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  • 1
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    Sea surface temperature signatures of oceanic internal waves in low winds (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007): C06014, doi:10.1029/2006JC003947.
    Description: In aerial surveys conducted during the Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment and the low-wind component of the Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea Transfer (CBLAST-Low) oceanographic field programs, sea surface temperature (SST) variability at relatively short spatial scales (O(50 m) to O(1 km)) was observed to increase with decreasing wind speed. A unique set of coincident surface and subsurface oceanic temperature measurements from CBLAST-Low is used to investigate the subsurface expression of this spatially organized SST variability, and the SST variability is linked to internal waves. The data are used to test two previously hypothesized mechanisms for SST signatures of oceanic internal waves: a modulation of the cool-skin effect and a modulation of vertical mixing within the diurnal warm layer. Under conditions of weak winds and strong insolation (which favor formation of a diurnal warm layer), the data reveal a link between the spatially periodic SST fluctuations and subsurface temperature and velocity fluctuations associated with oceanic internal waves, suggesting that some mechanism involving the diurnal warm layer is responsible for the observed signal. Internal-wave signals in skin temperature very closely resemble temperature signals measured at a depth of about 20 cm, indicating that the observed internal-wave SST signal is not a result of modulation of the cool-skin effect. Numerical experiments using a one-dimensional upper ocean model support the notion that internal-wave heaving of the warm-layer base can produce alternating bands of relatively warm and cool SST through the combined effects of surface heating and modulation of wind-driven vertical shear.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge funding for this research from the Office of Naval Research through the CBLAST Departmental Research Initiative (grants N00014-01-1-0029, N00014-05-10090, N00014-01-1-0081, N00014-04-1-0110, N00014-05-1-0036, N00014-01-1-0080) and the Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Chair (grant N00014-99-1-0090).
    Keywords: Internal waves ; Upper-ocean processes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Correction to “Intraseasonal variability near 10°N in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean” (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 112 (2007): C03011, doi:10.1029/2007JC004135.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Complex mean circulation over the inner shelf south of Martha's Vineyard revealed by observations and a high-resolution model (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011): C10036, doi:10.1029/2011JC007035.
    Description: Inner-shelf circulation is governed by the interaction between tides, baroclinic forcing, winds, waves, and frictional losses; the mean circulation ultimately governs exchange between the coast and ocean. In some cases, oscillatory tidal currents interact with bathymetric features to generate a tidally rectified flow. Recent observational and modeling efforts in an overlapping domain centered on the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO) provided an opportunity to investigate the spatial and temporal complexity of circulation on the inner shelf. ADCP and surface radar observations revealed a mean circulation pattern that was highly variable in the alongshore and cross-shore directions. Nested modeling incrementally improved representation of the mean circulation as grid resolution increased and indicated tidal rectification as the generation mechanism of a counter-clockwise gyre near the MVCO. The loss of model skill with decreasing resolution is attributed to insufficient representation of the bathymetric gradients (Δh/h), which is important for representing nonlinear interactions between currents and bathymetry. The modeled momentum balance was characterized by large spatial variability of the pressure gradient and horizontal advection terms over short distances, suggesting that observed inner-shelf momentum balances may be confounded. Given the available observational and modeling data, this work defines the spatially variable mean circulation and its formation mechanism—tidal rectification—and illustrates the importance of model resolution for resolving circulation and constituent exchange near the coast. The results of this study have implications for future observational and modeling studies near the MVCO and other inner-shelf locations with alongshore bathymetric variability.
    Description: Funding was provided through the Office of Naval Research Ripples DRI, U.S. Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program, and National Science Foundation.
    Keywords: Coastal and nearshore circulation ; Grid resolution ; Nesting ; Numerical modeling ; Tidal rectification
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Drifter observations reveal intense vertical velocity in a surface ocean front (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-11
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tarry, D., Ruiz, S., Johnston, T., Poulain, P., Özgökmen, T., Centurioni, L., Berta, M., Esposito, G., Farrar, J., Mahadevan, A., & Pascual, A. Drifter observations reveal intense vertical velocity in a surface ocean front. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(18), (2022): e2022GL098969, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl098969.
