Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter-1 -- Saving Solvents in Chromatographic Purifications: The Counter-Current Chromatography Technique -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 CCC Theory -- 1.2.1 High Loadability -- 1.2.2 Scale up Capability -- 1.3 Instrumentation -- 1.3.1 Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Instruments -- 1.3.2 Liquid Systems -- 1.4 Counter Current Chromatography, a Green Process -- 1.4.1 Saving Solvents -- 1.4.2 Improving Process Parameters -- 1.4.3 Injecting Crude Samples -- 1.4.4 Greener Solvents -- 1.5 Counter Current Chromatography, a Tool for Green Chemistry Development -- 1.5.1 Natural Products -- 1.5.2 Solute Partition Coefficient Determination -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-2 -- Ion Size Exclusion Chromatohtaphy on Hypercrosslinked Polystyrene Sorbents as a Green Technology of Separating Mineral Elecyrolites -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nanoporous Hypercrosslinked Polystyrene Sorbents -- 2.3 Brief Description of Chromatographic Experiments -- 2.4 Dimensions of Hydrated Ions -- 2.5 Separation of Electrolytes on Nanoporous Hypercrosslinked Sorbents -- 2.6 Basic Features of Size Exclusion Chromatography -- 2.7 Conception of "Ideal Separation Process" -- 2.8 Selectivity of Electrolyte Separation Process -- 2.9 Influence of the Electrolyte Concentration on the Selectivity of Separat -- 2.10 "Acid Retardation", "Base Retardation" and "Salt Retardation" Phenomena -- 2.11 Other Convincing Proofs of Separating Electrolytes via Exclusion Mechanism -- 2.12 Do we Really Need Sorbent Functional Groups to Separate Electrolytes? -- 2.13 Productivity of the Ion Size Exclusion Process -- 2.14 Ion Size Exclusion-Green Technology -- 2.15 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-3 -- Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: A Green Approach for Separation and Purification of Organic and Inorganic Analytes. , 3.1 Introduction to Green Chemistry and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography -- 3.2 Super Critical Fluids -- 3.2.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) -- 3.3 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC): An Overview -- 3.3.1 History of Development of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography -- 3.3.2 Instrumentation -- 3.3.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography -- 3.3.3 Properties of SFC compared to GC and HPLC -- 3.4 Industrial Applications of SCFs and SFCs -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-4 -- High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography -- 4.3 Sample Preparation in HPTLC -- 4.4 Green Separation Modalities in HPTLC -- 4.4.1 "Three R" Philosophy-Replacement of Toxic Solvents with Environmental Friendly Mobi -- 4.4.1.1 Reversed-Phase Chromatography -- 4.4.1.2 Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC) in HPTLC -- 4.4.1.3 Salting-Out Chromatography in HPTLC -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-5 -- Green Techniques in Gas Chromatography -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sample Preparation -- 5.2.1 Direct Methods Without Sample Preparation -- 5.2.2 Solventless Sample Preparation Techniques -- 5.2.2.1 Solid Phase Extraction -- 5.2.2.2 Vapor-Phase Extraction -- 5.2.2.3 Thermal Desorption (TD)/Thermal Extraction (TE) -- 5.2.2.4 Membrane Extraction -- 5.2.3 Sample Preparation Using Environmentally Friendly Solvents -- 5.2.3.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) -- 5.2.3.2 Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE) -- 5.2.3.3 Ionic Liquids (ILs) -- 5.2.3.4 Cloud-Point Extraction -- 5.2.4 Assisted Solvent Extraction -- 5.3 Column Considerations for Green Gas Chromatography -- 5.4 Carrier Gas Considerations for Green Gas Chromatography -- 5.5 Coupling GC with Other Analytical Tools -- 5.6 On-Site Analysis. , 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-6 -- Preparation and Purification of Garlic-Derived Organosulfur Compound Allicin by Green Methodologies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Green RP-HPLC Purification of the Allicin -- 6.3 Characterization of the Allicin by Green Methodologies -- 6.4 Allicin in Different Garlic Extract by Green RP-HPLC -- 6.5 Allicin Green Chemical Synthesis -- 6.6 Stability of Allicin -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-7 -- Green Sample Preparation Focusing on Organic Analytes in Complex Matrices -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Trends in Green Analytical Chemistry -- 7.1.2 Green Techniques for Sample Preparation -- 7.1.2.1 Reduction and Solvent Replacement -- Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- Membranes -- 7.1.2.2 Solvent Elimination -- Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) -- Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion (MSPD) -- Sorptive Extraction Techniques -- Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) -- Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction -- 7.2 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-8 -- Studies Regarding the Optimization of the Solvent Consumption in the Determination of Organochlor -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Materials -- 8.2.2 Methods -- 8.3 Results -- 8.4 Discussions -- 8.4.1 TRM1 -- 8.4.2 TRM2 -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-9 -- Size Exclusion Chromatography a Useful Technique For Speciation Analysis of Polydimethylsiloxanes -- 9.1 Introduction to SEC -- 9.2 SEC Retention Mechanisms -- 9.2.1 Ideal Size Exclusion Mechanism -- 9.2.2 Non-Ideal Size Exclusion Mechanism -- 9.3 The Stationary Phase in SEC -- 9.4 The Mobile Phase in SEC -- 9.5 Analytical Problems -- 9.6 Methods for Column Calibration -- 9.7 Applications of SEC Biomedical and Pharmaceutical -- 9.7.1 SEC as a Useful Technique for Linear Polydimethylsiloxanes Speciation Analysis. , 9.8 Methodology for Linear Polydimethylsiloxanes Speciation Analysis -- 9.8.1 Mobile Phase Selection -- 9.8.2 Stationary Phase Selection -- 9.8.3 Column Conditions -- 9.8.4 Column Calibration -- 9.8.5 Separation of Polydimethylsiloxanes -- 9.9 Conclusions -- References -- Erratum -- Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Green Solvents II -- Preface -- Editor's Biography -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents: Progress and Prospects -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History of Ionic Liquids (ILs) -- 1.3 Structure of Ionic Liquids (ILs) -- 1.3.1 Cations -- 1.3.2 Anions -- 1.4 Synthesis of Ionic Liquids (ILs) -- 1.4.1 Quaternization Reactions -- 1.4.2 Anion-Exchange Reactions -- 1.4.2.1 Lewis-Acid-Based Ionic Liquids (ILs) -- 1.4.2.2 Anion Metathesis -- 1.5 Properties of Ionic Liquids (ILs) -- 1.5.1 Melting Point -- 1.5.2 Volatility -- 1.5.3 Thermal Stability -- 1.5.4 Viscosity -- 1.5.5 Density -- 1.5.6 Polarity -- 1.5.7 Conductivity and Electrochemical Window -- 1.5.8 Toxicity -- 1.5.9 Air and Moisture Stability -- 1.5.10 Cost and Biodegradability -- 1.6 Solvent Properties and Solvent Effects -- 1.6.1 Solute-Ionic Liquids (ILs) Interactions -- 1.6.1.1 Interaction of Ionic Liquids (ILs) with Water -- 1.6.1.2 Interaction of Ionic Liquids (ILs) with Acid and Base -- 1.6.1.3 Interaction of Ionic Liquids (ILs) with Aromatic Hydrocarbon -- 1.6.1.4 Interaction with Chiral Substrates -- 1.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents for Alkylation and Acylation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Alkylation -- 2.2.1 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents -- 2.2.2 Ionic Liquids as Dual Green Solvents and Catalysts -- 2.2.3 Ionic Liquids Immobilized on Solid Supports -- 2.3 Acylation -- 2.3.1 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents -- 2.3.2 Ionic Liquids in Dual Role as Green Solvents and Catalysts -- 2.3.3 Immobilized Ionic Liquids -- 2.4 Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3: Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents for Glycosylation Reactions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Preparation of Acid-Ionic Liquids -- 3.3 Reusability of Acid-Ionic Liquids -- 3.4 Tunability and Basicity of Ionic Liquids. , 3.5 Nonvolatility of Ionic Liquids -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Ionic Liquid Crystals -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Ionic Liquid Crystals Based on Organic Cationsand Anions -- 4.2.1 Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Crystals -- 4.2.2 Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquid Crystals -- 4.2.3 Pyridinium and Bipyridinium-Based IonicLiquid Crystals -- 4.2.4 Morpholinium-, Piperazinium-, and Piperidinium-BasedIonic Liquid Crystals -- 4.2.5 Ammonium-Based Ionic Liquid Crystals -- 4.2.6 Guanidinium-Based Ionic Liquid Crystals -- 4.2.7 Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquid Crystals -- 4.2.8 Anions -- 4.3 Ionic Liquid Crystals Based on Metal Ions -- 4.4 Polymeric Ionic Liquid Crystals -- 4.4.1 Main-Chain Ionic Liquid-Crystalline Polymers -- 4.4.2 Side-Chain Ionic Liquid-Crystalline Polymers -- 4.4.3 Dendrimers -- 4.5 Applications of Ionic Liquid Crystals -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Application of Ionic Liquids in Extraction and Separation of Metals -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Processing Metal Oxides and Ores with Ionic Liquids -- 5.2.1 Metal Oxides Processing -- 5.2.2 Mineral Processing -- 5.3 Electrodeposition of Metals Using Ionic Liquids -- 5.3.1 Electrodeposition of Aluminum -- 5.3.2 Electrodeposition of Magnesium -- 5.3.3 Electrodeposition of Titanium -- 5.4 Ionic Liquids in Solvent Extraction of Metal Ions -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Potential for Hydrogen Sulfide Removal Using Ionic Liquid Solvents -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ionic Liquids as Physical Solvents for H 2 S Removal -- 6.3 Hybrid Solvents Comprising Ionic Liquids and Amines -- 6.