Note: COVER -- APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY: Principles and Practice -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- PLATES -- FIGURES -- TABLES -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 1 INTRODUCTION: THE EMERGENCE OF APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY AND CLIMATE IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- INTRODUCTION: WEATHER, CLIMATE AND EVERYDAY LIFE -- THE DEVELOPMENT OF APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY -- DEFINITIONS, APPLICATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS -- ATMOSPHERIC CONCERN AND AWARENESS -- CLIMATE IMPACT ASSESSMENT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 1: APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY: THE 'TOOLS' OF RESEARCH -- 2 GROUND AND REMOTELY SENSED MEASUREMENTS -- INTRODUCTION: DATA REQUIREMENTS AND SOURCES -- A COMPARISON OF OLD AND NEW INSTRUMENTATION -- THE OLD-STYLE INSTRUMENTS -- THE NEW GENERATION OF INSTRUMENTS -- REMOTE SENSING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- INTRODUCTION: THE VALUE OF STATISTICS -- TIME SERIES ANALYSIS -- SPATIAL ANALYSIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 CLIMATE MODELS -- INTRODUCTION: MODELLING THE CLIMATE SYSTEM -- GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELS -- CLIMATE IMPACT MODELS -- INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT MODELS -- CLIMATE MODEL EVALUATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- INTRODUCTION: ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES -- HISTORY OF ATMOSPHERIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- CURRENT MANAGEMENT APPROACHES TO AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS -- INTEGRATION OF AIR ISSUES -- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE ATMOSPHERE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 2: CLIMATE AND THE PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 6 HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES AND WATER RESOURCES -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT -- HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES -- IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE -- IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 GLACIERS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND GLACIERS -- GLACIER TYPES: PHYSICAL AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS. , GLACIERS: CONSTITUENT ZONES AND CLIMATE CONTROLS -- THE CONVERSION OF SNOW TO GLACIER ICE AND THE ROLE OF CLIMATE -- GLACIER MASS BALANCE AND CLIMATE CONTROLS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATIC GEOMORPHOLOGY -- CLIMATE AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES -- CLIMATE CHANGE AND LANDFORMS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 SOILS -- INTRODUCTION: SOIL CLIMATE -- THE SOIL -- THE SOIL ATMOSPHERE -- SOIL CLIMATE -- CLIMATE AND SOIL GEOGRAPHY -- SOILS AND THE GREENHOUSE GASES -- EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SOILS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 VEGETATION -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND VEGETATION -- VEGETATION COMMUNITIES IN THE GEOLOGICAL PAST -- CLIMATE AND VEGETATION TODAY -- CLIMATE AND VEGETATION IN THE FUTURE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 ANIMAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND LIFE -- ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE -- BIOCLIMATIC ZONES -- CLIMATIC INSTABILITY -- SOURCES OF ENERGY -- BIOCHEMICAL ACCLIMATIZATION -- ECTOTHERMY AND ENDOTHERMY -- THE ECTOTHERM WAY -- THE ENDOTHERM WAY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 3: CLIMATE AND THE CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- 12 COMFORT, CLOTHING AND HEALTH -- INTRODUCTION: HUMAN ADAPTABILITY AND MICROCLIMATE MANAGEMENT -- HOMEOTHERMY AND ADAPTATION -- THE HUMAN ENERGY BALANCE -- THERMAL STRESS ESTIMATES -- THE CLOTHING ENVELOPE -- THERMAL COMFORT -- ACCLIMATIZATION -- ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS ON PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOUR -- ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS ON MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 13 TOWN PLANNING, ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT -- HOT, HUMID CLIMATES -- HOT, ARID CLIMATES -- COLD CLIMATES - POLAR REGIONS -- OTHER CLIMATES -- APPLICATIONS IN URBAN PLANNING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 14 INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE, INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES. , LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES -- INDUSTRY OPERATION -- CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS -- COMMERCE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 15 TRANSPORT SYSTEMS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND TRANSPORT SERVICES -- AIR TRANSPORT -- RAIL TRANSPORT -- ROAD TRANSPORT -- WATER TRANSPORT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 16 AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES -- INTRODUCTION: NATURE AND RATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- CLIMATIC FACTORS REGULATING CROP AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION -- RESPONSES OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES -- CROP PRODUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE -- CLIMATE AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION -- FISHERIES AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDING -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 17 FORESTRY -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND FORESTS -- CLIMATE AND SUSTAINABLE FORESTS -- DYNAMICAL PERCEPTIONS -- SPATIOTEMPORAL CHAOS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 18 RECREATION AND TOURISM -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE-LEISURE INTERACTIONS -- WEATHER AND LEISURE PARTICIPATION -- WEATHER AND CLIMATE INFORMATION FOR THE TOURIST INDUSTRY -- CLIMATE CHANGE, TOURISM AND RECREATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 19 POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF CLIMATE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPACTS -- POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- SOCIAL ASPECTS -- LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 20 THE ENERGY SECTOR -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND ENERGY SUPPLY -- WORLD ENERGY SUPPLY -- ENERGY RESOURCES -- TRANSPORTATION OF ENERGY -- ENERGY CONVERSION -- ENERGY DEMAND -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 4: THE CHANGING CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENTS -- 21 URBAN CLIMATES AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- THE NATURE OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- THE NATURE OF URBAN CLIMATES -- IMPACTS OF URBAN CLIMATES ON GEC -- IMPACTS OF GEC ON URBAN CLIMATE -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 22 AIR POLLUTION -- INTRODUCTION: DEFINITIONS AND CATEGORIZATION OF AIR POLLUTION -- GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS. , CONTINENTAL-SCALE POLLUTION PROBLEMS -- URBAN AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 23 CLIMATIC EXTREMES AS A HAZARD TO HUMANS -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATIC EXTREMES, HAZARDS AND DISASTERS -- IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC DISASTERS -- REDUCING THE IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC DISASTERS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 24 CLIMATE CHANGE, HISTORY AND THE FUTURE -- INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE AND HUMAN HISTORICAL PROCESSES -- INTO THE MEDIEVAL OPTIMUM -- INTO THE LITTLE ICE AGE -- POST·1850 CLIMATIC AMELIORATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART 5: OVERVIEW -- 25 CONCLUSIONS AND SYNTHESIS -- INTRODUCTION: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES REASSESSED -- THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CLIMATE IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE RESPONSES OF THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS -- THE MONETARY IMPACT AND VALUE OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-108) and subject index

Note: The text for this NetLibrary eBook was obtained from the University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center , Access may be limited to NetLibrary affiliated libraries , Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Note: Access may be limited to NetLibrary affiliated libraries , Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Note: The text for this NetLibrary eBook was obtained from the University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center , Access may be limited to NetLibrary affiliated libraries , Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Note: Access may be limited to NetLibrary affiliated libraries , Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Note: POPULATION ECOLOGY: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants, THIRD EDITION -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1: SINGLE-SPECIES POPULATIONS -- Chapter 1: Describing populations -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Population processes -- 1.3 The diagrammatic life table -- 1.3.1 General form -- 1.3.2 The common field grasshopper, an annual species -- 1.3.3 Ragwort, a biennial -- 1.3.4 More complex life cycles -- 1.3.5 Age and stage: the problems of describing some plant and animal populations -- 1.4 Conventional life tables -- 1.4.1 The cohort life table -- 1.4.2 The static life table -- 1.4.3 Resume -- 1.5 Some generalizations -- 1.6 The modular growth of organisms -- 1.7 Buried seed banks -- Chapter 2: Intraspecific competition -- 2.1 The nature of intraspecific competition -- 2.2 Three characteristics of intraspecific competition -- 2.3 Density-dependence: a fourth characteristic -- 2.4 Scramble and contest -- 2.5 Actual effects of intraspecific competition -- 2.5.1 Palmblad's data -- 2.5.2 Competition in plants: a deeper look -- 2.5.3 lndividual variability -- 2.5.4 Self-thinning in plants -- 2.5.5 Competition in Patella cochlear -- 2.5.6 Competition in the fruit fly -- 2.6 Negative competition -- Chapter 3: Models of single-species populations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Populations breeding at discrete intervals -- 3.2.1 The basic equations -- 3.2.2 Incorporation of a range of competition -- 3.2.3 Models for annual plants -- 3.3 Continuous breeding -- 3.4 The utility of the equations -- 3.4.1 Causes of population fluctuations -- 3.4.2 The equations as descriptions -- 3.4.3 'Cobwebbing'-a more general approach -- 3.5 Incorporation of age-specific fecundity and mortality -- 3.5.1 The matrix model -- 3.5.2 Using the model -- 3.5.3 A working example: Poa annua -- Part 2: INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS -- Chapter4: Interspecific competition. , 4.1 The nature of interspecific interactions -- 4.2 Interspecific competition -- 4.3 A field example: granivorous ants -- 4.4 Competition between