Distribution of Malaria Incidence -- 14.4.2 Malaria and Rainfall Relationship -- 14.4.3 Land Use Land Covers Distribution -- 14.4.4 Socio-Economic Condition and Malaria -- 14.5 GIS-Based Malaria Risk Analysis -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Green Buildings: Building a Greener City, a Greener Future-An Indian Perspective -- 15.1 A Need to Rethink Our Urbanization. , 15.2 Traditional Green Buildings: Living Smart in the Past -- 15.3 Green Buildings and Smart Cities: A Relationship to be Pursued -- 15.4 Green Buildings: Paving Way for a Better, Greener Future -- 15.5 Greening Smart Cities: Present Practices and Policies -- 15.6 Building Greener Smart Cities -- References -- 16 Conceptualising and Measuring Social Capital as a Sustainable Development Strategy in Mewat Region, Haryana -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Study Area -- 16.3 Methodology -- 16.3.1 Survey Sampling -- 16.3.2 Mixed Methods -- 16.4 Conceptualising Social Capital -- 16.5 Results and Discussion -- 16.5.1 Associatedness -- 16.5.2 Particularized Trust -- 16.5.3 Relations of Production -- 16.5.4 Types and Role of Institutions -- 16.5.5 Community Cohesion -- 16.5.6 Social Pathologies -- 16.6 Conclusion and Policy Implications -- References -- 17 Monitoring and Modelling of Urban Sprawl Using Geospatial Techniques-A Case Study of Shimla City, India -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Study Area -- 17.3 Database and Methodology -- 17.3.1 Data Used -- 17.3.2 Methodology -- 17.4 Result and Discussion -- 17.4.1 Image Analysis -- 17.4.2 Population Growth and Built-up Area -- 17.4.3 Metrics of Urban Sprawl -- 17.4.4 Analysis of Landscape Metrics -- 17.4.5 Modelling of Urban Sprawl -- 17.5 Summery and Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Coefficients of Causal Factors and Percentage Built-Up by Linear Regression Analyses -- Appendix 2: Coefficients of Causal Factors and Percentage Built-Up by Polynomial (Order = 2) Regression Analyses -- Appendix 3: Coefficients of Causal Factors and Percentage Built-Up by Logarithmic Regression Analyses -- Appendix 4: Coefficients of Causal Factors and Percentage Built-Up by Exponential Regression Analyses -- Appendix 5: Stepwise Regression Equations -- References -- 18 Impact of Corridor Development on Rural Settlements Along Delhi-Jaipur Axis. , 18.1 Introduction.

Note: Intro -- Foreword by Dr. Virendra M. Tiwari -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Part I Risk Management and Data Science (Engineering) for Water Supply -- 1 History, Evolution, and Future of Rapid Environmental Assays Used to Evaluate Water Quality and Ecosystem Health -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Background and Theory of Immunoassays -- 1.3 History -- 1.4 Accreditation/Validation of Environmental Rapid/Field Tests -- 1.5 Current and Future Directions in Rapid Screening Methods -- 1.6 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 2 Development of Operational Resilience Metrics for Water Distribution Systems -- 2.1 Water Distribution Networks -- 2.1.1 Disruption in Water Distribution Networks -- 2.2 Nodal-Level Performance of Water Distribution Networks -- 2.2.1 Head Ratio -- 2.2.2 Flow Ratio -- 2.3 Case Studies -- 2.3.1 Effect of Disruptions on Performance Measures -- 2.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- 3 An Overview of Big Data Analytics: A State-of-the-Art Platform for Water Resources Management -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Big Water Data and Associated Characteristics -- 3.3 Big Data Analytical Methods -- 3.4 Big Data and Water Resources Management -- 3.4.1 Types of Water Data and Data-Sharing Methodologies -- 3.4.2 Appositeness of Big Data to Water Resources -- 3.4.3 Limitations of the Big Water Data Analytics -- 3.5 Big Water Data Platform Components and Structure -- 3.6 Modern Big Data Cycle in the Context of Water Resources -- 3.7 Future Perspectives of Big Data for Water Resources Management -- 3.8 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Role of Physical Parameters in Developing a Geogenic Contaminant Risk Approach -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Parameters Impacting the Water Quality-Mode of Acquisition and Assessment -- 4.2.1 Method of Integrating Multiparameter Data into a Common Index. , 4.3 Potential of Satellite Imageries in Developing an Ensemble -- 4.4 Understanding the Geogenic Impact and Sediment Connectivity on Water Quality -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Water Indices: Specification, Criteria, and Applications-A Case Study -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Categories of WQI (Tirkey et al. 2013) -- 5.1.2 Steps in Developing Water Quality Index (Sutadian et al. 2016, 2017) -- 5.1.3 Benefits of Application of WQIs -- 5.2 Overview of WQIs and Its Applications -- 5.