Note: Intro -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgements -- Note on Book Cover and Chapter Primary Images -- Chapter One -- Chapter Two -- Chapter Three -- Chapter Four -- Chapter Five -- Chapter Six -- Chapter Seven -- Bibliography.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1: Introduction -- I: Methodology for Statistical Analysis of Environmental Processes -- 2: Modeling for environmental and ecological processes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Stochastic modeling -- 2.3 Basics of Bayesian inference -- 2.3.1 Priors -- 2.3.2 Posterior inference -- 2.3.3 Bayesian computation -- 2.4 Hierarchical modeling -- 2.4.1 Introducing uncertainty -- 2.4.2 Random effects and missing data -- 2.5 Latent variables -- 2.6 Mixture models -- 2.7 Random effects -- 2.8 Dynamic models -- 2.9 Model adequacy -- 2.10 Model comparison -- 2.10.1 Bayesian model comparison -- 2.10.2 Model comparison in predictive space -- 2.11 Summary -- 3: Time series methodology -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Time series processes -- 3.3 Stationary processes -- 3.3.1 Filtering preserves stationarity -- 3.3.2 Classes of stationary processes -- 3.3.2.1 IID noise and white noise -- 3.3.2.2 Linear processes -- 3.3.2.3 Autoregressive moving average processes -- 3.4 Statistical inference for stationary series -- 3.4.1 Estimating the process mean -- 3.4.2 Estimating the ACVF and ACF -- 3.4.3 Prediction and forecasting -- 3.4.4 Using measures of correlation for ARMA model identification -- 3.4.5 Parameter estimation -- 3.4.6 Model assessment and comparison -- 3.4.7 Statistical inference for the Canadian lynx series -- 3.5 Nonstationary time series -- 3.5.1 A classical decomposition for nonstationary processes -- 3.5.2 Stochastic representations of nonstationarity -- 3.6 Long memory processes -- 3.7 Changepoint methods -- 3.8 Discussion and conclusions -- 4: Dynamic models -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Univariate Normal Dynamic Linear Models (NDLM) -- 4.2.1 Forward learning: the Kalman filter -- 4.2.2 Backward learning: the Kalman smoother -- 4.2.3 Integrated likelihood. , 4.2.4 Some properties of NDLMs -- 4.2.5 Dynamic generalized linear models (DGLM) -- 4.3 Multivariate Dynamic Linear Models -- 4.3.1 Multivariate NDLMs -- 4.3.2 Multivariate common-component NDLMs -- 4.3.3 Matrix-variate NDLMs -- 4.3.4 Hierarchical dynamic linear models (HDLM) -- 4.3.5 Spatio-temporal models -- 4.4 Further aspects of spatio-temporal modeling -- 4.4.1 Process convolution based approaches -- 4.4.2 Models based on stochastic partial differential equations -- 4.4.3 Models based on integro-difference equations -- 5: Geostatistical Modeling for Environmental Processes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Elements of point-referenced modeling -- 5.2.1 Spatial processes, covariance functions, stationarity and isotropy -- 5.2.2 Anisotropy and nonstationarity -- 5.2.3 Variograms -- 5.3 Spatial interpolation and kriging -- 5.4 Summary -- 6: Spatial and spatio-temporal point processes in ecological applications -- 6.1 Introduction - relevance of spatial point processes to ecology -- 6.2 Point processes as mathematical objects -- 6.3 Basic definitions -- 6.4 Exploratory analysis - summary characteristics -- 6.4.1 The Poisson process-a null model -- 6.4.2 Descriptive methods -- 6.4.3 Usage in ecology -- 6.5 Point process models -- 6.5.1 Modelling environmental heterogeneity - inhomogeneous Poisson processes and Cox processes -- 6.5.2 Modelling clustering - Neyman Scott processes -- 6.5.3 Modelling inter-individual interaction - Gibbs processes -- 6.5.4 Model fitting - approaches and software -- 6.5.4.1 Approaches -- 6.5.4.2 Relevant software packages -- 6.6 Point processes in ecological applications -- 6.7 Marked point processes - complex data structures -- 6.7.1 Different roles of marks in point patterns -- 6.7.2 Complex models - dependence between marks and patterns -- 6.7.3 Marked point pattern models reflecting the sampling process. , 6.8 Modelling partially observed point patterns -- 6.8.1 Point patterns observed in small subareas -- 6.8.2 Distance sampling -- 6.9 Discussion -- 6.9.1 Spatial point processes and geo-referenced data -- 6.9.2 Spatial point process modeling and statistical ecology -- 6.9.3 Other data structures -- 6.9.3.1 Telemetry data -- 6.9.3.2 Spatio-temporal patterns -- 6.9.4 Conclusion -- 6.10 Acknowledgments -- 7: Data assimilation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Algorithms for data assimilation -- 7.2.1 Optimal interpolation -- 7.2.2 Variational approaches -- 7.2.3 Sequential approaches: the Kalman filter -- 7.3 Statistical approaches to data assimilation -- 7.3.1 Joint modeling approaches -- 7.3.2 Regression-based approaches -- 8: Univariate and Multivariate Extremes for the Environmental Sciences -- 8.1 Extremes and Environmental Studies -- 8.2 Univariate Extremes -- 8.2.1 Theoretical underpinnings -- 8.2.2 Modeling Block Maxima -- 8.2.3 Threshold exceedances -- 8.2.4 Regression models for extremes -- 8.2.5 Application: Fitting a time-varying GEV model to climate model output -- 8.2.5.1 Analysis of individual ensembles and all data -- 8.2.5.2 Borrowing strength across locations -- 8.3 Multivariate Extremes -- 8.3.1 Multivariate EVDs and componentwise block maxima -- 8.3.2 Multivariate threshold exceedances -- 8.3.3 Application: Santa Ana winds and dryness -- 8.3.3.1 Assessing tail dependence -- 8.3.3.2 Risk region occurrence probability estimation -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 9: Environmental Sampling Design -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sampling Design for Environmental Monitoring -- 9.2.1 Design framework -- 9.2.2 Model-based design -- 9.2.2.1 Covariance estimation-based criteria -- 9.2.2.2 Prediction-based criteria -- 9.2.2.3 Mean estimation-based criteria -- 9.2.2.4 Multi-objective and entropy-based criteria -- 9.2.3 Probability-based spatial design. , 9.2.3.1 Simple random sampling -- 9.2.3.2 Systematic random sampling -- 9.2.3.3 Stratified random sampling -- 9.2.3.4 Variable probability sampling -- 9.2.4 Space-filling designs -- 9.2.5 Design for multivariate data and stream networks -- 9.2.6 Space-time designs -- 9.2.7 Discussion -- 9.3 Sampling for Estimation of Abundance -- 9.3.1 Distance sampling -- 9.3.1.1 Standard probability-based designs -- 9.3.1.2 Adaptive distance sampling designs -- 9.3.1.3 Designed distance sampling experiments -- 9.3.2 Capture-recapture -- 9.3.2.1 Standard capture-recapture -- 9.3.2.2 Spatial capture-recapture -- 9.3.3 Discussion -- 10: Accommodating so many zeros: univariate and multivariate data -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Basic univariate modeling ideas -- 10.2.1 Zeros and ones -- 10.2.2 Zero-inflated count data -- 10.2.2.1 The k-ZIG -- 10.2.2.2 Properties of the k-ZIG model -- 10.2.2.3 Incorporating the covariates -- 10.2.2.4 Model fitting and inference -- 10.2.2.5 Hurdle models -- 10.2.3 Zeros with continuous density G(y) -- 10.3 Multinomial trials -- 10.3.1 Ordinal categorical data -- 10.3.2 Nominal categorical data -- 10.4 Spatial and spatio-temporal versions -- 10.5 Multivariate models with zeros -- 10.5.1 Multivariate Gaussian models -- 10.5.2 Joint species distribution models -- 10.5.3 A general framework for zero-dominated multivariate data -- 10.5.3.1 Model elements -- 10.5.3.2 Specific data types -- 10.6 Joint Attribute Modeling Application -- 10.6.1 Host state and its microbiome composition -- 10.6.2 Forest traits -- 10.7 Summary and Challenges -- 11: Gradient Analysis of Ecological Communities (Ordination) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 History of ordination methods -- 11.3 Theory and background -- 11.3.1 Properties of community data -- 11.3.2 Coenospace -- 11.3.3 Alpha, beta, gamma diversity -- 11.3.4 Ecological similarity and distance. , 11.4 Why ordination? -- 11.5 Exploratory analysis and hypothesis testing -- 11.6 Ordination vs. Factor Analysis -- 11.7 A classification of ordination -- 11.8 Informal techniques -- 11.9 Distance-based techniques -- 11.9.1 Polar ordination -- 11.9.1.1 Interpretation of ordination scatter plots -- 11.9.2 Principal coordinates analysis -- 11.9.3 Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling -- 11.10 Eigenanalysis-based indirect gradient analysis -- 11.10.1 Principal Components Analysis -- 11.10.2 Correspondence Analysis -- 11.10.3 Detrended Correspondence Analysis -- 11.10.4 Contrast between DCA and NMDS -- 11.11 Direct gradient analysis -- 11.11.1 Canonical Correspondence Analysis -- 11.11.2 Environmental variables in CCA -- 11.11.3 Hypothesis testing -- 11.11.4 Redundancy Analysis -- 11.12 Extensions of direct ordination -- 11.13 Conclusions -- II: Topics in Ecological Processes -- 12: Species distribution models -- 12.1 Aims of species distribution modelling -- 12.2 Example data used in this chapter -- 12.3 Single species distribution models -- 12.4 Joint species distribution models -- 12.4.1 Shared responses to environmental covariates -- 12.4.2 Statistical co-occurrence -- 12.5 Prior distributions -- 12.6 Acknowledgments -- 13: Capture-Recapture and distance sampling to estimate population sizes -- 13.1 Basic ideas -- 13.2 Inference for closed populations -- 13.2.1 Censuses and finite population sampling -- 13.2.2 The problem of imperfect detection -- 13.2.3 Capture-recapture on closed populations -- 13.2.4 Distance sampling methods on closed populations -- 13.2.5 N-mixture models for closed populations -- 13.2.6 Count regression -- 13.3 Inference for open populations -- 13.3.1 Crosbie-Manly-Schwarz-Arnason model -- 13.3.2 Cormack-Jolly-Seber model and tag-recovery models -- 13.3.3 Pollock's robust design. , 13.3.4 Capture recapture models for population growth rate.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Editors' Biography -- Part I: Lignin and Its Production -- Chapter 1: Properties, Chemical Characteristics and Application of Lignin and Its Derivatives -- 1.1 Occurrence of Lignin in Biomass -- 1.1.1 Source, Monolignol Constituents and Sub-unit Structures -- 1.1.2 Distribution, Content and Chemical Structures of Lignin Sub-units -- 1.1.3 Biological Functions -- 1.1.4 Sources of Technical Lignin and Their Promise in Bio-­refining Process -- 1.2 Techniques for Determining Structural and Chemical Features of Lignin -- 1.2.1 Importance of Lignin Chemistry -- 1.2.2 Lignin Content -- 1.2.2.1 Wet Chemistry Methods -- 1.2.2.2 Spectroscopic Methods -- 1.2.3 Distribution of Lignin -- 1.2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy Methods -- 1.2.3.2 Spectroscopy and Other Microscopy Methods -- 1.2.4 Molecular Weight and Polydispersity -- 1.2.5 Functional Side-Chain Groups -- 1.2.5.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods -- 1.2.5.2 UV and GC-FID Methods -- 1.2.6 Content of Phenolic Units of Lignin -- 1.2.7 Content of Inter-molecular Linkages -- 1.2.7.1 13C- and 31P NMR Methods -- 1.2.7.2 FT-IR Spectroscopy Method -- 1.2.8 Lignin-Lignin Linkages and Macromolecular Assembly -- 1.2.8.1 Chemical Oxidation and GC-MS/FID Method -- 1.2.8.2 Pyrolysis Degradation and GC-MS/FID Method -- 1.2.8.3 Chemo-Thermo Degradation Method -- 1.2.8.4 Enzymatic Oxidization and Resonance Raman Spectroscopy Method -- 1.3 Derivatization and End-Use of Lignin and Lignin Derivatives -- 1.3.1 Sources of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Technical Lignin Derivatives -- 1.3.2 Application of Lignin and Lignin Derivatives -- 1.3.2.1 Energy -- 1.3.2.2 Renewable Chemicals -- 1.3.2.3 Materials and Additives -- 1.