Note: Intro -- Geospatial Techniques for Managing Environmental Resources -- Foreword -- Preface -- About the Editors -- Contents -- 1: Environmental Informatics: Advancing Data Intensive Sciences to Solve Environmental Problems -- 2: Hierarchical Geospatial Computing Environment for Data-intensive Geographic Process Simulation -- 3: Integration of Geographic nformation Systems for Monitoring and Dissemination of Marine Environment Data -- 4: Estimation of Evapotranspiration from Wetlands Using Geospatial and Hydrometeorological Data -- 5: Climbing the Water Ladder - The New GIS Approach -- 6: Supraglacial Lake Classification in the Everest Region of Nepal Himalaya -- 7: Towards the Improvement of Water Resource Management by Combining Technologies for Spatial Data Collection, Storage, Analysis and Dissemination -- 8: Geomorphologic Risk Modelling of the Sibiu Depression Using Geospatial Surface Analyses -- 9: Geospatial Technique to Study Forest Cover Using ALOS/PALSAR Data -- 10: Assessment of Land Use/Land Cover Using Geospatial Techniques in a Semi-arid Region of Madhya Pradesh, India -- 11: The Environmental Calculator: A Tool for the Efficient Assessment of Environmental Services Loss due to Deforestation -- 12: Urban Tree Detection Using Mobile Laser Scanning Data -- 13: Multisensor Fusion of Remote Sensing Data for Crop Disease Detection -- 14: Geospatial Analysis of Cancer Cases in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey -- 15: GIS for the Determination of Bioenergy Potential in the Centre Region of Portugal -- 16: Use of Geospatial Data in Planning for Offshore Wind Development -- 17: Social Vulnerability Assessment through GIS Techniques: A Case Study of Flood Risk Mapping in Mexico -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Ecological Footprints in Changing Climate: An Overview -- Introduction: Concept of Ecology, Ecosystem, and Natural Resources -- Biological Capacity/Biocapacity and Ecological Footprint -- Climate Change -- Asia -- Central America and the Caribbean -- Africa -- Latin America and the Caribbean -- South-West Pacific -- Europe -- Components of Ecological Footprint and Climate Change Consequences -- Land/Soil Ecosystem -- Forest Ecosystem -- Aquatic Ecosystem -- Carbon Footprint, Climate Change, and Sustainability -- Ecosystem and Sustainability -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Assessing Global-Scale Synergy Between Adaptation, Mitigation, and Sustainable Development for Projected Climate Ch... -- Introduction to Climate Change -- Key Drivers of Projected Climate Changes, Risks, and Impacts -- Projected Changes, Risks, and Impacts Under Climate Change -- Scenarios Beyond Twenty-First Century -- Future Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies -- Basics of Decision-Making -- General Aspects of Mitigation and Adaptation Approaches -- Mitigation Pathways -- Adaptation Pathways -- Sustainable Development with Adaptation and Mitigation -- Response Options for Mitigation and Adaptation -- Integrated Response Options -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Global Warming Impacts on the Environment in the Last Century -- Introduction -- Radiative Forcing to Climate Change -- Global Response to 1.5 C Global Warming -- Global Warming and the Environment -- Global Warming Impacts on Agriculture -- Global Warming Impact on Soil Resources -- Global Warming Impact on Water Resources -- Global Warming and Land Degradation -- Global Warming and the Forest Ecosystem. , Global Warming and Impact on Biodiversity -- Global Warming and Sea and Coastal Region -- Global Warming and Air Quality/Pollution and Urban regions -- Climate Change Projections over Indian Himalayas: A Case Study -- Locations -- Materials and Methods -- Salient Findings -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Analysis of Low-Flow Indices in the Era of Climate Change: An Application of CanESM2 Model -- Introduction -- The Rationale of the Study -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- GCMs