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Some Selected Water Quality Indices -- 5.2.2 Applications of Water Quality Indices in Groundwater Quality Assessment of Anuppur District of Madhya Pradesh -- 5.2.3 Entropy Weighted Irrigation Water Quality Index (EIWQI) -- 5.2.4 Classification of Water Quality in the Overall Pollution Index (Sargaonkar et al. 2008) -- 5.2.5 Result and Discussions -- 5.2.6 WQI Studies from Worldwide -- 5.2.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part II Water Resilence: Vulnerability and Response -- 6 Review on Mixture Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Waters and Wastewater Effluents -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Human Health Risk Posed by Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Water -- 6.2.1 Agricultural Irrigation -- 6.2.2 Landscape Irrigation -- 6.2.3 Potable Water Reuse -- 6.3 Mixture Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Organisms -- 6.3.1 Models of Mixture Toxicities -- 6.3.2 Mixture Toxicity of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs -- 6.3.3 Mixture Toxicity of Antibiotics -- 6.3.4 Mixture Toxicity of Synthetic Steroidal Hormones -- 6.3.5 Mixture Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals from Different Therapeutic Classes -- 6.3.6 Mixture Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater Effluents -- 6.4 Transcriptomics-Based Bioassay for Mixture Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals -- 6.4.1 Methods of Transcriptomic Analysis -- 6.4.2 Application to Human Model Systems. , 6.4.3 Application to Aquatic Organisms -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Microplastic Vulnerability in the Sediments of the Sabarmati River of India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.3.1 Sediment Grain Size Analysis of Sabarmati -- 7.3.2 Organic Matter in Rivers -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Evaluation of Water Quality of Community Managed Water Supply Schemes (CMWSS) in Galle District -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Data Description -- 8.2.3 Evaluation of Water Quality -- 8.2.4 Limitations of Current WQI -- 8.3 Results and Discussions -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Scenario of Worldwide Preponderance of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Hydrosphere -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Occurrence and Fate of CECs -- 9.2.1 Classification of Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- 9.3 Methods of Removal of CECs -- 9.3.1 Biological Treatment for the Removal of CECs -- 9.3.2 Conventional Biological Treatment Methods for the Removal of CECs -- 9.3.3 Non-conventional Biological Treatment Methods for the Removal of CECs -- 9.3.4 Chemical Treatment for the Removal of CECs -- 9.3.5 Conventional Chemical Treatment Methods for the Removal of CECs -- 9.3.6 Advanced Oxidation Process for the Removal of CECs -- 9.3.7 Physical Treatment for the Removal of CECs -- 9.3.8 Membrane Process -- 9.3.9 Activated Carbon Adsorption -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Water Crisis in the Asian Countries: Status and Future Trends -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Global Water Distribution on Earth Surface -- 10.3 Global Water Consumption -- 10.4 Global Water Stress -- 10.5 Current Scenario in Asian Countries -- 10.5.1 Southeast Asia -- 10.5.2 East Asia -- 10.5.3 Central and West Asia -- 10.6 The Major Contributing Factor for Water Stress Conditions. , 10.6.1 Increased Population and Pollution -- 10.6.2 Increased Water Consumption by the Agricultural Sector and Food Security -- 10.6.3 Urbanisation, Industrialisation and Various Developmental Activities -- 10.6.4 Abstraction Pressure -- 10.6.5 Hydro-Morphological Alteration -- 10.6.6 Environmental Degradation and Climate Change -- 10.6.7 Water Sharing Conflict Within the Countries -- 10.7 Indian Scenario -- 10.8 Current Status and Future Trends for Water Management in Asian Countries -- 10.8.1 National Level -- 10.8.2 International Level -- 10.9 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Water Supply, Urbanization and Climate Change -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Water Supply -- 11.2.1 Introduction -- 11.2.2 Chennai Water Crisis 2019: A Case Study -- 11.2.3 Desalination Plants as an Alternative in Fighting Water Crisis -- 11.2.4 Water Supply System in India and the Problems Faced -- 11.2.5 Solutions for Sustainable Water Supply and Use -- 11.3 Urbanization -- 11.3.1 Casual Factors Behind Urbanization -- 11.3.2 Risks of Water System in Face of Urbanization -- 11.3.3 Urban Water Management Strategies for Water Resilience -- 11.3.4 Resourcing Rainwater -- 11.3.5 Changing Impervious Surfaces to Pervious Surfaces -- 11.3.6 Green Infrastructures -- 11.3.7 Wastewater Treatment -- 11.3.8 Ecological Water Management -- 11.3.9 Sponge City -- 11.3.10 Barriers and Opportunities of Sponge Cities Adoption -- 11.4 Climate Change -- 11.4.1 How Is Climate Change Impacting Water Cycle? -- 11.4.2 Effects of Climate Change on Available Water -- 11.4.3 Climate Change Implications on Water Supply: Drought and Flood -- 11.4.4 Climate Change Implications on Lakes and Rivers -- 11.4.5 Climate Change Adaptation Strategies -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Climate Change-Implication on Water Resources in South Asian Countries -- 12.1 Introduction. , 12.1.1 Effect of Climate Change on Water Resources -- 12.2 Countries Profile on Water Resources, Climate Risks, and Uncertainty -- 12.2.1 Bangladesh -- 12.2.2 Bhutan -- 12.2.3 India -- 12.2.4 Nepal -- 12.2.5 Sri Lanka -- 12.2.6 Afghanistan -- 12.3 Climate Change and Issues Related to Water Resource Management -- 12.3.1 South Asia's Transboundary Water Management -- 12.3.2 Climate Change: Management Risks and Future Costs -- 12.3.3 The Present Strategy of South Asia's Water Resources Management -- 12.4 Role of the Different Institution for Water Resource Management -- 12.4.1 Role of Global Water Partnership (GWP) -- 12.4.2 South Asia Water Initiative (SAWI) -- 12.4.3 Role of International Water Management Institute (IWMI) -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Attenuation and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in River Environments -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Natural Attenuation of Pharmaceuticals in Rivers -- 13.2.1 Santa Ana River, California (CA), USA -- 13.2.2 Trinity River, Texas (TX), USA -- 13.2.3 Gründlach River, Germany -- 13.2.4 Steinlach River, Germany -- 13.2.5 Erpe River, Germany -- 13.2.6 Three Rivers in Sweden -- 13.2.7 Four Rivers in Spain -- 13.2.8 Segre River, Spain -- 13.2.9 Glatt River, Switzerland -- 13.2.10 Thames River, UK -- 13.2.11 Katsura River, Japan -- 13.2.12 Yodo River, Japan -- 13.3 In-Stream Attenuation of Pharmaceuticals in Each Therapeutic Category -- 13.3.1 Sulfa Drugs -- 13.3.2 Quinolone Antibiotics -- 13.3.3 Macrolide Antibiotics -- 13.3.4 Anti-inflammatory Drugs -- 13.3.5 Antiarrhythmic Drugs -- 13.3.6 Antiepileptic Drugs -- 13.3.7 The Others -- 13.4 Factors Affecting the In-Stream Attenuation of Pharmaceuticals -- 13.4.1 Direct Photolysis -- 13.4.2 Indirect Photolysis -- 13.4.3 Sorption to SS/Sediment -- 13.4.4 Biodegradation in Surface Water -- 13.4.5 Biodegradation in Sediment. , 13.5 Modeling the Fate of In-Stream Attenuation of Pharmaceuticals.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Part I Monitoring and Occurrence of Emerging Contaminants -- 1 A First Report of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Large West-Flowing River in Southern India -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Study Area -- 1.3 Materials and Methods -- 1.3.1 Water Sampling -- 1.3.2 PFSAs Extraction -- 1.3.3 Instrumental Analysis -- 1.3.4 Quality Control/Quality Assurance -- 1.4 Results and Discussions -- 1.4.1 Levels of PFAS in Other Stations -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Passive Sampling Techniques for Monitoring of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Water Matrix: Trends from 2016 to 2020 -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods -- 2.3 Passive Sampling: Theory and Calibration -- 2.4 Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) -- 2.5 DGT -- 2.6 Chemcatcher® -- 2.