    Description: Measuring vertical motions represent a challenge as they are typically 3–4 orders of magnitude smaller than the horizontal velocities. Here, we show that surface vertical velocities are intensified at submesoscales and are dominated by high frequency variability. We use drifter observations to calculate divergence and vertical velocities in the upper 15 m of the water column at two different horizontal scales. The drifters, deployed at the edge of a mesoscale eddy in the Alboran Sea, show an area of strong convergence (urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl64766:grl64766-math-0001(f)) associated with vertical velocities of −100 m day−1. This study shows that a multilayered-drifter array can be an effective tool for estimating vertical velocity near the ocean surface.
    Description: This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Departmental Research Initiative CALYPSO under program officers Terri Paluszkiewicz and Scott Harper. The authors' ONR Grant No. are as follows: DT, SR, AM, and AP N000141613130, TMSJ N000146101612470, PP N000141812418, TO N000141812138, LRC N000141712517, and N00014191269, MB and GE N000141812782 and N000141812039, and JTF N000141812431.
    Keywords: Drifters ; Vertical velocity ; Submesoscale ; Kinematic properties ; Fronts ; Alboran Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Two hundred fifty years of reconstructed South Asian summer monsoon intensity and decadal-scale variability (2019)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 46(7) (2019): 3927-3935, doi: 10.1029/2018GL081593.
    Description: Climate model simulations of the summer South Asian monsoon predict increased rainfall in response to anthropogenic warming. However, instrumental data show a decline in Indian rainfall in recent decades, underscoring the critical need for additional, independent records of past monsoon variability. Here, we present new reconstructions of annual summer South Asian Monsoon circulation over the past 250 years, based on the geochemical barium‐calcium signature of dust present in Red Sea corals. These records reveal how monsoon circulation has evolved with warming climate and indicate a significant multi‐century long monsoon intensification, with decreased multidecadal variance. Stronger monsoon circulation would have increased the moisture transport from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal over the Indian subcontinent. If these trends continue, the monsoon circulation and associated moisture transport and precipitation will remain strong and stable for several decades.
    Description: We thank Editor Valerie Trouet and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments. We gratefully acknowledge Justin Ossolinski for assistance during core drilling; Maureen Auro, Laura Robinson, and Tom Marchitto for use of lab space and for technical advice; Margaret Sulanowska for providing XRD analysis of dust samples; and Sujata Murty and Ryan Davis for assistance in the lab. We thank Falmouth Hospital for use of X‐ray equipment. We acknowledge the use of the NSF‐supported WHOI ICP‐MS facility and thank Scot Birdwhistell for his assistance. This research was supported by grants to K. A. H. from NSF award OCE‐1031288 and KAUST award USA00002, and by a WHOI Postdoctoral Fellowship awarded to S. P. B. All data presented in this manuscript will be made publicly available online through the NOAA NCDC Paleoclimatology data archive (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data‐access/paleoclimatology‐data/).
    Description: 2019-09-28
    Keywords: Paleoclimatology ; Climate variability ; Aerosols and particles ; Major and trace element geochemistry
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Intraseasonal variability of surface salinity in the eastern tropical pacific associated with mesoscale eddies. (2019)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 124(4), (2019):2861-2875, doi: 10.1029/2018JC014175.
    Description: Strong variability in sea surface salinity (SSS) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETPac) on intraseasonal to interannual timescales was studied using data from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity, Soil Moisture Active Passive, and Aquarius satellite missions. A zonal wave number‐frequency spectral analysis of SSS reveals a dominant timescale of 50–180 days and spatial scale of 8°–20° of longitude with a distinct seasonal cycle and interannual variability. This intraseasonal SSS signal is detailed in the study of 19 individual ETPac eddies over 2010–2016 identified by their sea level anomalies, propagating westward at a speed of about 17 cm/s. ETPac eddies trap and advect water in their core westward up to 40° of longitude away from the coast. The SSS signatures of these eddies, with an average anomaly of 0.5‐pss magnitude difference from ambient values, enable the study of their dynamics and the mixing of their core waters with the surroundings. Three categories of eddies were identified according to the location where they were first tracked: (1) in the Gulf of Tehuantepec, (2) in the Gulf of Papagayo, and (3) in the open ocean near 100°W–12°N. They all traveled westward near 10°N latitude. Category 3 is of particular interest, as eddies seeded in the Gulf of Tehuantepec grew substantially in the vicinity of the Clipperton Fracture Zone rise and in a region where the mean zonal currents have anticyclonic shear. The evolution of the SSS signature associated with the eddies indicates the importance of mixing to their dissipation.