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Biocatalytic Reactions in Ionic Liquid Media -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biocatalyst Tested in Ionic Liquids -- 7.2.1 Lipases -- 7.2.2 Esterases and Proteases -- 7.2.3 Glycosidases -- 7.2.4 Oxidoreductases. , 7.3 Effect of the Ionic Liquid Composition on the Activity and Stability of Enzymes -- 7.4 Biotransformation in Ionic Liquids -- 7.4.1 Synthesis of Flavour Esters -- 7.4.2 Biotransformations of Polysaccharides and Nucleotides -- 7.4.3 Synthesis of Biodiesel -- 7.4.4 Synthesis of Polyesters -- 7.4.5 Resolution of Racemates -- 7.4.6 Synthesis of Carbohydrates -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Ionic Liquids/Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as Advantageous Biphasic Systems in Enzymatic Synthesis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Enzymatic Synthesis -- 8.3 Ionic Liquids as Reaction Media in Enzymatic Synthesis -- 8.4 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide/Ionic Liquid Biphasic System in Enzymatic Synthesis -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Ionic Liquids as Lubricants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Overview of Ionic Liquids (ILs) -- 9.2.1 Definition and Types of Ionic Liquids (ILs) -- 9.2.2 Relationship Between Molecular Structure and Properties of Ionic Liquids (ILs) -- 9.3 Common Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Lubricants -- 9.3.1 Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Lubrication Oils -- 9.3.1.1 Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Lubrication Oils for Fe Alloy/Steel or Steel/Steel Contacts -- 9.3.1.2 Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Lubrication Oils of Light Alloys -- 9.3.1.3 Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Lubrication Oils for Specific Contacts -- 9.3.1.4 Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Lubrication Oils Under Vacuum -- 9.3.2 Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Lubrication Additives -- 9.3.2.1 Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Water Additives -- 9.3.2.2 Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Mineral Oil Additives -- 9.3.2.3 Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Synthetic Oil and Lubrication Grease Additives -- 9.3.2.4 Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Polymer Material Additives -- 9.3.3 Additives of Ionic Liquid (IL) Lubricants -- 9.3.4 Thin Films -- 9.4 Function of Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Lubricants. , 9.4.1 Function of Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Lubrication Oils -- 9.4.2 Function of Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Additives or Thin Films -- 9.5 Lubrication Mechanism -- 9.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 10: Stability and Activity of Enzymes in Ionic Liquids -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Ionic Liquid in Reference to Its Origin -- 10.1.2 Ionic Liquid as a Solvent -- 10.1.3 Enzymes in Ionic Liquids -- 10.2 Enzyme Stability in Ionic Liquids -- 10.2.1 Stability of Lipases -- 10.2.2 Stability of Monellin -- 10.2.3 Stability of Cytochrome c -- 10.2.4 Stability of α -Chymotrypsin -- 10.2.5 Stability of Penicillin G Acylase -- 10.3 Methods of Stabilizing Proteins/Enzymes in Ionic Liquids -- 10.3.1 Stabilization by Ionic Liquid Coating -- 10.3.2 Stabilization by Anchoring with Carbon Nanotubes -- 10.3.3 Stabilization by Capping with Nanoparticles -- 10.3.4 Stabilization by Entrapment in Hydrogels -- 10.3.5 Stabilization by Enzyme Modification -- 10.3.6 Stabilization by Emulsification of Ionic Liquids -- 10.4 Catalytic Activity of Enzymes in Ionic Liquids -- 10.4.1 Biotransformations by Lipases and Esterases -- 10.4.1.1 Esterification and Transesterification Reaction -- 10.4.1.2 Enantioselective Hydrolysis Reaction -- 10.4.1.3 Enantioselective Acylation Reaction -- 10.4.1.4 Kinetic Resolution of Alcohols -- 10.4.2 Reactions Catalyzed by Proteases -- 10.4.3 Carbohydrate Synthesis by Glycosidases -- 10.4.4 Hydrocyanation Reaction by Lyases -- 10.4.5 Biocatalytic Redox Reactions by Oxidoreductases -- 10.4.6 Enzymatic Polymerization Reaction in Ionic Liquids -- 10.5 Stability/Activity Vis-à-vis Solvent Property of Ionic Liquids: A Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Analysis -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes: Preparation, Stability and Applications -- 11.1 Introduction. , 11.2 Methods of Preparation and Characterization of Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes -- 11.3 Stability of Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes -- 11.4 Mechanism of Transport Through Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes -- 11.5 Fields of Application of Supported Liquid Membranes -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Application of Ionic Liquids in Multicomponent