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- 3 Distribution of Emerging Contaminants, and Antimicrobial Resistance: Occurrence, Toxicity, Risk Assessment, and Removal -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Occurrence, Source, and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) -- 3.2 Effect of PPCPs -- 3.2.1 Aquatic Life -- 3.2.2 Humans -- 3.3 Risk Assessment Studies -- 3.3.1 Risk Characterization -- 3.3.2 Constraints -- 3.4 Biological Remediation -- 3.4.1 Responsible Factors -- 3.4.2 Biodegradation Pathways -- 3.4.3 Intermediate Products Formation -- 3.4.4 Removal Efficiencies -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Realistic Approach for Determination Groundwater Pollution and Source Accounting -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of Groundwater -- 4.3 Sources of Groundwater Pollution -- 4.3.1 Groundwater Pollution by Natural Activities -- 4.3.2 Groundwater Pollution by Anthropogenic Activities -- 4.4 Groundwater Parameters -- 4.5 Impacts of Groundwater Pollution. , 4.6 Preventive Measures for Groundwater Pollution -- 4.6.1 Social Accountability -- 4.6.2 Industrial Accountability -- 4.7 Future Scopes -- 4.8 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Sources, Effects and Ecotoxicity of Emerging Contaminants -- 5 Emerging Contaminants: Sources, Effects, and Treatment by New Adsorption Methods -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 ECs and Associated Health Risks -- 5.2.1 Pharmaceutical Debris-Based ECs -- 5.2.2 Personal Care Products-Based ECs -- 5.2.3 Pesticides, Biocides, and Antimicrobials-Based ECs -- 5.2.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Based ECs -- 5.2.5 Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins-Based ECs -- 5.2.6 Dyes-Based ECs -- 5.3 Recognition, Assessment, and Management of ECs -- 5.3.1 Activated Carbon-Facilitated Adsorption -- 5.3.2 Biochar-Facilitated Adsorption -- 5.3.3 Nanomaterials-Facilitated Adsorption -- 5.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- 6 Co-occurrence of Geogenic, Microbial, and Anthropogenic Emerging Contaminants: Ecotoxicity and Relative Environmental Risks -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Geogenic Emerging Contaminants (GECs) -- 6.1.2 Anthropogenic Emerging Contaminants (AECs) -- 6.1.3 Microbial Emerging Contaminants (MECs) -- 6.2 Co-occurrence of AECs, MECs, and GECs in Nature -- 6.3 Ecotoxicological and Relative Environmental Risks from AECs, MECs, and GECs -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 IoT as an Assistive Technology for Community-Based Water Management Practices During COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Research Methodology -- 7.3 Government Initiatives and Water Governance -- 7.3.1 Rainwater Harvesting -- 7.3.2 Atal Bhujal Yojana -- 7.3.3 Interlinking River Project -- 7.3.4 Need for Water Governance -- 7.4 Need and Role of IoT in Water Management -- 7.5 Community-Based Water Management Practices -- 7.5.1 Tanks in Karnataka -- 7.5.2 Stepwell -- 7.5.3 Pyne-Ahar. , 7.5.4 Kuls and Khuls -- 7.5.5 Tanka -- 7.5.6 Bamboo Drip Irrigation -- 7.6 Discussion and Strategies -- 7.6.1 Strategies to Improve Water Management Using IoT -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Water Pollution Hazards of Single-Use Face Mask in Indian Riverine and Marine System -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Current State of the Problem -- 8.3 Composition and Different Types of Face Masks -- 8.3.1 Surgical Facemask -- 8.3.2 N95 Facemasks -- 8.3.3 KN95 Facemask³ -- 8.4 Occurrence, Fate, and Transport of Masks in Water Bodies -- 8.4.1 Occurrence and Detection of Micro and Nano-Plastics from Masks -- 8.4.2 Interaction Between Microplastics and Other Pollutants -- 8.4.3 Transformation and Proliferation of Antimicrobial Resistance Bacteria -- 8.4.4 Rivers as Transport Pathways to the Ocean -- 8.4.5 Partitioning and Mass Flow Behaviour in Riverine and Marine Systems -- 8.5 Hazards of Used Facemask on Marine Life and Human Health -- 8.6 Risk of COVID Spreading Through Water Bodies -- 8.7 Biohazard Risk Mitigation Guidelines -- 8.8 Future Steps to Control Microplastic Pollution Through Facemasks -- 8.9 Future Direction and Conclusion -- References -- 9 Impact of Arabidopsis thaliana Root Exudates on Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA) Activities in Shewanella loihica PV-4 and Agricultural Soil Enrichments -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Materials and Methods -- 9.2.1 Root Exudates Collection from Arabidopsis thaliana Plant and Chemical Characterization -- 9.2.2 Synthesis