    Description: This research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA and part at LOCEAN (Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN) under a CNES Postdoctoral fellowship. This work is supported by NASA Grants NNX11AE83G and NNX14AH38G and is a contribution to the TOSCA/SMOS‐Ocean proposal supported by CNES. We thank the reviewers for their thoughtfully comments that lead to a much‐improved manuscript. We benefited from numerous data sets made freely available and are listed here: The SMOS debias_v2 SSS have been produced by LOCEAN laboratory and ACRI‐st company that participate to the Ocean Salinity Expertise Center (CEC‐OS) of Centre Aval de Traitement des Donnees SMOS (CATDS). of CATDS at IFREMER, Plouzane, France (http://www.catds.fr/Products, see documentation: http://www.catds.fr/Products/Available‐products‐from‐CEC‐OS/L3‐Debiased‐Locean‐v2); the Aquarius/SAC‐D and SMAP data was produced by Remote Sensing Systems and distributed by PODAAC (https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/dataset/AQUARIUS_L3_SSS_SMI_7DAY_V4; https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/dataset/SMAP_RSS_L3_SSS_SMI_8DAY‐RUNNINGMEAN_V2); the SLA product is processed and distributed by CMEMS (http://marine.copernicus.eu); the global atlas of eddies is produced by AVISO (https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/value‐added‐products/global‐mesoscale‐eddy‐trajectory‐product.html); the GPCP precipitation data set (http://eagle1.umd.edu/GPCP_CDR/Monthly_Data) is described in the project technical report (http://eagle1.umd.edu/GPCP_ICDR/GPCPmonthlyV2.3.pdf); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution OAFlux evaporation data set (ftp://ftp.whoi.edu/pub/science/oaflux/data_v3); UCAR high‐resolution terrain data set (High res terrain data set https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds759.2/#!description); Chelton et al. (1998) Global Atlas of the First‐Baroclinic Rossby Radius of Deformation and Gravity‐Wave Phase Speed (http://www‐po.coas.oregonstate.edu/research/po/research/rossby_radius/).
    Description: 2019-09-28
    Keywords: Eddies ; Mesoscale ; Salinity ; Pacific
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Seasonality and buoyancy suppression of turbulence in the Bay of Bengal (2019)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters, 46(8), (2019):4346-4355, doi:10.1029/2018GL081577.
    Description: A yearlong record from moored current, temperature, conductivity, and four mixing meters (χpods) in the northernmost international waters of the Bay of Bengal quantifies upper‐ocean turbulent diffusivity of heat (Kt) and its response to the Indian monsoon. Data indicate (1) pronounced intermittency in turbulence at semidiurnal, diurnal, and near‐inertial timescales, (2) strong turbulence above 25‐m depth during the SW (summer) and NE (winter) monsoon relative to the transition periods (compare Kt 〉 10−4 m2/s to Kt  ∼ 10−5 m2/s, and (3) persistent suppression of turbulence (Kt 〈 10−5 m2/s) for 3 to 5 months in the latter half of the SW monsoon coincident with enhanced near‐surface stratification postarrival of low‐salinity water from the Brahmaputra‐Ganga‐Meghna delta and monsoonal precipitation. This suppression promotes maintenance of the low‐salinity surface waters within the interior of the bay preconditioning the upper northern Indian Ocean for the next year's monsoon.