and Emission Scenarios -- SDSM Downscaling Model -- Emission Scenarios -- HEC-HMS Modeling and Automatic Calibration with Optimization Trials -- Low-Flow Indices and Selection -- Distribution Function -- Environmental Water Requirements (EWR) -- Overall Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Calibration Results -- Performance of CanESM2 in the Historic Data Simulating -- Future Climate Change Outputs -- Q80 Index (FL Approach) -- Low-Flow Frequency Analysis in the Future Period -- Environmental Water Requirement and Other Low-Flow Characteristics -- Limitations of the Study -- Recommendations -- Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Climate Change and Contemporary Issues, Challenges and Sustainability -- Chapter 5: Climate Change Impact on Land Degradation and Soil Erosion in Hilly and Mountainous Landscape: Sustainability Issue... -- Introduction -- Land Degradation -- Soil Erosion -- Factors Affecting Water Erosion -- Soil Erosion Types and Characteristics -- Field and Laboratory Estimation Methods -- Soil Erosion Models -- Empirical Model -- Physically Based Model -- Conceptual Models -- Hybrid Models -- Soil Carbon Models -- Climate Change -- Climate Models -- Emission Scenarios -- Downscaling -- Soil Erosion and Climate Change -- Sustainability Issues -- Adaptation Strategies/Approaches. , Modelling Climate Change Impact on Soil Erosion in Himalayan Watershed: Case Study -- Chamba (Mid-Himalayas) -- Experimental Site -- Method of Approach -- Salient Findings -- Hamirpur (Shivalik Himalayas) -- Experimental Site -- Method of Approach -- Salient Findings -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Vulnerability Assessment of the Inherent Hazards of Climate Change on the Coastal Environment of the Mahanadi Delta... -- Introduction -- Review of Literature -- Study Area and Its Coastal Hazards -- Materials and Methods -- Methodology and Database -- Coastal Hazard Wheel (CHW) Model -- Data Layers and Digital Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Bio-geophysical Characterization of Odisha Coast Based on CHW Model -- Geological and Geomorphological Layout -- Wave Exposure -- Range of Tide -- Flora and Fauna -- Sediment Balance -- Storm Climate -- The Inherent Hazard Levels of Ecosystem Disruption and Environmental Degradation -- Hazard Assessment of Coastal Environment at Regional Level -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Climate Change of Jalgaon District (M.S.), India, Using GIS Techniques -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area: Jalgaon District -- Objectives -- Methodology -- Sources of Data -- Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency (GSDA), Jalgaon -- WorldClim -- Landsat 8 -- Results and Discussion -- Observation of Groundwater Over 2 Decades -- Parameter Identification and Expert Opinion Survey -- LULC Map -- Buffer from Built-Up Area -- Buffer from Major Roads -- Slope -- Average Groundwater Level -- Net Groundwater Recharge -- Drainage Density -- Rainfall -- Groundwater Vulnerability Index -- Limitations -- Recommendations -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Impact of Climate Change on Water Crisis in Gujarat (India) -- Introduction. , Drought Scenario in Gujarat -- Groundwater Resources in Gujarat -- Objectives -- Data Source -- Methodology -- Results -- Change in Groundwater Level -- Temporal and Spatial Change -- Impact of Rainfall on Groundwater Level and Groundwater Quality -- Groundwater Quality Problem -- Drinking Water Scenario -- Deterioration of Water Quality -- Correlation Between Rainfall and TDS Level -- Correlation Between (Departure in GW) Groundwater Depletion and Deterioration of Water Quality (Departure in TDS) -- Impact of Increase in Population on Groundwater -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Factors Affecting Governance Aspect of Disaster Management: Comparative Study of the Sundarbans in India and Bangla... -- Introduction -- Rationale of the Study -- Problem Statement -- Research Objectives -- Significance of the Research -- Materials and Methods -- Research Strategy -- Site Selection -- Data Collection Methods -- Data Analysis Methods -- Validity and Reliability -- Limitations -- Results and Discussion -- Site Description -- Disaster Management -- Governance Aspect of Disaster Management -- Sendai Framework -- Factors Affecting Governance Aspect of Disaster Management -- Context of the Sundarbans Across India and Bangladesh -- Context of India -- Context of Bangladesh -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- Further Research -- References -- Chapter 10: Application of Geospatial Technology in Seasonal Flood Hazard Event in Dhemaji District of Assam -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Rationale of the Study -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- The Spatiotemporal Extent of Surface Water -- The Main Flood-Causing Factor -- Visualizing the Recent Seasonal Flood Events -- Assessing the Impact of Recent Seasonal Flood Events -- Limitations of the Study -- Recommendations -- Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 11: Geospatial Approach in Watershed Vulnerability to Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability -- Introduction -- Watershed: Natural Unit for Management of Natural Resources -- Watershed Processes -- Runoff Generation Processes -- Soil Erosion Processes, Sediment and Nutrient Loss -- Watershed Services -- Watershed Vulnerability -- Watershed Vulnerability Evaluation Methods -- Watershed Sensitivity and Sustainability -- Climate Change Impact on Watershed Vulnerability -- Geospatial Modelling in Assessing Watershed Vulnerability -- Hydrological Models -- Erosion (Including Nutrient Loss) and Watershed Services Modelling -- Watershed Development and Environmental Sustainability -- A Case Study: Watershed Vulnerability Assessment in a Watershed of Shivalik Region, India -- Experimental Site -- Methodology -- Discussion and Inferences -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Agriculture and Forestry and Climate Change -- Chapter 12: Agro-climatic Variability in Climate Change Scenario: Adaptive Approach and Sustainability -- Introduction -- Global Agriculture Scenario -- Indian Agricultural Scenario -- Agro-climatic Zones (ACZs) -- Global Perspective -- ACZs in India -- Brief Description of the ACZs -- Climate Change Scenario -- Climate Change Predictions and Projections -- Climate Change Impact on Agriculture with Reference to India -- Direct Impacts -- Crop Yield and Productivity -- Soil Productivity and Soil Health -- Indirect Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture -- Change in Rainfall and Temperature -- Increase in Natural Hazards (Flood, Drought, Fire, etc.) -- Reduction in Water Resources -- Increased Disease and Pest Infestation -- Biodiversity Losses -- Adaptation Measures for Combating Climate Change Effects: Climate-Proofing Measures -- Agronomic Practices -- Soil Management. , Water Management and Improving Water Use Efficiency (WUE).

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- Section I Introduction -- Chapter 1 Concepts and Methodologies of Environmental Hazards and Disasters -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS IN AGRICULTURE -- 1.3. BIOPHYSICAL HAZARDS IN AGRICULTURE -- 1.4. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 Indigenous Knowledge for Disaster Solutions in the Hilly State of Mizoram, Northeast India -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. TRADITIONAL PRACTICES FOR LANDSLIDE PREVENTION -- 2.3. BAMBOO‐BASED HOUSING IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE ZONE -- 2.4. COMMUNITY-BASED EFFORTS TO COMBAT FOREST FIRES -- 2.5. LOCAL WATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS IN MIZORAM -- 2.6. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Urban Risk and Resilience to Climate Change and Natural Hazards: A Perspective from Million‐Plus Cities on the Indian Subcontinent -- 3.1. BACKGROUND -- 3.2. URBAN SYSTEM IN CHANGING CLIMATIC CONDITIONS -- 3.3. URBAN HAZARDS AND RISK -- 3.4. URBAN RESILIENCE AND ADAPTATION -- 3.5. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 The Contribution of Earth Observation in Disaster Prediction, Management, and Mitigation: A Holistic View -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. EARTH OBSERVATION (EO) FOR NATURAL DISASTER PREDICTION -- 4.3. EARTH OBSERVATION (EO) FOR NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION -- 4.4. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Section II Atmospheric Hazards and Disasters -- Chapter 5 Tropical Cyclones Over the North Indian Ocean in Changing Climate -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.2. DATA AND METHODOLOGY -- 5.3. RESULT AND ANALYSIS -- 5.4. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTs -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Simulation of Intensity and Track of Tropical Cyclones Over the Arabian Sea Using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) Modeling System: with Different Initial Conditions (ICs) -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION. , 6.2. SYNOPTIC CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TROPICAL CYCLONES -- 6.3. DESCRIPTION OF THE WEATHER RESEARCH AND FORECAST MODEL AND NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS -- 6.4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 6.5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 Development of a Soft Computing Model from the Reanalyzed Atmospheric Data to Detect Severe Weather Conditions -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. METHODOLOGY -- 7.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 7.4. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 Lightning, the Global Electric Circuit, and Climate -- 8.1. INTRODUCTION -- 8.2. LIGHTNING DISCHARGES -- 8.3. LIGHTNING DISCHARGES AND THE GLOBAL ELECTRIC CIRCUIT -- 8.4. ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGES AND CLIMATE -- 8.5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 An Exploration of the Panther Mountain Crater Impact Using Spatial Data and GIS Spatial Correlation Analysis Techniques -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. MATERIALS -- 9.3. METHODOLOGY -- 9.4. RESULTS -- 9.5. DISCUSSION -- 9.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Section III Land Hazards and Disasters -- Chapter 10 Satellite Radar Interferometry Processing and Elevation Change Analysis for Geoenvironmental Hazard Assessment -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. STUDY AREA -- 10.3. GEOENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING -- 10.4. RADAR INTERFEROMETRY -- 10.5. MULTITEMPORAL ELEVATIONS CHANGE ANALYSIS -- 10.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 Assessing the Use of Sentinel-2 in Burnt Area Cartography: Findings from a Case Study in Spain -- 11.1. INTRODUCTION -- 11.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 11.3. RESULTS -- 11.4. DISCUSSION -- 11.5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 Assimilating SEVIRI Satellite Observation into the Name-III Dispersion Model to Improve Volcanic Ash Forecast -- 12.1. INTRODUCTION -- 12.2. NAME DISPERSION MODEL -- 12.3. DATA AND METHODOLOGY. , 12.4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- 12.5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13 Geoinformation Technology for Drought Assessment -- 13.1. INTRODUCTION -- 13.2. STUDY AREA -- 13.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 13.4. METHODOLOGY -- 13.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- 13.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14 Introduction to Landslides -- 14.1. INTRODUCTION -- 14.2. MORPHOLOGY OF LANDSLIDES -- 14.3. SLOPE FAILURE -- 14.4. CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES -- 14.5. TYPES OF LANDSLIDES -- 14.6. CLASSIFICATION OF LANDSLIDES -- 14.7. IDENTIFICATION OF LANDSLIDES -- 14.8. GROUND OBSERVATION -- 14.9. MEASUREMENT OF LANDSLIDES -- 14.10. LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION MAPPING -- 14.11. LANDSLIDE HAZARD MITIGATION -- 14.12. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 Probabilistic Landslide Hazard Assessment using Statistical Information Value (SIV) and GIS Techniques: A Case Study of Himachal Pradesh, India -- 15.1. INTRODUCTION -- 15.2. STATISTICAL INFORMATION VALUE (SIV) MODEL -- 15.3. LANDSLIDE CONDITIONING FACTORS -- 15.4. METHODOLOGY -- 15.5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 15.6. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16 One-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Modeling of the River Tapi: The 2006 Flood, Surat, India -- 16.1. INTRODUCTION -- 16.2. STUDY AREA AND DATA USED -- 16.3. METHODOLOGIES -- 16.4. RESULTS -- 16.5. VALIDATION OF SIMULATED FLOW -- 16.6. SENSITIVITY OF STAGE RELATION WITH TIDAL CONDITION -- 16.7. RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTION FOR FLOOD PREVENTION -- 16.8. DISCUSSIONS -- 16.9. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTs -- REFERENCES -- Section IV Ocean Hazards and Disasters -- Chapter 17 Tropical Cyclone-Induced Storm Surges and Wind Waves in the Bay of Bengal -- 17.1. INTRODUCTION -- 17.2. METHODOLOGY -- 17.3. TROPICAL CYCLONE ACTIVITY OVER THE NORTH INDIAN OCEAN -- 17.4. STUDIES ON TROPICAL CYCLONE-INDUCED STORM SURGES FOR THE BAY OF BENGAL. , 17.5. CHARACTERISTICS OF OCEAN WIND WAVES AND THEIR ROLE DURING EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS -- 17.6. COUPLED WAVE‐HYDRODYNAMIC MODELS -- 17.7 STORM SURGE AND INUNDATION MODELING FOR CYCLONE THANE -- 17.8. STORM SURGE AND INUNDATION MODELING FOR CYCLONE AILA -- 17.9. COUPLED MODELING SYSTEM FOR CYCLONE PHAILIN -- 17.10. COUPLED MODELING SYSTEM FOR CYCLONE HUDHUD -- 17.11. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18 Space-Based Measurement of Rainfall Over India and Nearby Oceans Using Remote Sensing Application -- 18.1. INTRODUCTION -- 18.2. RAINFALL ESTIMATION USING INFRARED OBSERVATIONS -- 18.3. RAINFALL ESTIMATION USING MICROWAVE OBSERVATIONS -- 18.4. RAINFALL ESTIMATION USING MERGED IR AND MICROWAVE OBSERVATIONS -- 18.5. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 19 Modeling Tsunami Attenuation and Impacts on Coastal Communities -- 19.1. INTRODUCTION -- 19.2. MODELING TSUNAMIS -- 19.3. TSUNAMI DEFENSE STRUCTURES -- 19.4. TSUNAMI-BORNE DEBRIS -- 19.5. INFRASTRUCTURE -- 19.6. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- EULA.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Impact of Climate Change on Livelihood Security and Biodiversity - Issues and Mitigation Strategies -- Introduction -- Influence of Environmental Change -- The Issue of Water -- Diversification -- Susceptibility and Hazard -- The Impacts on Urban Livelihoods -- Heavy Rainfall and Floods -- Combined Effect Between Food Security and Climate Change Mitigation -- Mitigating Methane Emissions Through New Irrigation Schemes (Bohol, Philippines) -- Challenges -- Climate Change's Impact on Biodiversity -- Populations of Species Fluctuations -- Responses from Various Populations -- Changes in Phenology -- Climate Change, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Services -- Feedbacks to Climate -- Sustainable Biodiversity Management in the Face of Climate Impacts -- The Next Steps -- Climate Change's Effects on Livelihoods and Resilience Measures -- Adaptation Approaches -- Global Warming, Habitat, and Economics -- Concerning Climate Change, Biodiversity Protection, and Poverty Reduction Is the Way Forward -- Future Scope of the Study -- Policy Recommendations -- The Emphasis Is on Smallholders, Sensitive Spots, and the Community at Large -- Climate-Smart Agriculture, Green Agriculture, and Rural Nonfarm Activities Must All Be Prioritised -- Opportunities for Adaptation -- Opportunities for Mitigation -- Collaboration on a Broad Basis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Desertification Intensity Assessment Within the Ukraine Ecosystems Under the