Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Issues and Challenges of Groundwater and Surface Water Management in Semi-Arid Regions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Semi-Arid Regions -- 1.3 Water Scarcity -- 1.4 Climate Change and Impact of Floods and Droughts -- 1.5 Issues and Challenges of Groundwater Management -- 1.5.1 Overexploitation of Groundwater Sources -- 1.5.1.1 Declining Groundwater Tables -- 1.5.1.2 Pollution in Aquifers -- 1.6 Sustainable Water Management -- 1.7 Challenges for Sustainable Groundwater Management -- 1.8 Challenges in Surface Water Sources -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Review of GIS Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Managed Aquifer Recharge in Semi-Arid Regions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Managed Aquifer Recharge Techniques -- 2.3 Data from Remote Sensing -- 2.4 Managed Aquifer Recharge Suitability Mapping -- 2.5 Scope -- 2.6 Materials and Methods -- 2.6.1 Data -- 2.6.2 Database -- 2.6.3 Paper Selection -- 2.7 Review Process -- 2.8 Results -- 2.9 Database -- 2.10 Paper Review -- 2.11 Discussion -- 2.12 Geographical Patterns -- 2.13 Criteria Selection and Weight Distribution -- 2.14 Weighting Methods and Decision Rules -- 2.15 Specific Challenges in Semi-Arid Regions -- 2.16 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Robust Ensemble Modeling Paradigm for Groundwater Salinity Predictions in Complex Aquifer Systems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.2.1 Three-Dimensional Coastal Aquifer Numerical Simulation Model -- 3.2.2 Machine Learning Algorithms for Groundwater Salinity Predictions -- 3.2.2.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) -- 3.2.2.2 Genetic Programming (GP) -- 3.2.2.3 Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR) -- 3.2.2.4 Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) -- 3.2.2.5 Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) -- 3.3 Prediction Model Development and Prediction Phases. , 3.4 Surrogate Model Performance Evaluation -- 3.5 Homogeneous Ensemble Model -- 3.6 Study Area -- 3.7 Results -- 3.7.1 Performance Evaluation Results for Individual Machine Learning Models´ -- 3.7.2 Future Groundwater Salinity Level in the Aquifer -- 3.8 Discussions -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Modeling Landscape Dynamics, Erosion Risk, and Annual Sediment Yield in Guna-tana Watershed: A Contribution for Mic... -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Description of the Study Area -- 4.3 Data Source and Analytical Approach -- 4.3.1 RUSLE Model Description -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Trends of Land Use Land Cover Change -- 4.5 Erosion Risk and Watershed Level Annual Sediment Yield -- 4.5.1 Erosion Risk Mapping -- 4.5.2 Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS) -- 4.5.3 Cover and Management (C) Factor and Support (P) Factor -- 4.5.4 Soil Loss -- 4.6 Sediment Yield -- 4.7 Prioritization of Watershed for Soil and Water Conservation -- 4.8 Validation -- 4.9 Discussion -- 4.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Evaluation of Multiwell Pumping Aquifer Tests in Unconfined Aquifer System by Neuman (1975) Method with Numerical M... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Groundwater Flow Model Development -- 5.2.2 Aquifer Test Data Analysis -- 5.3 Results -- 5.3.1 Model 1 -- 5.3.2 Model 2 -- 5.4 Discussion -- 5.4.1 Effect of Different Radial Observation Distance on the Transmissivity Interpretation -- 5.4.2 Effect of Different Radial Observation Distance on the Specific Yield Interpretation -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Groundwater Remediation Design Strategies Using Finite Element Model -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Governing Equations for Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Finite Element Formulation for Groundwater Flow and Transport. , 6.3.1.1 Finite Element Formulation for Groundwater Flow -- 6.3.1.2 Finite Element Formulation for Contaminant Transport -- 6.3.1.3 Two-Dimensional Coupled Flow and Transport Model -- 6.4 Strategies of Aquifer Remediation -- 6.5 Results and Discussion -- 6.5.1 Case 1(a) -- 6.5.2 Case 1(b) -- 6.5.3 Case 1(c) -- 6.5.4 Case 2(a) -- 6.5.5 Case 2(b) -- 6.5.6 Case 2(c) -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Modeling of Groundwater Level Using Artificial Neural Network Algorithm and WA-SVR Model -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Feedforward Neural Networks (FFNN) -- 7.2.2 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) -- 7.2.3 Algorithms -- 7.2.4 The Levenberg-Marquardt Training Algorithm -- 7.2.5 The Resilient BackPropagation Algorithm -- 7.2.6 The Scaled Conjugate Gradient Algorithm (SCG) -- 7.2.7 The Fletcher-Reeves Conjugate Gradient Algorithm -- 7.2.8 The One Step Secant (OSS) Backpropagation -- 7.2.9 Conjugate Gradient Algorithm by Polak and Ribiere -- 7.3 Gradient Descent with Momentum (GDM) -- 7.3.1 Gradient Descent with Adaptive Learning Rate Backpropagation -- 7.4 Performance Measures -- 7.4.1 Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency Index (Ef) -- 7.4.2 Coefficient of Determination (R2) -- 7.5 Model Development -- 7.5.1 Dataset -- 7.6 SVR-WA Model -- 7.7 Result and Discussion -- 7.