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References. , Chapter 2: Extraction of Technical Lignins from Pulping Spent Liquors, Challenges and Opportunities -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Kraft Pulping Process -- 2.2.1 Properties of Black Liquor -- 2.2.2 Acidification -- 2.2.3 Membrane -- 2.2.4 Electrolysis -- 2.2.5 Solvent -- 2.3 Prehydrolysis Based Kraft Process -- 2.3.1 Properties of PHL -- 2.3.2 Acidification of PHL -- 2.3.3 Adsorption -- 2.3.4 Flocculation -- 2.3.5 In Situ Adsorption/Flocculation System -- 2.4 Spent Liquor of Sulfite Process -- 2.4.1 Properties of Spent Liquor -- 2.4.2 Membrane -- 2.4.3 Amine Extraction -- 2.4.4 Electrolysis -- 2.4.5 Ion Exchange Resin -- 2.5 Isolation of Lignosulfonate from Spent Liquor of NSSC Process -- 2.5.1 Properties of Spent Liquor in NSSC Process -- 2.5.2 Adsorption/Flocculation/Coagulation -- 2.5.3 Solvent Extraction -- 2.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 3: Recovery of Low-Ash and Ultrapure Lignins from Alkaline Liquor By-Product Streams -- 3.1 Introduction and Background -- 3.1.1 Low-Ash Lignins from Alkaline Liquors -- 3.1.2 From Low-Ash to Ultrapure Lignins -- 3.2 Low-Ash Lignins via the SLRP Process -- 3.2.1 Procedure -- 3.2.1.1 Carbonation -- 3.2.1.2 Acidification -- 3.2.1.3 Filtration -- 3.2.1.4 Vent-Gas Capture -- 3.2.2 Properties of Liquid-Lignin Phase -- 3.2.3 Fractionating the Liquid-Lignin Phase via SLRP for Control of the Bulk and Molecular Properties of Lignin -- 3.3 Ultrapure Lignins via the ALPHA Process -- 3.3.1 Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Phase Behavior for the Acetic Acid-Water-Lignin System -- 3.3.2 ALPHA as a Single-Stage, Batch Process -- 3.3.3 Two-Stage Batch ALPHA for Generating Ultrapure Lignins -- 3.3.4 ALPHA as a Continuous Process: Minimizing Residence Times and Maximizing Throughputs for Ultrapure Lignins -- 3.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Part II: Biological Conversion. , Chapter 4: Lignin Degrading Fungal Enzymes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Carbohydrate Active Enzyme Database (CAZy) -- 4.3 Fungal Oxidative Lignin Enzymes (FOLy) -- 4.4 Lignin Oxidizing Enzymes (LO) -- 4.4.1 Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2, Benzenediol: Oxygen Oxidoreductase) -- 4.4.2 Peroxidases (EC:1.11.1.x) -- 4.4.3 Lignin Peroxidases (E.C. 1.11.1.14) -- 4.4.4 Manganese Peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.13) -- 4.4.5 Versatile Peroxidases -- 4.5 Cellobiose Dehydrogenase -- 4.6 Lignin Degrading Auxiliary Enzymes (LDA) -- 4.6.1 Aryl Alcohol Oxidase -- 4.6.2 Vanillyl Alcohol Oxidase -- 4.6.3 Glyoxal Oxidase -- 4.6.4 Pyranose Oxidase -- 4.6.5 Galactose Oxidase -- 4.6.6 Glucose Oxidase -- 4.6.7 Benzoquinone Reductase -- 4.7 A Short Note on Genome Sequencing Studies of Lignin Degrading Fungi -- 4.8 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5: Bacterial Enzymes for Lignin Oxidation and Conversion to Renewable Chemicals -- 5.1 Discovery of Lignin-Metabolising Bacteria -- 5.2 Bacterial Enzymes for Lignin Biotransformation -- 5.2.1 Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidases -- 5.2.2 Bacterial Laccases -- 5.2.3 Glutathione-Dependent β-Etherase Enzymes -- 5.2.4 Other Lignin-Metabolising Enzymes -- 5.3 Metabolic Pathways for Lignin Metabolism in Bacteria -- 5.4 Use of Metabolic Engineering for Generation of Renewable Chemicals from Lignin -- 5.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 6: Lignin Biodegradation with Fungi, Bacteria and Enzymes for Producing Chemicals and Increasing Process Efficiency -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Fungal Degradation -- 6.2.1 Delignification -- 6.2.2 Waste Treatment -- 6.2.3 Chemical Production -- 6.2.4 Perspectives -- 6.3 Bacterial Degradation -- 6.3.1 Delignification -- 6.3.2 Chemical Production -- 6.3.3 Perspectives -- 6.4 Enzymatic Degradation -- 6.4.1 Laccases -- 6.4.2 Peroxidases -- 6.4.3 Cocktails. , 6.4.4 Bioinspired Enzyme-Like Synthetic Compounds -- 6.4.5 Perspectives -- 6.