Conditions of Climate Change on the Basis of Remote Sensing Data -- Introduction -- Background -- Materials and Methods -- Visual Interpretation of Remote Sensing Data -- The Drought Map Creation by Using Indexes -- The Meteorological Observations -- Results and Discussions -- Physiographic Conditions -- Climate Conditions -- Drought Estimation. , Index of Drought -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3: Climate Change Effect on the Urbanization: Intensified Rainfall and Flood Susceptibility in Sri Lanka -- Introduction -- Relationship Between Urbanization and Climate Change -- Climate Change and Sri Lanka -- Climate Change and Urbanization in Sri Lanka -- Case Study: Climate Change and Urbanization in Colombo -- Conclusion -- Appendixes -- Appendix 1: World CO2 Data -- Sri Lanka -- Afganisthan -- Albania -- Algeria -- Andorra -- Angola -- Anguilla -- Antigua and Barbuda -- Argentina -- Armenia -- Aruba -- Australia -- Austria -- Azerbaijan -- Bahamas -- Bahrain -- Bangladesh -- Barbados -- Belarus -- Belgium -- Belize -- Benin -- Bermuda -- Bhutan -- Bolivia -- Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba -- Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Botswana -- Brazil -- British Virgin Islands -- Brunei Darussalam -- Bulgaria -- Burkina Faso -- Burundi -- Cambodia -- Cameroon -- Canada -- Cape Verde -- Central African Republic -- Chad -- Chile -- China -- Colombia -- Comoros -- Congo -- Cook Islands -- Costa Rica -- Côte d'Ivoire -- Croatia -- Cuba -- Curaçao -- Cyprus -- Czech Republic -- Democratic Republic of the Congo -- Denmark -- Djibouti -- Dominica -- Dominican Republic -- Ecuador -- Egypt -- El Salvador -- Equatorial Guinea -- Eritrea -- Estonia -- Ethiopia -- Faeroe Islands -- Fiji -- Finland -- France -- French Polynesia -- Gabon -- Gambia -- Georgia -- Germany -- Ghana -- Greece -- Greenland -- Grenada -- Guatemala -- Guinea -- Guinea-Bissau -- Guyana -- Haiti -- Honduras -- Hong Kong -- Hungary -- Iceland -- India -- Indonesia -- Iran -- Iraq -- Ireland -- Israel -- Italy -- Jamaica -- Japan -- Jordan -- Kazakhstan -- Kenya -- Kiribati -- Kosovo -- Kuwait -- Kyrgyzstan -- Laos -- Latvia -- Lebanon -- Lesotho -- Liberia -- Libya -- Liechtenstein -- Lithuania -- Luxembourg -- Macao. , Madagascar -- Malawi -- Malaysia -- Maldives -- Mali -- Malta -- Marshall Islands -- Mauritania -- Mauritius -- Mexico -- Micronesia (Federated States of) -- Moldova -- Mongolia -- Montenegro -- Montserrat -- Morocco -- Mozambique -- Myanmar -- Namibia -- Nauru -- Nepal -- Netherlands -- New Caledonia -- New Zealand -- Nicaragua -- Niger -- Nigeria -- Niue -- North Korea -- North Macedonia -- Norway -- Occupied Palestinian Territory -- Oman -- Pakistan -- Palau -- Panama -- Papua New Guinea -- Paraguay -- Peru -- Philippines -- Poland -- Portugal -- Qatar -- Republic of South Sudan -- Romania -- Russian Federation -- Rwanda -- Saint Helena -- Saint Kitts and Nevis -- Saint Lucia -- Saint Pierre and Miquelon -- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- Samoa -- Sao Tome and Principe -- Saudi Arabia -- Senegal -- Serbia -- Seychelles -- Sierra Leone -- Singapore -- Slovakia -- Slovenia -- Solomon Islands -- Somalia -- South Africa -- South Korea -- Spain -- Sudan -- Suriname -- Swaziland -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- Syria -- Taiwan -- Tajikistan -- Tanzania -- Thailand -- Timor-Leste -- Togo -- Tonga -- Trinidad and Tobago -- Tunisia -- Turkey -- Turkmenistan -- Turks and Caicos Islands -- Tuvalu -- Uganda -- Ukraine -- United Arab Emirates -- United Kingdom -- United States of America -- Uruguay -- Uzbekistan -- Vanuatu -- Venezuela -- Vietnam -- Wallis and Futuna Islands -- Yemen -- Zambia -- Zimbabwe -- Appendix 2: Region CO2 Data -- EU27 -- Canada -- China -- India -- Iran -- Japan -- Russian Federation -- Saudi Arabia -- South Korea -- United States of America -- Appendix 3: Landuse Emitted CO2 Data -- Canada -- Caribbean -- Central Africa -- Central America & -- Mexico -- China -- East