Reactions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Ionic Liquids Based on 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium -- 12.1.1.1 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium -- 12.1.1.2 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate -- 12.1.1.3 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide -- 12.1.1.4 Butyl Methyl Imidazolium Hydroxide -- 12.1.1.5 Other 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids -- 12.1.2 Other Imidazole-Based Ionic Liquids -- 12.1.2.1 Ionic Liquid-Supported Iodoarenes -- 12.1.2.2 1,3- n -Dibutylimidazolium Bromide -- 12.1.2.3 1- n -Butylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate -- 12.1.2.4 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazole Acetate -- 12.1.2.5 An Acidic Ionic Liquid -- 12.1.2.6 Task-Specific Ionic Liquids -- 12.1.2.7 1-Methyl-3-heptyl-imidazolium Tetrafluoroborate -- 12.1.2.8 1-[2-(Acetoacetyloxy)ethyl]-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate-Bound Acetoacetate -- 12.1.2.9 1-[2-(Acetoacetyloxy)ethyl]-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate- or Hexafluorophosphate-Bound b -oxo Esters -- 12.1.2.10 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate or Hexafluorophosphate and N -(2-Hydroxyethyl)pyridinium Tetrafluoroborate or Hexafluorophosphate -- 12.1.2.11 PEG-1000-Based Dicationic Acidic Ionic Liquid -- 12.1.2.12 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ( S)-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic Acid Salt -- 12.1.2.13 1-Methyl-3-pentylimidazolium Bromide -- 12.1.2.14 3-Methyl-1-sulfonic Acid Imidazolium Chloride -- 12.1.3 Other Ionic Liquids -- 12.2 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 13: Ionic Liquids as Binary Mixtures with Selected Molecular Solvents, Reactivity Characterisation and Molecular-Microscopic Properties.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Ion Exchange Technology II -- Preface -- Editors' Bios -- Contents -- Contributors -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Separation of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins by Ion Exchange Chromatography -- Chapter 2: Application of Ion Exchanger in the Separation of Whey Proteins and Lactin from Milk Whey -- Chapter 3: Application of Ion Exchangers in Speciation and Fractionation of Elements in Food and Beverages -- Chapter 4: Applications of Ion Exchangers in Alcohol Beverage Industry -- Chapter 5: Use of Ion Exchange Resins in Continuous Chromatography for Sugar Processing -- Chapter 6: Application of Ion Exchange Resins in the Synthesis of Isobutyl Acetate -- Chapter 7: Therapeutic Applications of Ion Exchange Resins -- Chapter 8: Application of Ion Exchange Resins in Kidney Dialysis -- Chapter 9: Zeolites as Inorganic Ion Exchangers for Environmental Applications: An Overview -- Chapter 10: Ion Exchange Materials and Environmental Remediation -- Chapter 11: Metal Recovery, Separation and/or Pre-concentration -- Chapter 12: Application of Ion Exchange Resins in Selective Separation of Cr(III) from Electroplating Effluents -- Chapter 13: Effect of Temperature, Zinc, and Cadmium Ions on the Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solution via Ion Exchange with Hydrotalcite -- Chapter 14: An Overview of '3d' and '4f' Metal Ions: Sorption Study with Phenolic Resins -- Chapter 15: Inorganic Ion Exchangers in Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatographic Separations -- Chapter 16: Cation-Exchanged Silica Gel-Based Thin-Layer Chromatography of Organic and Inorganic Compounds -- Chapter 17: Ion Exchange Technology: A Promising Approach for Anions Removal from Water -- Index.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Graphene from Sugar and Sugarcane Extract: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications -- Chapter 2: Graphene from Honey -- Chapter 3: Graphene from Animal Waste -- Chapter 4: Graphene from Essential Oils -- Chapter 5: Synthesis of Graphene from Biowastes -- Chapter 6: Graphene from Rice Husk -- Chapter 7: Synthesis of Graphene from Vegetable Waste -- Chapter 8: Graphene Oxide from Natural Products and Its Applications in the Agriculture and Food Industry -- Chapter 9: Graphene from Sugarcane Bagasse: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications -- Chapter 10: Graphene Synthesis, Characterization and Applications -- Chapter 11: Graphene from Leaf Wastes -- Chapter 12: Biosynthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Functionality as an Antibacterial Template -- Chapter 13: Graphene and Its Composite for Supercapacitor Applications -- Index.