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  • Articles  (20)
  • Hypertension  (9)
  • Essential hypertension  (6)
  • Captopril  (5)
  • Coarctatio aortae  (2)
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  • Medicine  (20)
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  • Articles  (20)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 64 (1986), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Severe hypertension ; Minoxidil ; Captopril
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive efficacy of minoxidil and captopril was compared in 23 males with essential or renal parenchymatous hypertension refractory to conventional antihypertensive drug therapy. Following a pretreatment period the patients were randomly assigned to receive either minoxidil, 2.5 mg twice daily (n=12), or captopril, 25 mg twice daily (n=11). In patients with diastolic blood pressure 〉95 mmHg, doses of minoxidil and captopril were increased in 2-week intervals. Patients who maintained diastolic pressure 〉95 mmHg and/or those with intolerable side effects were switched over to the alternative substance. After a mean observation period of 12 weeks a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed (179/114 vs 148/92 mmHg in the minoxidil group; 176/111 vs 158/97 mmHg in the captopril group). The primary response rate was 75% in patients treated with minoxidil and 55% in those with captopril (not significant). After the change to the alternative substance two of the four non-responders on captopril and one of the two non-responders on minoxidil became responders. Side effects occurred significantly more often during minoxidil than captopril (p〈0.05). The high efficacy of minoxidil and captopril in the treatment of severe hypertension refractory to conventional drugs was confirmed. Minoxidil lowered blood pressure slightly more than captopril, but it had a higher incidence of side effects than captopril.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 62 (1984), S. 855-858 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Cushing's syndrome ; Pathogenesis of hypertension ; Renin angiotensin system ; Captopril
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To analyse the role of the renin angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of hypertension in Cushing's syndrome ten patients with hypercorticism (five with pituitary hypothalamic dysfunction, three with adrenal adenomas and two with adrenal carcinomas) received a single oral dose of 25 mg captopril. Mean arterial pressure was then determined at short intervals over periods of up to 240 min. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured immediately before the administration of captopril. Eleven patients with severe essential hypertension, who showed a comparable distribution of basal PRA values, served as a control. Patients with elevated basal PRA values (〉3 ng/ml·3 h) showed, both in the subgroup of cases with essential hypertension and in that with Cushing's syndrome, a statistically significant fall (P〈0.05−P〈0.001) in mean arterial pressure, the decrease being slightly more pronounced in essential hypertensives. On the other hand patients with normal PRA values (≦3 ng/ml·3 h) exhibited only a minor fall in mean arterial pressure reaching statistical significance (P〈0.05) only after 60 min (essential hypertension) and 180 min (Cushing's syndrome), respectively. Our results document that in patients with Cushing's syndrome the effect of captopril seems to be determined by the activity of the renin angiotensin system. Thus, in a substantial number of patients with hypercorticism, the renin angiotensin system may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension, whereas in patients with low PRA values other factors like oversecretion of mineralocorticoids may be responsible for the observed blood pressure increases.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Renal artery aneurysm ; Renal cyst ; Hydronephrosis ; Coarctation of the aorta ; Radiation nephritis ; Hypertension ; Renin angiotensin system ; Nierenarterienaneurysma ; Nierencyste ; Hydronephrose ; Coarctatio aortae ; Strahlennephritis ; Hypertonie ; Renin-Angiotensin-System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurden 19 Patienten mit seltenen Formen renaler Hypertonie untersucht: 6 Patienten mit Nierenarterienaneurysma, 6 Fälle mit unilateraler Hydronephrose, 4 Patienten mit unilateraler Nierencyste, 2 Fälle mit Coarctatio aortae und assozierter Nierenarterienstenose und ein Patient mit Strahlennephritis. Die Plasma-Renin-Aktivität (PRA) im Nierenvenenblut wurde bei 17 der 19 Fälle bestimmt. 