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- Part III: Chemical Conversion -- Chapter 7: Chemical Modification of Lignin for Renewable Polymers or Chemicals -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Lignin: An Important Renewable Resource -- 7.1.2 Possible Uses of Lignin -- 7.1.3 The Types of Chemical Modifications Carried Out on Lignin -- 7.1.3.1 Alkylation and Oxidation -- 7.1.3.2 Alkylation and Thioacidolysis -- 7.1.3.3 Halogenation -- 7.1.3.4 Nitration -- 7.1.3.5 Amination -- 7.1.3.6 Phosphitylation -- 7.1.3.7 Other Chemical Modifications of Lignin -- 7.2 Depolymerization of Modified Lignin -- 7.2.1 Sequential Lignin Modification Applied to Lignin Structural Analysis -- 7.2.2 Benzylic Oxidations Followed by Cleavage as a Route to Chemicals -- 7.3 Lignin Modification Leading to Novel Polymeric Materials -- 7.3.1 Overview -- 7.3.2 Reaction with Mono-functional Monomers -- 7.3.2.1 'Grafting Onto' Approach -- 7.3.2.2 'Grafting From' Approach -- 7.3.3 Reaction with Multi-functional Monomers -- 7.3.3.1 Phenol Formaldehyde Thermoset Materials -- 7.3.3.2 Polyurethanes -- 7.3.4 Polymer Blending -- 7.3.5 Smart Lignin Materials -- 7.4 Concluding Remarks & -- Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 8: Carbon Materials from Lignin and Their Applications -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Activated Carbons from Lignin -- 8.2.1 Physical Activation -- 8.2.2 Chemical Activation -- 8.2.3 Applications of Lignin-Derived Activated Carbons -- 8.2.3.1 Applications in Adsorption -- 8.2.3.2 Applications in Catalysis -- 8.3 Lignin-Based Carbon Fibers -- 8.3.1 Lignin-Based CFs by Melt-Spinning Methods -- 8.3.2 Electrospinning -- 8.3.3 Oxidative Thermostabilization of Lignin Fibers -- 8.3.4 Potential Applications of Lignin-Based Carbon Fibers -- 8.3.4.1 CFs for Structural Applications. , 8.3.4.2 CFs for Functional Applications -- 8.4 Templated Carbons from Lignin -- 8.5 Lignin Graphitization -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9: Biofuels and Chemicals from Lignin Based on Pyrolysis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Fundamentals of Lignin Pyrolysis -- 9.2.1 Lignin Structures Related to Complexity of Pyrolysis -- 9.2.2 Pyrolysis Kinetics of Lignin -- 9.2.3 Py-GC/MS of Lignin -- 9.2.4 Factors Affecting Lignin Pyrolysis -- 9.3 Pyrolysis of Technical Lignin -- 9.3.1 Pyrolysis of Lignin in Lab-Scale Reactors -- 9.3.2 Properties of Lignin Pyrolysis Oil -- 9.4 Catalytic Upgrading of Lignin -- 9.4.1 Catalytic Upgrading of Pyrolysis Vapor of Lignin -- 9.4.2 Catalytic Upgrading of Phenolic Oil -- 9.5 Application of Lignin Pyrolysis Products -- 9.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 10: Lignin Depolymerization (LDP) with Solvolysis for Selective Production of Renewable Aromatic Chemicals -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Lignin in Conventional Heating -- 10.2.1 Hydrogenolysis -- 10.2.2 Hydrogen-Donor Solvent System -- 10.2.3 Hydrogen-Involved System -- 10.2.4 Oxidativelysis -- 10.2.5 Organometallic Catalysts -- 10.2.6 Metal-Free-Organic Catalysts -- 10.2.7 Acid/Base Catalysts -- 10.2.8 Metal Salt Catalysts -- 10.2.9 Two-Step LDP -- 10.3 LDP Assisted by microwave Heating -- 10.3.1 Hydrogenolysis -- 10.3.2 Oxidativelysis -- 10.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11: Molecular Mechanisms in the Thermochemical Conversion of Lignins into Bio-Oil/Chemicals and Biofuels -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Lignin Devolatilization Temperature -- 11.3 Pyrolysis Products and Effects of Temperature -- 11.4 Primary Pyrolysis Reactions -- 11.4.1 Model Compound Reactivity -- 11.4.2 Ether Cleavage Mechanisms -- 11.4.3 Radical Chain Reactions -- 11.4.4 Re-polymerization and Side Chain Conversion. , 11.4.5 Side-Chain Conversion Mechanism.