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Porous Polymers -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Types of Porous Polymers -- 1.3 Synthetic Methods for Porous Polymer Network -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Hyper-crosslinked Polymers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Overview -- 2.1.2 Porous Polymer -- 2.1.3 Crosslinking -- 2.2 Hyper-crosslinked Polymers -- 2.3 Synthesis Methods of HCPs -- 2.3.1 Post-crosslinking Polymer Precursors -- 2.3.2 Direct One-Step Polycondensation -- 2.3.3 Knitting Rigid Aromatic Building Blocks by External Crosslinkers -- 2.4 Structure and Morphology of HCPs -- 2.4.1 Nanoparticles -- 2.4.2 Hollow Capsules -- 2.4.3 2D Membranes -- 2.4.4 Monoliths -- 2.5 HCPs Properties -- 2.5.1 Polymer Surface -- 2.5.1.1 Hydrophilicity -- 2.5.1.2 Hydrophobicity -- 2.5.1.3 Amphiphilicity -- 2.5.2 Porosity and Surface Area -- 2.5.3 Swelling Behavior -- 2.5.4 Thermomechanical Properties -- 2.6 Functionalization of HCPs -- 2.7 Characterization of HCPs -- 2.7.1 Compositional and Structural Characterization -- 2.7.2 Morphological Characterization -- 2.7.3 Porosity and Surface Area Analysis -- 2.7.4 Other Analysis -- 2.8 Applications -- 2.8.1 Storage Capacity -- 2.8.1.1 Storage of Hydrogen -- 2.8.1.2 Storage of Methane -- 2.8.1.3 CO 2 Capture -- 2.8.2 Environmental Remediation -- 2.8.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 2.8.4 Drug Delivery -- 2.8.5 Sensing -- 2.8.6 Other Applications -- 2.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Porous Ionic Polymers -- 3.1 Introduction: A Distinctive Feature of the Porous Structure of Ionic Polymers -- 3.2 Ionic Polymers in Dry State -- 3.3 Ionic Polymers in Swollen State: Hsu-Gierke Model -- 3.4 Modifications of Hsu-Gierke Model: Hydration of Ion Exchange Polymers. , 3.5 Methods for Research of Porous Structure of Ionic Polymers -- 3.5.1 Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption -- 3.5.2 Mercury Intrusion -- 3.5.3 Adsorption-Desorption of Water Vapor -- 3.5.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- 3.5.5 Standard Contact Porosimetry -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Criteria of Porous Plastics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sorting of Porous Polymers -- 4.2.1 Macroporous Polymers -- 4.2.2 Microporous Polymers -- 4.2.3 Mesoporous Polymers -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 AHP Analysis -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Novel Research on Porous Polymers Using High Pressure Technology -- 5.1 Background -- 5.2 Porous Polymers Based on Natural Polysaccharides -- 5.3 Parameters Involved in the Porous Polymers Processing by High Pressure -- 5.4 Supercritical Fluid Drying for Porous Polymers Processing -- 5.5 Porous Polymers for Foaming and Scaffolds by Supercritical Technology -- 5.6 Supercritical CO 2 Impregnation in Porous Polymers for Food Packaging -- 5.7 Synthesis of Porous Polymers by Supercritical Emulsion Templating -- 5.8 Porous Polymers as Supports for Catalysts Materials by Supercritical Fluid -- 5.9 Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks Polymers by Supercritical Fluid Processing -- 5.10 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Porous Polymer for Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Stability and Functionalization of POPs -- 6.3 Strategies for Synthesizing POP Catalyst -- 6.3.1 Co-polymerization -- 6.3.1.1 Acidic and Basic Groups -- 6.3.1.2 Ionic Groups -- 6.3.1.3 Ligand Groups -- 6.3.1.4 Chiral Groups -- 6.3.1.5 Porphyrin Group -- 6.3.2 Self-polymerization -- 6.3.2.1 Organic Ligand Groups -- 6.3.2.2 Organocatalyst Groups -- 6.3.2.3 Ionic Groups -- 6.3.2.4 Chiral Ligand Groups -- 6.3.2.5 Porphyrin Groups. , 6.4 Applications of Various Porous Polymers -- 6.4.1 CO 2 Capture and Utilization -- 6.4.1.1 Ionic Liquid/Zn-PPh 3 Integrated POP -- 6.4.1.1.1 Mechanism of the Cycloaddition Reaction -- 6.4.1.2 Triphenylphosphine-based POP -- 6.4.2 Energy Storage -- 6.4.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 6.4.3.1 Cu(II) Complex on Pyridine-based POP for Nitroarene Reduction -- 6.4.3.2 POP-supported Rhodium for Hydroformylation of Olefins -- 6.4.3.3 Ni(II)-metallated POP for Suzuki-Miyaura Crosscoupling Reaction -- 6.4.3.4 Ru-loaded POP for Decomposition of Formic Acid to H 2 -- 6.4.3.5 Porphyrin-based POP to Support Mn Heterogeneous Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Alcohols -- 6.4.3.5.1 Mechanism of the Oxidation of Alcohols by TFP-DPMs -- 6.4.4 Photocatalysis -- 6.4.4.1 Conjugated Porous Polymer Based on Phenanthrene Units -- 6.4.4.2 (dipyrrin)(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Visible Light Photocatalyst -- 6.4.4.3 Carbazole-based CMPs for C-3 Functionalization of Indoles -- 6.4.4.3.1 Mechanism of C-3 Formylation of N-methylindole by CMP-CSU6 Polymer Catalyst -- 6.4.4.3.2 The Mechanism for C-3 Thiocyanation of 1H-indole -- 6.4.5 Electrocatalysis -- 6.4.5.1 Redox-active N-containing CPP for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) -- References -- Chapter 7: Triazine Porous Frameworks -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Synthetic Procedures of CTFs and Their Structural Designs -- 7.2.1 Ionothermal Trimerization Strategy -- 7.2.2 High Temperature Phosphorus Pentoxide (P 2 O 5)-Catalyzed Method -- 7.2.3 Amidine-based Polycondensation Methods -- 7.2.4 Superacid Catalyzed Method -- 7.2.5 Friedel-Crafts Reaction Method -- 7.3 Applications of CTFs -- 7.3.1 Adsorption and Separation -- 7.3.1.1 CO 2 Capture and Separation -- 7.3.1.2 The Removal of Pollutants -- 7.