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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Satellite measurements of sea surface cooling during hurricane Gloria (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 326 (1987), S. 373-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Hurricane Gloria (1985) began to form very late in the hurricane season off the Cape Verde Islands1. Gloria moved nearly due westward with the trade winds to about the Leeward Islands, and then turned north-west toward the Sargasso Sea. On 25 September the minimum central pressure fell to 919 mbar, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/326373a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential vorticity and volume transport in the eastern North Atlantic from two long CTD sections (1984)
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 37 (1984), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwei lange Nord-Süd orientierte CTD-Schnitte, die von dem FS “Meteor” im subtropischen Ostatlantik gewonnen wurden, werden benutzt, um die potentielle Vorticity und den Volumentransport zu berechnen. Die Ergebnisse werden mit der potentiellen Vorticity des westlichen Nordatlantiks und mit dem Transportfeld aus mittleren Profilen des Ostatlantiks verglichen. Die Verteilung der potentiellen Vorticity steht in guter Übereinstimmung mit Datensätzen aus dem westlichen und östlichen Nordatlantik verschiedener Jahre und zeigt deutlich den Einfluß des subtropischen Wirbels. Der Volumentransport aus den CTD-Schnitten ist vergleichbar mit den mittleren Transporten im Bereich des subtropischen Wirbels und weist Abweichungen nördlich und südlich des Wirbels auf. Die starken Strömungen des Wirbels erreichen Geschwindigkeiten von 7 cm s−1 an der Oberfläche, und Geschwindigkeiten von mehr als 1 cm s−1 reichen bis in 940 m Tiefe.
    Abstract: Résumé Deux longs profils Nord-Sud de mesures CTD effectués par le navire RV «Meteor» au cours de la campagne 60 dans la partie subtropicale de l'Océan Atlantique Oriental Nord ont permis le calcul de la vorticité potentielle et du transport de masse. Notre répartition de la vorticité potentielle est en conformité avec l'ensemble des résultats de plusieurs années de mesures dans l'Océan Atlantique Nord Occidental et Oriental et montre clairement l'influence du tourbillon subtropical. Le transport de masse évalué à partir des profils CTD correspond bien au transport moyen dans le tourbillon subtropical et montre les écarts au Nord et au Sud du tourbillon. La vitesse du courant tourbillonnaire va de 7 cm s−1 en surface à moins de 1 cm s−1 au-delà de 940 m d'immersion.
    Notes: Summary Two long north-south oriented CTD sections taken on RV “Meteor” cruise 60 in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic are used to compute potential vorticity and volume transport. Our distribution of potential vorticity is in good agreement with data sets from different years in the western and eastern North Atlantic and shows the influence of the subtropical gyre distinctly. The volume transport of the CTD sections corresponds well with mean transport in the subtropical gyre and shows deviations north and south of the gyre. The gyre current velocities range from 7 cm s−1 at the surface to less than 1 cm s−1 below 940 m depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02226831
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  • 3
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    Satellite measurements of sea surface cooling during hurricane Gloria (1987)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 326 (6111). pp. 373-375.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-02
    Description: Hurricanes and other strong storms can cause important decreases in sea surface temperature by means of vertical mixing within the upper ocean, and by air–sea heat exchange. Here we use satellite-derived infrared images of the western North Atlantic to study sea surface cooling caused by hurricane Gloria (1985). Significant regional variations in sea surface cooling are well correlated with hydrographic conditions. The greatest cooling (up to 5°C) occurred in slope waters north of the Gulf Stream where the seasonal thermocline is shallowest and most compressed; moderate cooling (up to 3 °C) occurred in the open Sargasso Sea where the thermocline is deeper and more diffused; little or no cooling occurred in shallow coastal waters (bottom depth less than 20 m) which were isothermal before the passage of hurricane Gloria. There is a pronounced right-side asymmetry of sea surface cooling with stronger (by a factor of 4) and more extensive (by a factor of 3) cooling found on the right side of the hurricane track. These qualitative results are consistent with the notion that vertical mixing within the upper ocean is the dominant sea surface cooling mechanism of hurricanes.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/326373a0
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  • 4
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    Eddies and an extreme water mass anomaly observed in the eastern south Pacific at the Stratus mooring (2014)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 119 (2). pp. 1068-1083.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: In the tropical eastern South Pacific the Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS) (∼20°S, 85.5°W) is located in the transition zone between the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) and the well-oxygenated subtropical gyre. In February/March 2012, extremely anomalous water mass properties were observed in the thermocline at the Stratus ORS. The available eddy oxygen anomaly was −10.5 × 1016 µmol. This anomalous water was contained in an anticyclonic mode-water eddy crossing the mooring site. This eddy was absorbed at that time by an anticyclonic feature located south of the Stratus mooring. This was the largest water property anomaly observed at the mooring during the 13.5 month deployment period. The sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) of the strong mode-water eddy in February/March 2012 was weak, and while the lowest and highest SSHA were related to weak eddies, SSHA is found not to be sufficient to specify the eddy strength for subsurface-intensified eddies. Still, the anticyclonic eddy, and its related water mass characteristics, could be tracked backward in time in SSHA satellite data to a formation region in April 2011 off the Chilean coast. The resulting mean westward propagation velocity was 5.5 cm s−1. This extremely long-lived eddy carried the water characteristics from the near-coastal Chilean water to the open ocean. The water mass stayed isolated during the 11 month travel time due to high rotational speed of about 20 cm s−1 leading to almost zero oxygen in the subsurface layer of the anticyclonic mode-water eddy with indications of high primary production just below the mixed layer.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1002/2013JC009470