plant species: experimental approaches -- 4.4.1 Manipulating density -- 4.4.2 Manipulating resources -- 4.5 The ecological niche -- 4.6 The Competitive Exclusion Principle -- 4.7 Competitive exclusion in the field -- 4.8 Competitive release -- 4.9 Coexistence: resource partitioning -- 4.10 Character displacement -- 4.11 Competition: its avoidance or its non-existence? -- 4.12 Competition and coexistence in plants -- 4.13 A logistic model of two-species competition -- 4.13.1 The model's utility -- 4.13.2 A test of the model: fruit fly competition -- 4.14 Analysis of competition in plants -- 4.15 Niche overlap -- 4.16 Competition and heterogeneity -- Chapter 5: Predation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Patterns of abundance -- 5.3 Coevolution, and specialization amongst predators -- 5.3.1 One explanation for the degrees of specialization -- 5.3.2 Food preference and predator switching -- 5.4 Time and timing -- 5.5 Effects on prey fitness -- 5.5.1 The effects of herbivores on plant fitness -- 5.6 'The effects of predation-rate on predator fitness -- 5.6.1 Thresholds -- 5.6.2 Food quality -- 5.7 The functional response of predators to prey availability -- 5.7.1 The 'type 2' response -- 5.7.2 The 'type 1' response -- 5.7.3 Variation in handling time and searching efficiency: 'type 3' responses -- 5.7.4 Switching and 'type 3' responses -- 5.8 Aggregated effects -- 5.8.1 Parasite-host distributions -- 5.8.2 Refuges -- 5.8.3 Partial refuges: aggregative responses -- 5.8.4 Further responses to patchiness -- 5.8.5 'Even' distributions -- 5.8.6 Underlying behaviour -- 5.8.7 'Hide-and-seek' -- 5.9 Mutual interference amongst predators -- 5.9.1 A similar effect amongst parasites -- 5.10 Interference and pseudointerference. , 5.11 Optimal foraging -- 5.12 Resume -- 5.13 Mathematical models -- 5.13.1 Host-parasitoid models -- 5.13.2 Heterogeneity in host-parasitoid interactions -- 5.13.3 A model of grazing systems -- 5.14 'Patterns of abundance' reconsidered -- 5.15 Harvesting -- 5.15.1 Characteristics of harvested populations -- 5.15.2 Harvesting in structured populations -- 5.15.3 Incorporating population structure: matrix models of harvesting -- Part 3: SYNTHESIS -- Chapter 6: Population regulation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Nicholson's view -- 6.3 Andrewartha and Birch's view -- 6.4 An example: Thrips imaginis -- 6.5 Some general conclusions -- 6.6 A life-table analysis of a Colorado beetle population -- 6.6.1 Life-table data -- 6.6.2 'Key-factor' analysis -- 6.6.3 Regulation of the population -- 6.6.4 A population model -- 6.7 The problem re-emerges -- 6.7.1 Life-table analyses -- 6.7.2 Single-species time series -- 6.7.3 Population regulation in vertebrates -- 6.8 Population regulation in plants -- 6.9 Genetic change -- 6.10 Territoriality -- 6.11 'Space capture' in plants -- 6.12 Chaos in ecological systems -- Chapter 7: Beyond population ecology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Metapopulation dynamics -- 7.2.1 Metapopulation models -- 7.2.2 Examples of metapopulations -- 7.2.3 Applications of the metapopulation concept -- 7.3 Community structure -- 7.3.1 The role of interspecific competition -- 7.3.2 The role of predation -- 7.3.3 The role of disturbance -- 7.3.4 The role of instability -- 7.3.5 The role of habitat size and diversity -- 7.3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Author index -- Organism index -- Subject index.

Note: Front Cover -- Water Use, Management, and Planning in the United States -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. The Physical System -- Early Ideas about Hydrology -- Water Measurement -- The Hydrologic Cycle -- Water Balance -- Climate Change -- Chapter 2. A History of Water Development in the United States -- 1800-1900: A Time of Resource Exploitation -- 1900-1921 : The Progressive Period -- 1921-1933: Post-World War I -- 1933-1943: The New Deal -- 1943-1960: Congressional Control of Water Resource Activities -- 1960-1980: The Environmental Period -- 1980 to the Present: A Time of Changing Focus -- Chapter 3. Water Quantity Law: The Legal System -- How Laws Are Made -- The Purpose of Law -- State Law: Surface Water -- State Law: Groundwater -- Federal Law -- Transboundary Water Resources -- Chapter 4. Water Use in the United States -- Water Availability: An International View -- A Comment on Water-Use Estimates -- Water Supply and Demand: National View -- Water Supply and Demand: Regional View -- Geographic Information Systems (GIS) -- Chapter 5. Economis and Water Resources -- Price Theory: Supply and Demand -- Welfare Economics -- Cost-Benefit Analysis -- Resource and Environmental Economics -- Chapter 6. Water Demand and Supply: Management and Planning -- Water Demand -- Water Supply -- Planning and Decision Making -- Chapter 7. Offstream Water Use: Urban and Agricultural Uses -- Urban Water Systems -- Irrigation -- Chapter 8. Instream Water Use: Hydroelectric Power and Recreation -- Hydropower -- Water for Recreation -- Environmental Values and Instream Flows -- Chapter 9. Water Quality and Ecosystem Health -- The Water Molecule -- Categories of Pollutants -- Water Quality Management -- The Quality of Our Nation's Water -- The Watershed Approach to Water Quality -- Ecosystems and Water Quality. , Chapter 10. Floods and Droughts -- The Human-Ecological Model of Hazards -- Floods -- Drought -- Appendix 1: Unit Conversions and Equivalents -- Appendix 2: Sources of Water-Related Information -- Appendix 3: Investment and Discount Factors -- Bibliography -- Index.