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 7.3.3 Applications for Energy Storage and Conversion -- 7.3.3.1 Metal-Ion Batteries -- 7.3.3.2 Supercapacitors. , 7.3.4 Electrocatalysis -- 7.3.5 Photocatalysis -- 7.3.6 Other Applications of CTFs -- References -- Chapter 8: Advanced Separation Applications of Porous Polymers -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Advanced Separation Applications -- 8.3 Separation through Adsorption -- 8.4 Water Treatment -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9: Porous Polymers for Membrane Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Introduction to Synthesis of Porous Polymeric Particles -- 9.3 Preparation of Porous Polymeric Membrane -- 9.4 Morphology of Membrane and Its Parameters -- 9.5 Emerging Applications of Porous Polymer Membranes -- 9.6 Polysulfone and Polyvinylidene Fluoride Used as Porous Polymers for Membrane Application -- 9.6.1 Polysulfone Membranes -- 9.6.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membranes -- 9.7 Use of Porous Polymeric Membranes for Sensing Application -- 9.8 Use of Porous Polymeric Electrolytic Membranes Application -- 9.9 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane for Numerical Modeling and Optimization -- 9.10 Use of Porous Polymers for Biomedical Application -- 9.11 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane in Tissue Engineering -- 9.12 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane in Wastewater Treatment -- 9.13 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane for Dye Rejection Application -- 9.14 Porous Polymeric Membrane Antifouling Application -- 9.15 Porous Polymeric Membrane Used for Fuel Cell Application -- 9.16 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Porous Polymers in Solar Cells -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Si-based Solar Cells -- 10.1.2 Thin-film Solar Cells -- 10.1.3 Organic Solar Cells -- 10.2 Porous Polymers in DSSCs -- 10.2.1 Porous Polymers in Electrodes -- 10.2.2 Porous Polymer as a Counter Electrode -- 10.2.3 Porous Polymers in TiO 2 Photoanode -- 10.2.4 Porous Polymers in Electrolyte -- 10.2.5 Porous Polymer as Energy Conversion Film. , 10.2.5.1 Polyvinylidene Fluoride-co-Hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) Membranes -- 10.2.5.2 Pyridine-based CMPs Aerogels (PCMPAs) -- 10.2.6 Porous Polymers in Coating of Solar Cell -- 10.2.7 Porous Polymers as Photocatalyst or Electrocatalyst -- 10.3 Perovskite Solar Cells -- 10.3.1 Porous Polymers in Electron Transport Layers -- 10.3.2 Porous Polymers in Hole Transport Layers -- 10.3.3 Porous Polymer as Energy Conversion Film -- 10.3.4 Porous Polymers as Interlayers -- 10.3.5 Porous Polymers in Morphology Regulations -- 10.4 Porous Polymers in Silicon Solar Cell -- 10.5 Miscellaneous -- 10.5.1 Porous Polymers in Solar Evaporators -- 10.5.2 Charge Separation Systems in Solar Cells -- 10.5.3 Porous Polymers in ZnO Photoanode -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Porous Polymers for Hydrogen Production -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Approaches Utilized for the Generation of Porous Polymers (PPs) -- 11.1.1.1 Infiltration -- 11.1.1.2 Layer-by-Layer Assembly (LbL) -- 11.1.1.3 Conventional Polymerization -- 11.1.1.4 Electrochemical Polymerization -- 11.1.1.5 Controlled/Living Polymerization (CLP) -- 11.1.1.6 Macromolecular Design -- 11.1.1.7 Self-assembly -- 11.1.1.8 Phase Separation -- 11.1.1.9 Solid and Liquid Templating -- 11.1.1.10 Foaming -- 11.2 Various Porous Polymers for H 2 Production -- 11.2.1 Photocatalysts Based on Conjugated Microporous Polymers -- 11.2.2 Conjugated Microporous Polymers -- 11.2.3 Porous Conjugated Polymer (PCP) -- 11.2.4 Membrane Reactor -- 11.2.5 Paper-Structured Catalyst with Porous Fiber-Network Microstructure -- 11.2.6 Porous Organic Polymers (POPs) -- 11.2.7 PEM Water Electrolysis -- 11.2.8 Microporous Inorganic Membranes -- 11.2.9 Hybrid Porous Solids for Hydrogen Evolution -- 11.3 Other Alternatives for Hydrogen Production -- 11.3.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 11.3.2 Covalent Organic Frameworks. , 11.3.3 Photochemical Device.