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Development of Conceptual Model and Groundwater Flow Modeling Using GMS Software: A Case Study for Dharsiwa Block, ... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methodology -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Digitization and Boundary Conditions -- 8.2.3 Sources and Sinks Description -- 8.2.4 Delineating Recharge Zone -- 8.2.5 Defining the Hydraulic Conductivity and Layer Elevation -- 8.2.6 Running the Modflow -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Developed Conceptual Model -- 8.3.2 Calibration -- 8.3.3 Validation -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 9: Numerical Modeling for Groundwater Recharge -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.3.1 General -- 9.3.2 MODFLOW (MODular FLOW) Model -- 9.3.3 MT3D (Modular Transport 3D) Model -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.4.1 Flow Model -- 9.4.2 Model Construction -- 9.4.3 Model Discretization -- 9.4.4 Initial Conditions and Boundary Conditions -- 9.4.5 Model Parameters and Stresses -- 9.4.6 Temporal Conditions and Solver -- 9.4.7 Model Calibration and Validation -- 9.5 Transport Model -- 9.5.1 Performance of Individual Structures -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability for Sea-Water Intrusion in Nagapattinam Coast, Tamil Nadu, Using Geospatial Te... -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area Description -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.4 GALDIT: An Open-Ended Model -- 10.4.1 Groundwater Occurrence or Aquifer Type (G) -- 10.4.2 Aquifer Hydraulic Conductivity (A) -- 10.4.3 Depth to Groundwater Level above Mean Sea Level (L) -- 10.4.4 Distance from the Shore (D) -- 10.4.5 Impact of the Existing Status of Seawater Intrusion (I) -- 10.4.6 The Thickness of the Aquifer Mapped (T) -- 10.4.7 Computing the GALDIT Index -- 10.5 Decision Criteria -- 10.6 Application of the GALDIT Method to a Case Study in Nagapattinam Taluk -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Watershed Planning and Development Based on Morphometric Analysis and Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: A Case St... -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Computation of Morphometric Parameters -- 11.5 Usefulness of Morphometric Parameters -- 11.5.1 Stream Order -- 11.5.2 Stream Number (Nu) -- 11.5.3 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) -- 11.5.4 Weighted Mean Bifurcation Ratio (Rbwm) -- 11.5.5 Stream Length (Lu) -- 11.5.6 Mean Stream Length (Lum) -- 11.5.7 Stream Length Ratio (Lurm). , 11.5.8 Channel Index (Ci) and Valley Index (Vi) -- 11.5.9 Rho Coefficient (ρ) -- 11.5.10 Length of Basin (Lb) -- 11.5.11 Basin Area (A) -- 11.5.12 Basin Perimeter (P) -- 11.5.13 Length Area Relation (Lar) -- 11.5.14 Elongation Ratio (Re) -- 11.5.15 Digital Elevation Model -- 11.5.16 Land Use and Land Cover -- 11.6 Watershed Planning Method -- 11.7 Results and Discussion -- 11.8 Drainage Network and Basin Geometry Parameters of Watershed Area -- 11.9 Land Use and Land Cover -- 11.10 Soil Slope -- 11.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Correlation Between Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Cover of Nagapattinam Coastal Zone, Tamil Nadu, Using ... -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area Description -- 12.2.1 Objectives -- 12.2.1.1 Methodology -- 12.3 Land Surface Temperature Mapping -- 12.3.1 Conversion of DN Value to Spatial Radiance -- 12.3.2 Spatial Radiance into Temperature in Kelvin -- 12.3.3 Kelvin in Temperature to Celsius -- 12.3.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index -- 12.4 Results and Discussion -- 12.4.1 Correlation Between NDVI and LST (1995) -- 12.4.2 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2000) -- 12.4.3 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2005) -- 12.4.4 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2010) -- 12.4.5 Correlation of NDVI and LST (2015) -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: GIS-Based Legitimatic Evaluation of Groundwater´s Health Risk and Irrigation Susceptibility Using Water Quality In... -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Background of the Study -- 13.3 Objective of the Study -- 13.4 Materials and Methods -- 13.4.1 Study Area -- 13.4.2 Geology Settings -- 13.4.3 Sampling and Analysis -- 13.4.4 Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 13.4.5 Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI) -- 13.4.6 Fluoride Pollution Index (FPI) -- 13.4.7 Irrigation Water Quality Indexes (IWQI) -- 13.4.8 Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) -- 13.4.9 GIS Analysis. , 13.5 Results and Discussion.