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  • 5
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    Nitrogen cycling driven by organic matter export in the South Pacific oxygen minimum zone (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 6 (3). pp. 228-234.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Oxygen minimum zones are expanding globally, and at present account for around 20–40% of oceanic nitrogen loss. Heterotrophic denitrification and anammox—anaerobic ammonium oxidation with nitrite—are responsible for most nitrogen loss in these low-oxygen waters. Anammox is particularly significant in the eastern tropical South Pacific, one of the largest oxygen minimum zones globally. However, the factors that regulate anammox-driven nitrogen loss have remained unclear. Here, we present a comprehensive nitrogen budget for the eastern tropical South Pacific oxygen minimum zone, using measurements of nutrient concentrations, experimentally determined rates of nitrogen transformation and a numerical model of export production. Anammox was the dominant mode of nitrogen loss at the time of sampling. Rates of anammox, and related nitrogen transformations, were greatest in the productive shelf waters, and tailed off with distance from the coast. Within the shelf region, anammox activity peaked in both upper and bottom waters. Overall, rates of nitrogen transformation, including anammox, were strongly correlated with the export of organic matter. We suggest that the sinking of organic matter, and thus the release of ammonium into the water column, together with benthic ammonium release, fuel nitrogen loss from oxygen minimum zones.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1739
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  • 6
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    The Deep Water Regime in the Equatorial Atlantic (1996)
    Springer
    In:  In: The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation. , ed. by Wefer, G., Berger, W. H., Siedler, G. and Webb, D. J. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 261-271. ISBN 3-540-62079-6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-02
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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    OceanRep: Book chapter
  • 7
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    Expansion of oxygen minimum zones may reduce available habitat for tropical pelagic fishes (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Climate Change, 2 (1). pp. 33-37.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Climate model predictions1, 2 and observations3, 4 reveal regional declines in oceanic dissolved oxygen, which are probably influenced by global warming5. Studies indicate ongoing dissolved oxygen depletion and vertical expansion of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the tropical northeast Atlantic Ocean6, 7. OMZ shoaling may restrict the usable habitat of billfishes and tunas to a narrow surface layer8, 9. We report a decrease in the upper ocean layer exceeding 3.5 ml l−1 dissolved oxygen at a rate of ≤1 m yr−1 in the tropical northeast Atlantic (0–25° N, 12–30° W), amounting to an annual habitat loss of ~5.95×1013 m3, or 15% for the period 1960–2010. Habitat compression and associated potential habitat loss was validated using electronic tagging data from 47 blue marlin. This phenomenon increases vulnerability to surface fishing gear for billfishes and tunas8, 9, and may be associated with a 10–50% worldwide decline of pelagic predator diversity10. Further expansion of the Atlantic OMZ along with overfishing may threaten the sustainability of these valuable pelagic fisheries and marine ecosystems.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1304
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  • 8
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    N-loss isotope effects in the Peru oxygen minimum zone studied using a mesoscale eddy as a natural tracer experiment (2015)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 29 . pp. 793-811.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Mesoscale eddies in Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZ's) have been identified as important fixed nitrogen (N) loss hotspots that may significantly impact both the global rate of N-loss as well as the ocean's N isotope budget. They also represent ‘natural tracer experiments’ with intensified biogeochemical signals that can be exploited to understand the large-scale processes that control N-loss and associated isotope effects (ε; the ‰ deviation from 1 in the ratio of reaction rate constants for the light versus the heavy isotopologues). We observed large ranges in the concentrations and N and O isotopic compositions of nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−) and biogenic N2 associated with an anticyclonic eddy in the Peru OMZ during two cruises in November and December 2012. In the eddy's center where NO3− was nearly exhausted, we measured the highest δ15N values for both NO3− and NO2− (up to ~70‰ and 50‰) ever reported for an OMZ. Correspondingly, N deficit and biogenic N2-N concentrations were also the highest near the eddy's center (up to ~40 µmol L−1). δ15N-N2 also varied with biogenic N2 production, following kinetic isotopic fractionation during NO2− reduction to N2 and, for the first time, provided an independent assessment of N isotope fractionation during OMZ N-loss. We found apparent variable ε for NO3− reduction (up to ~30‰ in the presence of NO2−). However, the overall ε for N-loss was calculated to be only ~13-14‰ (as compared to canonical values of ~20-30‰) assuming a closed system and only slightly higher assuming an open system (16-19‰). Our results were similar whether calculated from the disappearance of DIN (NO3− + NO2−) or from the appearance of N2 and changes in isotopic composition. Further, we calculated the separate ε for NO3− reduction to NO2− and NO2− reduction to N2 of ~16-21‰ and ~12‰, respectively, when the effect of NO2− oxidation could be removed. These results, together with the relationship between N and O of NO3− isotopes and the difference in δ15N between NO3− and NO2-, confirm a role for NO2− oxidation in increasing the apparent ε associated with NO3− reduction. The lower ε for NO3− and NO2− reduction as well as N-loss calculated in this study could help reconcile the current imbalance in the global N budget if they are representative of OMZ N-loss.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1002/2014GB005001
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