7 dieser 17 (41%) Patienten zeigten einen signifikanten Seitenunterschied (PRA betroffene/PRA nicht betroffene Seite) ≧1,5. Der Prozentsatz positiver Tests war in verschiedenen Kollektiven vergleichbar hoch. Nur Patienten mit unilateraler Nierencyste zeigten in keinem Fall einen signifikanten PRA-Quotienten. Eine superselektive Nierenvenenrenin-Bestimmung bei 2 Patienten mit Nierenarterienaneurysma der oberen Segmentarterie zeigte in beiden Fällen eine erhöhte Plasma-Renin-Aktivität im Bereiche des Oberpols. 15 der 19 Patienten (79%) wurden operiert. Dabei kamen entweder plastisch rekonstruktive Verfahren oder eine Nephrektomie zur Anwendung. 4 Fälle mit Nierenarterienaneurysma wurden antihypertensiv behandelt. Patienten mit unilateraler Hydronephrose zeigten postoperativ die besten Ergebnisse (3 geheilt, 3 gebessert), während bei keinem der 4 Patienten mit unilateraler Nierencyste die Blutdruckwerte durch den operativen Eingriff normalisiert werden konnten (3 gebessert, 1 nicht gebessert). Die Patienten mit Coarctatio aortae und assozierter Nierenarterienstenose sowie die 2 operierten Fälle mit Nierenarterienaneurysma zeigten alle ein gutes Ansprechen auf den gefäßrekonstruktiven Eingriff (2 geheilt, 2 gebessert). Der Patient mit Strahlennephritis schließlich war 2 Jahre nach Nephrektomie gebessert. Im Gesamtkollektiv unserer operierten Patienten war die prognostische Aussagekraft der Nierenvenenreninbestimmung beschränkt. Allerdings erwies sich die selektive Nierenvenenreninbestimmung bei Patienten mit einem Aneurysma einer Nierensegmentarterie als nützlich zur Entdeckung lokaler Reninüberproduktion.
    Notes: Summary In the present study 19 patients with rare forms of renal hypertension were investigated: 6 patients with renal artery aneurysm, 6 cases with unilateral hydronephrosis, 4 patients with unilateral simple renal cyst, 2 cases with coarctation of the abdominal aorta and associated renal artery stenosis and 1 patient with radiation nephritis. Renal venous renin activity (PRA) was determined in 17 of the 19 cases. Seven of these 17 (41%) patients showed significant PRA-ratios (PRA affected/PRA unaffected side ≧1.5). The percentage of positive tests was comparably high in the various subgroups except in patients with renal cyst, none of them showing lateralisation of renin secretion. Selective sampling in 2 patients with renal artery branch aneurysm revealed in both cases marked local renin oversecretion. Fifteen of the 19 patients (79%) were operated either by reconstruction surgery or nephrectomy. Four cases with a renal artery aneurysm were treated with antihypertensive drugs. Patients with unilateral hydronephrosis showed the best response to surgery in terms of cure rate (3 cured, 3 improved), whereas blood pressure normalisation could not be achieved in patients with simple renal cyst (2 improved, 1 unimproved). Patients with coarctation of the abdominal aorta and associated renal artery stenosis and the 2 operated cases with renal artery aneurysm showed a good effect of corrective surgery (2 cured, 2 improved). The patient with radiation nephritis finally was improved 2 years after nephrectomy. For the total group the prognostic validity of renal venous renin determination was limited. However, selective blood sampling from peripheral renal veins may be useful in cases with renal artery branch aneurysm to detect local oversecretion of renin.