of Artificial Root Exudates -- 9.2.3 Evaluation of the Effects of Arabidopsis thaliana Root Exudates or Artificial Root Exudates on the Denitrification-Versus-DNRA Regulation in Shewanella loihica Cultures -- 9.2.4 Evaluation of the Effects of A. thaliana Root Exudates or Artificial Root Exudates on the Denitrification-Versus-DNRA Competition in Agricultural Soil Microbial Extracts. , 9.2.5 Analytical Procedures for Measurement of N2O, NO3 - , NO2 - and NH4 + -- 9.2.6 Measurement of 15 NH4 + Produced from Reduction of 15 NO3 - Via DNRA -- 9.2.7 Statistical Analysis -- 9.3 Results -- 9.3.1 Effects of A. Thaliana Root Exudates and Artificial Root Exudates on the Dual NO3 - Reduction Pathways in S. loihica strain PV-4 -- 9.3.2 Effects of Artificial Root Exudates on the NO3 - Fate in Agricultural Soil Enrichments -- 9.4 Discussion -- 9.5 Implications and Future Research -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Microalgal Bioremediation of Emerging Contaminants in Domestic Wastewater -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Source and Occurrence of Emerging Contaminants -- 10.3 Algae-Based Domestic Sewage Treatment -- 10.4 Bioremediation of Emerging Contaminants -- 10.4.1 Bioadsorption of ECs -- 10.4.2 Bioaccumulation of ECs -- 10.4.3 Intracellular and Extracellular Biodegradation of ECs -- 10.4.4 Novel Approaches -- 10.5 Future Scenario -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Conventional and Advanced Treatment Strategies -- 11 Emerging Contaminants in Water and Wastewater: Remediation Perspectives and Innovations in Treatment Technologies -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Emerging Contaminants as Aquatic Environmental Hazards -- 11.3 Treatment Technologies -- 11.4 Advantages and Challenges in Conventional Treatment Technology -- 11.5 Advance Treatment Technology -- 11.5.1 Removal by Adsorption -- 11.5.2 Membrane-Based Processes -- 11.5.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) -- 11.6 Combined Treatment Technology -- 11.7 Future Research Perspectives -- 11.8 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Adsorption-Photocatalysis Dual-Modality Approach for Removal of PPCPs from Aquatic Environment -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Adsorption-Photocatalysis-Dual-Modality Approach -- 12.3 Photocatalysts Used for Environmental Remediation. , 12.4 Application to Real Water Matrices -- 12.5 Challenges in Designing Adsorption-Photocatalysis Material -- 12.6 Concluding Remark and Future Needs -- References -- 13 Components of Aquaculture as Sources of Environmental Pollution and Available Remedial Measures -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Aquaculture Components as Sources of Pollution -- 13.2.1 Aquaculture Ingredients (Feed, Fertilizer, Chemicals, Etc.) -- 13.2.2 Animal Excretions (Faeces, Ammonia, Methane, CO2 Etc.) -- 13.2.3 Inedible Wastes -- 13.3 Remedial Measures for Aquaculture Waste Removal -- 13.3.1 Innovative Culture Methods -- 13.3.2 Physical, Chemical, and Microbial Treatment of Wastewater -- 13.3.3 Using Aquaculture Wastewater for Irrigating Agriculture Crops -- 13.3.4 Using Aquaculture Wastewater for Culturing Algae (Algiculture) -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Recent Advances in Wetland-Based Tertiary Treatment Technologies for PPCPs Removal from Wastewater -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Occurrence of PPCPs in Wastewater and STPs -- 14.3 Existing Treatment Technologies for PPCPs Removal -- 14.3.1 Constructed Wetlands (CWs) for PPCPs Removal -- 14.3.2 PPCPs Properties Affecting the Removal Pathway during Treatment by CWs -- 14.4 Feasibility of Hybrid Systems Comprising CWs Combined with Other Treatment Processes -- 14.4.1 Hybrid CW Systems -- 14.4.2 Hybrid Treatment Systems Combining CW with Other Treatment Processes -- 14.4.3 Hybrid Systems Other Than CWs for PPCPs Removal -- 14.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 15 Removal of Free Cyanide (CN−) from Water and Wastewater Using Activated Carbon: A Review -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Free Cyanide (CN−) Removal by Activated Carbon -- 15.2.1 Raw Activated Carbons for CN− Removal -- 15.2.2 CN− Removal by Metal Impregnated AC -- 15.2.3 Functional Group Incorporated AC for CN− Removal. , 15.2.4 Biological Conjugation of AC for Simultaneous Adsorption and Biodegradation.

Note: Description based upon print version of record