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Part I: Production of Sugars -- Chapter 1: Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Sugars -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 1.1.1.1 Biomass Cell Wall Structure -- 1.1.1.2 Cellulose -- 1.1.1.3 Hemicellulose -- 1.1.1.4 Lignin -- 1.1.2 Conversion Pathways from Lignocellulose Biomass to Sugars -- 1.1.3 Biomass Recalcitrance -- 1.2 Pretreatment -- 1.2.1 Thermochemical Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.1 Dilute Acid (DA) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.2 Steam Explosion (SE) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.3 Liquid Hot Water (LHW) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.4 Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.5 Ethylenediamine (EDA) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.6 Aqueous Ammonia (AA) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.7 Lime Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.8 Ionic Liquid (IL) Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.9 Organosolv Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.10 COSLIF Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.11 Sulfite Pretreatment -- 1.2.1.12 Wet Oxidation Pretreatment -- 1.2.2 Biological Pretreatment -- 1.2.3 Biomass Harvest and Storage -- 1.2.4 Mechanical Comminution -- 1.2.5 Fractionation -- 1.3 Enzymes for Lignocellulose Hydrolysis -- 1.3.1 Classification of Enzymes -- 1.3.2 Enzyme-Cellulose Interaction -- 1.4 Factors Affecting Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulose -- 1.4.1 Inhibitors to Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 1.4.1.1 Lignin Non-productive Adsorption -- 1.4.1.2 Lignin Derived Phenolics -- 1.4.1.3 Oligo-saccharides -- 1.4.1.4 Products Inhibition -- 1.4.2 Additives to Improve Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 1.4.2.1 Non-hydrolytic Proteins -- 1.4.2.2 Surfactants -- 1.4.2.3 Metal Ions -- 1.4.3 Synergistic Effect -- 1.4.4 High Solids Loading -- 1.5 Hydrolysis Strategy -- 1.5.1 Enzyme Recycling -- 1.5.2 Pelletization -- 1.5.3 Application of Bioconversion from Lignocellulose to Sugars-SSF Process and Fed-Batch for Bioethanol Production. , 1.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Part II: Production of Aldehydes -- Chapter 2: Sustainable Catalytic Strategies for C5-Sugars and Biomass Hemicellulose Conversion Towards Furfural Production -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Mechanistic Considerations of Furfural Formation -- 2.1.2 Industrial Furfural Manufacturing and Their Recent Updates -- 2.2 Emerging Strategies of Furfural Production -- 2.2.1 Homogeneous Catalysis -- 2.2.1.1 Metal Halides -- Fundamentals and Mechanism -- Interaction of Metal Halides with Water -- Furfural from C5-Sugars and Lignocellulosic Feedstocks -- Monophasic Aqueous and Non-aqueous Systems -- Biphasic Systems -- 2.2.1.2 Supercritical Fluids -- Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- Furfural Formation from Pentoses and Biomass in Supercritical CO2 -- 2.2.1.3 Ionic Liquids -- Ionic Liquids Used as Acidic Catalysts -- Ionic Liquids Used as Both Solvents and Acidic Catalysts -- 2.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 2.2.2.1 Zeolites (Microporous Catalysts) -- 2.2.2.2 Mesoporous Acid-Catalysts -- 2.2.2.3 Metal Oxides -- 2.3 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 3: Catalytic Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Biomass and Biomass-Derived Sugars -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Platform Chemical 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural -- 3.3 Catalytic Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from Fructose -- 3.3.1 Mineral Acid and Organic Acid as Catalysts -- 3.3.2 Solid Acids as Catalysts -- 3.3.3 Metal-Containing Catalysts -- 3.3.4 Other Catalytic Systems -- 3.4 Catalytic Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from Glucose -- 3.4.1 Mineral Acids as Catalysts -- 3.4.2 Solid Acids as Catalysts -- 3.4.3 Metal-Containing Catalysts -- 3.4.4 Other Catalytic Systems -- 3.5 Catalytic Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from Polysaccharides. , 3.6 Catalytic Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from Biomass Feedstocks -- 3.