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Captopril ; Kidney function ; Essential hypertension ; Renovascular hypertension ; Renal parenchymatous hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To study long-term effects of captopril on renal function in patients with various forms of severe hypertension, serum creatinine values were monitored in 76 patients under captopril therapy over a period of up to 3 years. Three different groups were formed: (1) patients with essential hypertension (n=37); (2) patients with renovascular hypertension (n=20); (3) patients with renal parenchymatous hypertension (n=19). In each of the three groups reduction in blood pressure was accompanied by increases in serum creatinine. However, both changes were more pronounced in patients with renovascular hypertension. In this group only the rise in creatinine was statistically significant and showed a slight progression with duration of captopril treatment. Group specific analysis revealed that the increase was smaller in patients with unilateral (n=16) renovascular disease than in those with bilateral (n=4) involvement, but in the former it was still significantly higher than in patients with essential or renal parenchymatous hypertension. Separation of patients according to the underlying disease of renovascular hypertension showed that renal function deteriorated less in patients with arteriosclerotic origin (n=10) than in those with fibromuscular dysplasia (n=8). Statistical evaluation of subjects with renovascular and essential hypertension still revealed significant differences in creatinine when the patients with initial plasma renin activity (PRA) below and above 6 ng/ml·3 h were compared separately. A significant correlation (r=0.73;P〈0.05) between blood pressure reduction and creatinine changes was obtained only for patients with renovascular hypertension. Finally, in all three groups of patients creatinine changes were statistically independent from daily dosages of captopril. From these data we conclude that sustained impairment of kidney function by captopril is mainly restricted to patients with renovascular hypertension and possibly results from the combined effects of low renal perfusion pressure and interference with intrarenal regulation of glomerular filtration rate by a postulated angiotensin-II-mediated mechanism.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 62 (1984), S. 925-930 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS) ; Clonidine ; Essential hypertension ; Skin allergy ; Clonidine allergy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skin patches of a clonidine transdermal therapeutic system (clonidine-TTS) with a constant release rate of either 0.1 or 0.2 mg clonidine/24 h continuously over 7 days were used in 32 essential hypertensives. These self-adhesive drug delivery systems (3.5 cm2), which were affixed to the upper outer arm, were changed by the patients at weekly intervals. During a mean observation period of 7 months (range 1–19 months) transdermal clonidine reduced the blood pressure from 162±15/107±5 mmHg to normal values (diastolic ≦95 mmHg) in 63% of our patients. However, chronic use of clonidine-TTS was accompanied by a high frequency of contact dermatitis (type IV allergy) in nearly half of our patients (n=15, 47%). In 11 of these 15 patients transdermal clonidine administration had to be stopped because of intolerable local skin reactions (pruritus, erythema, vesiculation, and/or infiltration). Subsequent patch testing with all components of clonidine-TTS was performed in eight cases. Whereas in seven cases an allergic contact dermatitis to clonidine was found, only one patient showed an allergy to another component of clonidine-TTS (polyisobutylene). We conclude that this strikingly high incidence of local allergic skin reactions limits the use of clonidine-TTS in essential hypertension.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 361-363 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Primary aldosteronism ; Captopril ; Spironolactone ; Renin-angiotensin ; Converting-enzyme ; Secondary hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In three patients with primary aldosteronism, the acute effect of a single dose of captopril on the elevated mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was studied before and after 4 weeks of treatment with spironolactone. Before spironolactone therapy, captopril did not cause any drop in MAP. Four weeks later, after an oral daily dose of 400 mg spironolactone, MAP was still elevated in all three patients, though electrolyte abnormalities were fully corrected. Since plasma renin activity (PRA) was increased to values above the normal range, the acute effect of captopril on MAP was tested again. A single dose of 25 mg captopril then caused a fall in MAP to normal. These data reveal the conversion from a renin-independent to a renindependent kind of hypertension after spironolactone therapy in three patients with primary aldosteronism syndrome. This might be of pathogenetic and therapeutic interest.