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Editors -- Chapter 1. Polythiophene-Based Battery Applications -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Synthesis -- 1.2.1 Electrochemical Polymerization -- 1.2.2 Chemical Synthesis -- 1.3 Battery Applications of PTs -- 1.3.1 PTs as Cathodic Materials -- 1.3.1.1 PTs as Active Materials -- 1.3.1.2 PTs as Binder -- 1.3.1.3 PTs as Conduction-Promoting Agents -- 1.3.2 PTs as Air Cathode -- 1.3.2.1 Li-Air Batteries -- 1.3.2.2 Aluminum-Air Battery -- 1.3.2.3 Zinc-Air Battery -- 1.3.3 PTs as Anodic Materials -- 1.3.3.1 PTs as Active Materials for Anode -- 1.3.3.2 PTs as Binders -- 1.3.3.3 PTs as Conduction Promoting Agents (CPAs) -- 1.3.4 PTs as Battery Separators -- 1.3.4.1 Li-Ion Batteries -- 1.3.4.2 Li-S Batteries -- 1.3.4.3 Li-O2 Batteries -- 1.3.5 PTs as Electrolytes -- 1.3.6 PTs as Coin-cell Cases -- 1.3.7 PTs as Li-O2 Catalyst -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2. Synthetic Strategies and Significant Issues for Pristine Conducting Polymers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Conduction Mechanism -- 2.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers -- 2.3.1 Synthesis through Polymerization -- 2.3.1.1 Chain-Growth Polymerization -- 2.3.1.2 Step-Growth Polymerization -- 2.3.2 Synthesis by Doping with Compatible Dopants -- 2.3.2.1 Types of Doping Agents -- 2.3.2.2 Doping Techniques -- 2.3.2.3 Mechanism of Doping -- 2.3.2.4 Influence of Doping on Conductivity -- 2.3.3 Electrochemical Polymerization -- 2.3.4 Photochemical Synthesis -- 2.4 Various Issues for Synthesis -- 2.4.1 Vapor-Phase Polymerization -- 2.4.2 Hybrid Conducting Polymers -- 2.4.3 Nanostructure Conducting Polymers -- 2.4.4 Narrow Bandgap Conducting Polymers -- 2.4.5 Synthesis in Supercritical CO2 -- 2.4.6 Biodegradability and Biocompatibility of Conducting Polymers -- 2.5 Applications. , 2.6 Future Scope for Applications -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3. Conducting Polymer Derived Materials for Batteries -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Theory -- 3.3 Discussion on Conducting Polymer-Derived Materials -- 3.3.1 PEDOT Derivatives -- 3.3.1.1 Structural Properties -- 3.3.1.2 Electrochemical Studies of PEDOT and Its Derivatives -- 3.3.1.3 Magnetic Properties -- 3.3.2 PPy for the Energy-Storage Devices -- 3.3.2.1 Structural Property of PPy -- 3.3.2.2 Electrochemical Properties of Polypyrrol -- 3.3.2.3 Magnetic Properties -- 3.3.3 PANI for Battery Application -- 3.3.3.1 Structural Properties -- 3.3.3.2 Electrochemical Properties of PANI for Battery Electrode -- 3.3.3.3 Magnetic Properties of PANI -- 3.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. An Overview on Conducting Polymer-Based Materials for Battery Application -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Principle of Conducting Polymer Battery -- 4.3 Assortment of Conducting Polymer Electrodes for Battery Application -- 4.4 Mechanism of Conducting Polymers in Rechargeable Batteries -- 4.5 Organic Conducting Polymer for Lithium-ion Battery -- 4.5.1 Types of Organic Conducting Polymers -- 4.6 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer -- 4.6.1 Hard-template Method -- 4.6.2 Soft-template Method -- 4.6.3 Template-free Technique -- 4.6.4 Self-Assembly or Interfacial -- 4.6.5 Electrospinning -- 4.7 Characterization -- 4.7.1 Surface Characterization by AFM and AFMIR -- 4.7.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 4.7.3 Electrochemical Characterization -- 4.8 Applications of Various Conducting Polymers in Battery -- 4.8.1 Polyacetylene Battery -- 4.8.2 Polyaniline Batteries -- 4.8.3 Poly (p-phenylene) Batteries -- 4.8.4 Heterocyclic Polymer Batteries -- 4.9 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5. Polymer-Based Binary Nanocomposites -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Binary Composites. , 5.3 Nanostructured CPs -- 5.4 Strategies to Improve Performance -- 5.4.1 Low-dimensional Capacitors -- 5.4.2 Hybrid Capacitors -- 5.4.2.1 Hybrid Electrode Material -- 5.5 CP/Carbon-based Binary Composite -- 5.6 CP/Metal Oxides Binary Composites -- 5.7 CP/Metal Sulfides Binary Complexes -- 5.8 Other Cp-supported Binary Complexes -- 5.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. Polyaniline-Based Supercapacitor Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Polyaniline (PANI) and Its Application Potential -- 6.3 Supercapacitors -- 6.3.1 PANI in Supercapacitors -- 6.3.2 PANI and Carbon Composites -- 6.3.3 PANI/Porous and Carbon Composites -- 6.3.4 PANI/Graphene Composites -- 6.3.5 PANI/CNTs Composites -- 6.3.6 Polyaniline Activation/Carbonization -- 6.3.7 Composites of Polyaniline with Various Conductive Polymer Blends -- 6.3.8 Composites of Polyaniline with Transition Metal Oxides -- 6.3.9 Composites of Polyaniline Core-Shells with Metal Oxides -- 6.3.10 PANI-modified Cathode Materials -- 6.3.11 PANI-modified Anode Materials -- 6.4 Redox-active Electrolytes for PANI Supercapacitors -- 6.5 Examples of Various Polyaniline-based Supercapacitor -- 6.5.1 Composites of Polyaniline Doped with CoCl2 as Materials for Electrodes -- 6.5.2 Composites of Polyaniline Nanofibers with Graphene as materials for electrodes -- 6.5.3 Composites of Polyaniline (PANI) with Graphene Oxide as Electrode Materials -- 6.5.4 Hybrid Films of Manganese Dioxide and Polyaniline as Electrode Materials -- 6.5.5 Composites of Activated Carbon/Polyaniline with Tungsten Trioxide as Electrode Materials -- 6.5.6 PANI- and MOF-based Flexible Solid-state Supercapacitors -- 6.5.7 Polyaniline-based Nickel Electrodes for Electrochemical Supercapacitors -- 6.5.8 Hydrogel of Ultrathin Pure Polyaniline Nanofibers in Supercapacitor Application -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Chapter 7. Conductive Polymer-derived Materials for Supercapacitor -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Types of Supercapacitor -- 7.3 Parameters of Supercapacitors -- 7.4 Conducting Polymers (CPs) as Electrode Materials -- 7.4.1 Class of Conducting Polymer as Supercapacitor Electrode -- 7.5 Polyaniline (PANI)-based Electrode -- 7.6 Polypyrrole (PPy)-based Electrode -- 7.7 Polythiophene (PTh)-based Electrode -- 7.