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4: 5-(Halomethyl)furfurals from Biomass and Biomass-Derived Sugars -- 4.1 Perspective on the 5-(Halomethyl)furfurals -- 4.2 Historical Reports of 5-(Halomethyl)furfural Preparation -- 4.3 Modern Approaches to 5-(Halomethyl)furfural Preparation -- 4.4 Halomethylfurfural Derivative Chemistry - Furanic Manifold -- 4.5 Halomethylfurfural Derivative Chemistry - Levulinic Manifold -- 4.6 Halomethylfurfural Derivative Chemistry - Advanced Targets -- 4.6.1 Medicinal Chemistry -- 4.6.2 Macrocyclic and Polymer Chemistry -- 4.6.3 Biofuels -- 4.6.4 Miscellaneous Value-Added Products -- 4.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Part III: Production of Acids -- Chapter 5: Levulinic Acid from Biomass: Synthesis and Applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Chemistry and Catalysis Towards the Formation of LA -- 5.2.1 Reaction Mechanism of LA Formation from Sugars -- 5.2.2 Synthesis of LA -- 5.2.2.1 Homogeneous Catalysts -- 5.2.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 5.2.2.3 Biphasic Systems -- 5.3 Process Technology -- 5.3.1 Kinetic Studies on LA Synthesis -- 5.3.2 Product Separation and Isolation -- 5.3.3 Commercial Status of LA Production -- 5.4 Potential Applications of LA and Its Derivatives -- 5.4.1 Diphenolic Acid -- 5.4.2 Pyrrolidones -- 5.4.3 Levulinic Ketals -- 5.4.4 δ-Aminolevulinic Acid -- 5.4.5 Succinic Acid -- 5.4.6 γ-Valerolactone -- 5.4.7 Levulinate Esters -- 5.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 6: Catalytic Aerobic Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid and Its Derivatives -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 FDCA Production Using Different Methods in the Past -- 6.3 Current Methods for the Oxidation of HMF into FDCA. , 6.3.1 Electrocatalytic Synthesis of FDCA from HMF -- 6.3.2 Biocatalyst Method for the Synthesis of FDCA from HMF -- 6.3.3 Chemical Synthesis of FDCA from HMF by Homogeneous Catalyst -- 6.4 Catalytic Synthesis of FDCA from HMF by Supported Noble Metal Catalysts -- 6.4.1 Synthesis of FDCA from HMF Over Supported Pt Catalysts -- 6.4.2 Synthesis of FDCA from HMF Over Supported Pd Catalysts -- 6.4.3 Synthesis of FDCA from HMF Over Supported Au Catalysts -- 6.4.4 Synthesis of FDCA from HMF Over Supported Ru Catalysts -- 6.4.5 Mechanism of the Oxidation of HMF into FDCA Over Supported Metal Catalysts -- 6.4.6 Catalytic Synthesis of FDCA Over Non-Noble Metal Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 6.5 Catalytic Synthesis of FDCA from Carbohydrates -- 6.6 Catalytic Synthesis of FDCA Derivatives -- 6.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- 6.7.1 Conclusions -- 6.7.2 Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Production of Glucaric/Gluconic Acid from Biomass by Chemical Processes Using Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 7.1 Production of Gluconic Acid from Glucose Over Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 7.1.1 Pd and Pt Monometallic Catalysts -- 7.1.2 Pd-M and Pt-M Bimetallic Catalysts -- 7.1.3 Supported Au Catalysts -- 7.2 Production of Glucaric Acid Over Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 7.2.1 Productions of Glucaric Acid Using Solid Catalysts -- 7.2.2 Oxidation of Uronic Acid Using Solid Catalysts -- 7.3 Bifunctional Catalysts for Direct Production of Gluconic Acid -- 7.3.1 Bifunctional Sulfonated Activated-Carbon Supported Platinum Catalyst -- 7.3.2 Conversion of Starch -- 7.3.3 Conversion of Various Polysaccharides -- 7.3.4 Comparison of Pt/AC-SO3H Catalyst to Mixed Catalyst of AC-SO3H with Pt/AC -- 7.3.5 Cellobiose Conversion into Gluconic Acid Over Various Gold Catalysts -- 7.