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 61 (1983), S. 803-805 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Obesity ; Hypertension ; Intracellular sodium ; Intracellular calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracellular activities of sodium and calcium were determined in red cells of patients with obesity. Compared to normal people mean intracellular sodium and calcium were higher in obese patients. However, increased intracellular sodium and calcium could only be observed in those patients with obesity suffering from hypertension or showing a familial disposition to hypertension. In contrast there was no difference in intracellular sodium and calcium between obese normotensives lacking a familial disposition to hypertension and normal people. Thus, our results suggest, that the observed variations in intracellular sodium and calcium in obesity are due to an enhanced blood pressure or a familial disposition to hypertension and not specific for obesity.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Renovascular hypertension ; Fibromuscular hyperplasia ; Coarctation of the aorta ; Renin angiotensin system ; Renovaskuläre Hypertonie ; Fibromuskuläre Dysplasie ; Coarctatio aortae ; Renin-Angiotensin-System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurden 10 Fälle mit fibromuskulär bedingter renovaskulärer Hypertonie und gleichzeitigem Befall extrarenaler Arterien untersucht. Das Patientenkollektiv zeigte eine deutliche Prävalenz des weiblichen Geschlechts (90%), das mittlere Alter betrug 31,4±12,0 Jahre und die Hypertoniedauer 3,2±4,0 Jahre. 4 der 10 Patienten wiesen Stenosen einer und 6 Stenosen bzw. Verschlüsse beider Nierenarterien auf. 2 (20%) Patientinnen zeigten neben fibromuskulären Umbauprozessen der Nierenarterien eine abdonale Coarctatio aortae. Andere Körperarterien waren mit abnehmender Häufigkeit wie folgt befallen: Arteria mesenterica superior (50%), Arteria subclavia und/oder Truncus brachiocephalicus (40%), Arteriae carotides und/oder deren Äste (30%), Truncus coeliacus (30%), Arterien der Beckenstrombahn (30%), Arteriae vertebrales (10%) und Arteria mesenterica inferior (10%). Im Vordergrund der klinischen Symptomatik stand bei 8 der 10 Patienten die Hypertonie. Beschwerden von seiten extrarenaler Gefäßveränderungen waren in diesen Fällen bei Diagnosestellung gering. In 2 Fällen mit Befall von 2 bzw. aller 3 Intestinalgefäße bestand eine Angina abdominalis. 2 Patientinnen mit Stenosen der Beckengefäße zeigten eine Claudicatio intermittens, während Stenosen bzw. Verschlüsse im Subclaviabereich nur bei starker Belastung zu Claudicationsbeschwerden führten und deshalb über einen längeren Zeitpunkt unerkannt blieben. Eine Patientin mit Verschlüssen der Arteriae carotides internae hatte zweimal einen cerebralen Insult durchgemacht. Eine seitengetrennte Bestimmung der Plasma-Renin-Aktivität im Nierenvenenblut wurde bei 7 der 10 Patienten durchgeführt. Dabei zeigten 4 dieser 7 Fälle entweder unter Ausgangsbedingungen oder 15 bzw. 30 min nach intravenöser Stimulation mit 40 mg Furosemid einen signifikanten Seitenunterschied (≧ 1,5). Bei 5 der 10 Patienten wurde eine rekonstruktive Gefäßoperation an den Nierenarterien und bei einem Patienten ein solcher nur an den Intestinalarterien vorgenommen; dabei zeigte nur einer der 5 an den Nierenarterien operierten Fälle eine Heilung. Bei 3 der 5 medikamentös behandelten Patienten ließ sich eine Blutdrucknormalisierung durch Antihypertensiva erzielen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, daß bei Patienten mit fibromuskulär bedingter Nierenarterienstenose verschiedenste Körperarterien mitbeteiligt sein können, am häufigsten jedoch die Arteria mesenterica superior. Bei 2 der 10 Patienten fand sich neben der renovaskulären Hypertonie eine Coarctatio aortae. Wegen des schlechten Operationserfolges sollte zunächst der Versuch einer medikamentösen Blutdruckeinstellung unternommen werden. Wegen des hohen Anteils doppelseitiger Nierenarterienstenosen hat die seitengetrennte Bestimmung der Plasma-Renin-Aktivität im Nierenvenenblut nur eine beschränkte Aussagekraft.