Africa -- East Asia -- Europe -- Former Soviet Union -- NonTropical S. America -- North Africa & -- Middle East -- Oceania -- South Asia -- Southeast Asia. , Southern Africa -- Tropical S. America -- USA -- West Africa -- References -- Chapter 4: Climate Change, a Strong Threat to Food Security in India: With Special Reference to Gujarat -- Introduction to Climate Change Measures in Gujarat -- Climate Change, a Strong Threat to Agriculture Productivity -- Temperature and Drought: Major Challenge to Food Security -- Issues and Challenges in Semi-Arid and Arid Regions of Gujarat -- Climate Change Impact on Cropping Patterns -- Climate Change Impact on the Landscape and Irrigation -- Climate Change Effect on Rainfall Trend -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Livelihood Vulnerability Assessment and Drought Events in South Africa -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Impact of Drought in South Africa -- Livelihood Vulnerability in South Africa -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Possible Influence of Urbanisation on Rainfall in Recent Past -- Introduction -- Studies on the Rainfall and Urbanisation Through Observations -- Urban Features, Processes and Mechanisms Influencing the Rainfall -- Aerosols, Cloud Physics and Heat Fluxes -- Urban Land Cover and Surface Roughness -- Urban Heat Island and Their Consequences on Rainfall -- Modelling Studies on Rainfall and Urbanisation -- Changes in Rainfall Characteristics Over a Typical Urban Centre of Gangetic Plain -- Study Area -- Data and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 7: Influence of Climate Change on Crop Yield and Sustainable Agriculture -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Data Collection -- Results and Discussion -- Agriculture Sector and GDP of Pakistan -- Major Crops of Pakistan -- Cotton -- Sugarcane -- Maize -- Rice -- Wheat -- Meteorological Parameters -- Temperature -- Rainfall -- Strategies and Future Recommendations -- References. , Chapter 8: Hybrid Daily Streamflow Forecasting Based on Variational Mode Decomposition Random Vector Functional Link Network-Based Ensemble Forecasting -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Site -- Methodology -- Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) -- Random Vector Functional Link Network (RVFL) -- Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) -- Results and Discussion -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Climate Change and Natural Hazards in the Senegal River Basin: Dynamics of Hydrological Extremes in the Faleme River Basin -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data and Methods -- Data -- Methods -- Results -- Extreme Discharges in the Faleme Basin Between Humidity and Drought -- Minimum Daily Discharges -- Maximum Daily Discharges -- Dynamics of the Hydrological Extremes of the Faleme Basin Through Some Indices -- Power of Peak Discharges -- Irregularity Index -- Taring Coefficient -- Hydroclimatic Risks in the Faleme Basin -- Different Aspects of the Hydrological Drought in the Faleme Basin -- Hydrological Parameters and Flooding in the Valley -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Review of Various Impacts of Climate Change in South Asia Region, Specifically Pakistan -- Introduction -- National Level Climate Change Trends in International Context -- Climate Change Impacts on Various Sectors -- Climate Change Impact on Water Resource Sector -- Climate Change Impact on Seaside Sector -- Climate Change Impact on Energy and Food Sector Reliability -- Climate Change Impact on Agriculture Sector -- Climate Change Impact on Livestock -- Climate Change Impact on Natural and Economic Catastrophes -- Impacts of Climate Change on Community -- Climate Change Adoption and Alleviation -- Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 11: Future Hydroclimatic Variability Projections Using Combined Statistical Downscaling Approach and Rainfall-Runoff Model: Case of Sebaou River Basin (Northern Algeria).