    Description: This work was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR) Grants N00014‐14‐1‐0236 and N00014‐17‐1‐2472, and the Ocean Mixing and Monsoon program of the Indian Ministry of Earth Sciences. The deployment of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution mooring and RW and JTF were supported by ONR Grant N00014‐13‐1‐0453. The deployment and recovery of the mooring were carried out by RV Sagar Nidhi and RV Sagar Kanya, respectively, with the help of the crew and science parties. Thanks to National Institute of Ocean Technology (India) for buoy support. The authors acknowledge invaluable discussions with Johannes Becherer, Deepak Cherian, and Sally Warner at CEOAS, OSU, and Dipanjan Chaudhuri, J Sree Lekha, and Debasis Sengupta at CAOS, IISc. The authors thank two anonymous reviewers for their detailed reviews, which have helped sharpen many aspects of this paper. Data can be accessed as described in section S2.
    Description: 2019-10-08
    Keywords: Ocean turbulence ; Turbulence suppression ; Indian Monsoon ; Bay of Bengal ; Turbulent Mixing ; Chipod
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    FluxSat: measuring the ocean-atmosphere turbulent exchange of heat and moisture from space (2020)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gentemann, C. L., Clayson, C. A., Brown, S., Lee, T., Parfitt, R., Farrar, J. T., Bourassa, M., Minnett, P. J., Seo, H., Gille, S. T., & Zlotnicki, V. FluxSat: measuring the ocean-atmosphere turbulent exchange of heat and moisture from space. Remote Sensing, 12(11), (2020): 1796, doi:10.3390/rs12111796.
    Description: Recent results using wind and sea surface temperature data from satellites and high-resolution coupled models suggest that mesoscale ocean–atmosphere interactions affect the locations and evolution of storms and seasonal precipitation over continental regions such as the western US and Europe. The processes responsible for this coupling are difficult to verify due to the paucity of accurate air–sea turbulent heat and moisture flux data. These fluxes are currently derived by combining satellite measurements that are not coincident and have differing and relatively low spatial resolutions, introducing sampling errors that are largest in regions with high spatial and temporal variability. Observational errors related to sensor design also contribute to increased uncertainty. Leveraging recent advances in sensor technology, we here describe a satellite mission concept, FluxSat, that aims to simultaneously measure all variables necessary for accurate estimation of ocean–atmosphere turbulent heat and moisture fluxes and capture the effect of oceanic mesoscale forcing. Sensor design is expected to reduce observational errors of the latent and sensible heat fluxes by almost 50%. FluxSat will improve the accuracy of the fluxes at spatial scales critical to understanding the coupled ocean–atmosphere boundary layer system, providing measurements needed to improve weather forecasts and climate model simulations.
    Description: C.L.G. was funded by NASA grant 80NSSC18K0837. C.A.C. was funded by NASA grants 80NSSC18K0778 and 80NSSC20K0662. J.T.F. was funded by NASA grants NNX17AH54G, NNX16AH76G, and 80NSSC19K1256. S.T.G. was funded by the National Science Foundation grant PLR-1425989 and by the NASA Ocean Vector Winds Science Team grant 80NSSC19K0059. M.B. was funded in part by the Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division, Climate Program Office (FundRef number 100007298), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, and by the NASA Ocean Vector Winds Science Team grant through NASA/JPL. H.S. was funded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) grant NA19OAR4310376 and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Air-sea interactions ; Mesoscale ; Fluxes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Global estimates of the energy transfer from the wind to the ocean, with emphasis on near-inertial oscillations (2019)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 124(8), (2019): 5723-5746, doi:10.1029/2018JC014453.
    Description: Estimates of the kinetic energy transfer from the wind to the ocean are often limited by the spatial and temporal resolution of surface currents and surface winds. Here we examine the wind work in a pair of global, very high‐resolution (1/48° and 1/24°) MIT general circulation model simulations in Latitude‐Longitude‐polar Cap (LLC) configuration that provide hourly output at spatial resolutions of a few kilometers and include tidal forcing. A cospectrum analysis of wind stress and ocean surface currents shows positive contribution at large scales (〉300 km) and near‐inertial frequency and negative contribution from mesoscales, tidal frequencies, and internal gravity waves. Larger surface kinetic energy fluxes are in the Kuroshio in winter at large scales (40 mW/m2) and mesoscales (−30 mW/m2). The Kerguelen region is dominated by large scale (∼20 mW/m2), followed by inertial oscillations in summer (13 mW/m2) and mesoscale in winter (−12 mW/m2). Kinetic energy fluxes from internal gravity waves (−0.1 to −9.9 mW/m2) are generally stronger in summer. Surface kinetic energy fluxes in the LLC simulations are 4.71 TW, which is 25–85% higher than previous global estimates from coarser (1/6–1/10°) general ocean circulation models; this is likely due to improved representation of wind variability (6‐hourly, 0.14°, operational European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts). However, the low wind power input to the near‐inertial frequency band obtained with LLC (0.16 TW) compared to global slab models suggests that wind variability on time scales less than 6 hr and spatial scales less than 15 km are critical to better representing the wind power input in ocean circulation models.