    Notes: Summary In the present study 10 patients with renovascular hypertension due to fibromuscular hyperplasia and fibromuscular lesions of extrarenal arteries were investigated. The 10 patients were predominantly female (90%), showed a mean age of 31.4±12.0 years and a mean duration of hypertension of 3.2±4.0 years. Four of the 10 patients (40%) showed unilateral and six (60%) bilateral stenosis or occlusions of the renal arteries. In two (20%) cases a combination of renal artery stenosis and coarctation of the abdominal aorta was observed. Other extrarenal arteries were affected as follows: mesenteric superior artery (50%), subclavian artery and/or arteria anonyma (40%), carotid arteries and/ or their branches (30%), vertebral arteries (10%), and mesenteric inferior artery (10%). In eight of the 10 patients the most prominent clinical symptom was hypertension. Clinical symptoms from extrarenal artery stenoses or occlusions were mild. Two patients with fibromuscular lesions of two and three intestinal arteries, respectively, suffered from angina abdominalis. In two cases with stenoses of the iliacal arteries intermittent claudicatio was observed, whereas involvement of the subclavian artery was associated with only mild symptoms. One patient with occlusions of both internal carotid arteries had two episodes of cerebrovascular ischemia. Plasma renin activity was determined in both renal veins in seven of the 10 patients (70%). Four of the seven patients (57%) showed a PRA-ratio of ≧1.5 either under basal conditions or 15 and/or 30 min after i.v. stimulation with 40 mg furosemide. Only one of the five patients with revascularization operations was cured postoperatively. In one patient only the intestinal arteries were operated. Three of five cases treated with various antihypertensive drugs were normotensive. Our results show that in patients with renovascular hypertension due to fibromuscular hyperplasia extrarenal arteries may be frequently affected. The most frequent site of extrarenal lesions was the mesenteric superior artery. In two of the 10 patients renovascular hypertension was combined with a coarctation of the abdominal aorta. In this study the effect of reconstructive renovascular surgery was insufficient. Thus, these cases should first be treated with antihypertensive drugs. The diagnostic validity of renal venous renin activity was limited because of the high percentage of bilateral renovascular lesions.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system ; Essential hypertension ; Ambulatory blood pressure measurement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) is a recently developed controlled-release formulation for once-a-day dosing. We evaluated the influence of morning versus evening administration of the drug in a randomized double-blind cross-over study including 15 essential hypertensives. Five patients had to be excluded from blood pressure analysis because of noncompliance (three cases) or intolerable side effects (two cases). To assess the exact duration of the antihypertensive efficacy noninvasive automatic ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed. After a placebo period patients were given 30 mg nifedipine GITS either at 1000 or 2200 hours. Twenty-four-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressure profiles documented a sustained antihypertensive effect of both nifedipine regimens throughout the whole period without affecting the circadian rhythm. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between morning and evening administration. Two patients stopped their medication because of intolerable side effects (fatigue and muscle cramps, respectively). Two more cases suffered from mild reversible headache which provoked no discontinuation of the drug. In conclusion our results document a sustained antihypertensive efficacy of 30 mg nifedipine GITS in patients with moderate essential hypertension. Time of administration has no impact on day- and nighttime blood pressure control.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 64 (1986), S. 1183-1185 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Salt restriction ; Weight reduction ; Hypertension ; Intracellular electrolytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 16 essential hypertensives on a program of energy restriction (800 kcal/day) with and without simultaneous salt restriction, the effects on blood pressure and intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ in red blood cells were studied. A decrease in blood pressure and intracellular free Na+ and Ca2+ was only observed in the cases of simultaneous energy and salt restriction. The beneficial effect of weight reduction in hypertension thus depends on a diminished salt intake and is probably mediated by changes in intracellular free Ca2+.
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