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 8. Conducting Polymer-Metal Based Binary Composites for Battery Applications -- 8.1 Conducting polymer (CPs) -- 8.2 Conducting polymers conductivity -- 8.3 Conducting polymer composites -- 8.3.1 Metal center nanoparticles -- 8.3.2 Metal nanoparticles -- 8.4 Conducting Polymer Based Binary Composites -- 8.4.1 Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) -- 8.4.2 Poly (Thiophene) composite -- 8.4.3 Poly (Para-Phenylene Vinylene) composite -- 8.4.4 Poly (Carbazole) composite -- 8.4.5 Vanadium oxide based conducting composite -- 8.4.6 PANI-V2O5 composite -- 8.4.7 Poly(N-sulfo propyl aniline)-V2O5 composite -- 8.5 Conducting polymer composite battery applications -- 8.5.1 Conducting polymer composite for Lithium-ion (Li+) based battery -- 8.5.2 Conducting polymer composites for Sodium-ion (Na+) based Battery -- 8.5.3 Conducting Polymer composite for Mg-Ion (Mg+2) Based Battery -- 8.6 Conducting polymer based composites for electrode materials -- References -- Chapter 9. Novel Conducting Polymer-Based Battery Application -- 9.1 Conducting Polymers (CPs) -- 9.1.1 Poly(Acetylene) -- 9.1.2 Poly(Thiophene) -- 9.1.3 Poly(Aniline) -- 9.1.4 Poly(Pyrrole) -- 9.1.5 Poly(Paraphenylene) and Poly(Phenylene) -- 9.2 Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- 9.2.1 Lithium Sulfide batteries -- 9.2.2 Binder for Lithium sulfide battery cathode -- 9.2.3 Sulfur encapsulation for electrode materials. , 9.2.4 Sulfur Encapsulation through Conductive Polymers -- 9.2.5 Conducting polymer anodes for Lithium sulfide battery -- 9.2.6 Conducting polymer as materials interlayer -- 9.3 Li+-ion-based Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- 9.4 Na+- ion-based Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- 9.5 Mg+2-ion-based Battery Applications of Conducting Polymers -- References -- Chapter 10. Conducting Polymer-Carbon-Based Binary Composites for Battery Applications -- Abbreviations -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Batteries -- 10.2.1 Types of Batteries -- 10.2.2 Electrode Materials -- 10.3 Conducting Polymer-Carbon-Based Binary Composite in Battery Applications -- 10.3.1 Polyaniline PANI-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.3.2 Polypyrrole (PPy)-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.3.3 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.3.4 Others Conducting Polymer-Carbon-Based Composite -- 10.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11. Polyethylenedioxythiophene-Based Battery Applications -- 11.1 Chemistry of PEDOT -- 11.1.1 PEDOT Synthesis and Morphology -- 11.1.1.1 Synthetic Techniques to Achieve Desired Morphologies -- 11.1.2 PEDOT-Based Nanocomposites -- 11.2 PEDOT-Based Polymers in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries -- 11.3 Lithium-Air Battery Based on PEDOT or PEDOT:PSS -- 11.3.1 PEDOT-Based Nanocomposites for Li-O2 Batteries -- 11.3.2 PEDOT:PSS-Based Li-O2 Battery Cathodes -- 11.4 Lithium and Alkali Ion Polythiophene Batteries -- 11.4.1 Cathodes -- 11.4.1.1 Cathode Binders and Composites -- 11.4.2 Anodes -- 11.4.2.1 Anode Binders and Composites -- 11.4.3 All-Polythiophene and Metal-Free Batteries -- References -- Chapter 12. Polythiophene-Based Supercapacitor Applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Properties of Polythiophene (PTh) -- 12.3 Synthesis of Polythiophene -- 12.4 Charge Storage in Polythiophene Electrochemical Capacitors. , 12.5 Polythiophene Electrode Fabrication.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Semiconductor Optical Fibers -- Chapter 2: Optical Properties of Semiconducting Materials for Solar Photocatalysis -- Chapter 3: Semiconductor Optical Memory Devices -- Chapter 4: Semiconductor Optical Utilization in Agriculture -- Chapter 5: Nonlinear Optical Properties of Semiconductors, Principles, and Applications -- Chapter 6: Semiconductor Photoresistors -- Chapter 7: Semiconductor Photovoltaic -- Chapter 8: Progress and Challenges of Semiconducting Materials for Solar Photocatalysis -- Chapter 9: Linear Optical Properties of Semiconductors: Principles and Applications -- Chapter 10: Computational Techniques on Optical Properties of Metal-Oxide Semiconductors -- Index.