    Description: We thank three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments that led to an improved manuscript. We are grateful to Jörn Callies and Laurie Padman for fruitful discussions. This work is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) through the project “Towards improved estimates of upper ocean energetics: Science motivation for the simultaneous measurement of ocean surface vector winds and currents” (Grant NNX15AG42G) and through NASA Grant NNX14AM71G and NNX16AH76G. Model output from global 1/48° and 1/24° ECCO2 MITgcm simulations is freely available to the community. For access of the full solutions, we recommend that users apply for an HEC account at NASA Ames. Data are provided online (∼dmenemen/llc/). Users without a NASA Ames account may explore what is available online (https://data.nas.nasa.gov/ecco/). This work was, in part, performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Color maps used in this contribution are from Thyng et al. (2016). To Teresa and Francesc, for their patience.
    Keywords: Surface fluxes ; Inertial oscillations ; Wind power ; Kinetic energy budget ; Global ocean model ; MITgcm
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Quasi-biweekly mode of the Asian summer monsoon revealed in Bay of Bengal surface observations (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(12),(2020): e2020JC016271, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016271.
    Description: Asian summer monsoon has a planetary‐scale, westward propagating “quasi‐biweekly” mode of variability with a 10–25 day period. Six years of moored observations at 18°N, 89.5°E in the north Bay of Bengal (BoB) reveal distinct quasi‐biweekly variability in sea surface salinity (SSS) during summer and autumn, with peak‐to‐peak amplitude of 3–8 psu. This large‐amplitude SSS variability is not due to variations of surface freshwater flux or river runoff. We show from the moored data, satellite SSS, and reanalyses that surface winds associated with the quasi‐biweekly monsoon mode and embedded weather‐scale systems, drive SSS and coastal sea level variability in 2015 summer monsoon. When winds are calm, geostrophic currents associated with mesoscale ocean eddies transport Ganga‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna river water southward to the mooring, salinity falls, and the ocean mixed layer shallows to 1–10 m. During active (cloudy, windy) spells of quasi‐biweekly monsoon mode, directly wind‐forced surface currents carry river water away to the east and north, leading to increased salinity at the moorings, and rise of sea level by 0.1–0.5 m along the eastern and northern boundary of the bay. During July–August 2015, a shallow pool of low‐salinity river water lies in the northeastern bay. The amplitude of a 20‐day oscillation of sea surface temperature (SST) is two times larger within the fresh pool than in the saltier ocean to the west, although surface heat flux is nearly identical in the two regions. This is direct evidence that spatial‐temporal variations of BoB salinity influences sub‐seasonal SST variations, and possibly SST‐mediated monsoon air‐sea interaction.
    Description: The authors thank the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) institutes NIOT and INCOIS, and the Upper Ocean Processes (UOP) group at WHOI for design, integration, and deployment of moorings in the BoB. The WHOI mooring was deployed from the ORV Sagar Nidhi and recovered from the ORV Sagar Kanya—we thank the officers, crew and science teams on the cruises for their support. Sengupta, Ravichandran and Sukhatme acknowledge MoES and the National Monsoon Mission, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, for support; Lucas and Farrar acknowledge the US Office of Naval Research for support of ASIRI through grants N00014‐13‐1‐0489, N0001413‐100453, N0001417‐12880. We thank S. Shivaprasad, Dipanjan Chaudhuri and Jared Buckley for discussion on ocean currents and Ekman flow, and Fabien Durand for discussion on sea level. JSL would like to thank the Divecha Center for Climate Change, IISc., for support. DS acknowledges support from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, under the Indo‐Spanish Programme.
    Description: 2021-05-16
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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