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References. , Chapter 8: Production of 1,4-Diacids (Succinic, Fumaric, and Malic) from Biomass -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Platform Chemical Production Using a Biorefinery Concept -- 8.1.2 Current State and Perspectives of C4 Dicarboxylic Acids-Succinic, Malic, and Fumaric Acids -- 8.2 Upstream Processing -- 8.2.1 Microbial Producers -- 8.2.2 Metabolic Engineering Toward Higher Yield -- 8.2.3 Cofactor Engineering of Strains -- 8.3 Fermentation Process Engineering -- 8.3.1 Production of Succinic, Fumaric and Malic Acids Acid from Sugar -- 8.3.2 Alternative Substrates from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 8.3.3 Cultivation Strategies with High Production Levels -- 8.4 Downstream Processing -- 8.4.1 Main Separation Unit Operations -- 8.4.2 Separation and Purification from the Crude Broth -- 8.4.3 In Situ Product Recovery (ISPR) -- 8.5 Final Remarks -- 8.5.1 Techno-Economics Challenges -- 8.5.2 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Part IV: Production of Alcohols -- Chapter 9: Production of Sorbitol from Biomass -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sorbitol Industrial Importance -- 9.2.1 Sorbitol Market -- 9.2.2 Sorbitol as a Platform Chemical -- 9.3 Sorbitol Production from Biomass -- 9.3.1 Chemical Production of Sorbitol -- 9.3.2 Electrochemical Production of Sorbitol -- 9.3.3 Biotechnological Production of Sorbitol -- 9.3.4 Recovery and Purification of Sorbitol -- 9.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 10: Biotechnological Production of Xylitol from Biomass -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Xylitol-Producing Microorganisms and Metabolism -- 10.2.1 Metabolism of Xylitol Production -- 10.2.1.1 Bacteria -- 10.2.1.2 Filamentous Fungi -- 10.2.1.3 Yeasts -- 10.2.1.4 Strategies Relative to Microorganisms and Their Metabolism to Increase the Production of Xylitol -- 10.3 Use of Different Biomass for Xylitol Biotechnological Production. , 10.3.1 Pre-treatment of Biomass and Detoxification of Hemicellulosic Hydrolysates to Produce Xylitol.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Part I: Bioconversion -- Chapter 1: Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Fundamentals of Dark Hydrogen Fermentations -- 1.3 Advantages of Dark Hydrogen Fermentations -- 1.4 Effect of Process Parameters on Dark Hydrogen Fermentation -- 1.5 Lignocellulosic Biomass Sources -- 1.6 Methods of Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment for Dark Hydrogen Fermentations -- 1.7 Hydrogen Yields and Productivities from Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates -- 1.8 Coproduct Valorization -- 1.9 Challenges -- 1.10 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 2: Biohydrogen Production via Lignocellulose and Organic Waste Fermentation -- 2.1 Introduction to Feedstocks -- 2.1.1 Organic Wastes -- 2.1.2 Lignocelluloses -- 2.2 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Feedstock -- 2.2.1 Physical -- 2.2.2 Chemical -- 2.2.3 Physicochemical -- 2.2.4 Biological -- 2.2.5 Organosolv Pretreatment -- 2.3 Fermentative Hydrogen Production -- 2.3.1 Microorganisms -- 2.3.2 Fermenter Types -- 2.3.2.1 CSTR -- 2.3.2.2 UASB -- 2.3.2.3 Anaerobic Biofilm and Granule Reactor -- 2.3.2.4 Membrane Bioreactor -- 2.3.3 Environmental Operational Conditions -- 2.3.3.1 Substrate Concentration -- 2.3.3.2 Nutrients and Metals -- 2.3.3.3 pH -- 2.3.3.4 Temperature -- 2.3.3.5 HRT -- 2.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 3: High-Yield Production of Biohydrogen from Carbohydrates and Water Based on In Vitro Synthetic (Enzymatic) Pathways -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Hydrogen -- 3.1.2 Hydrogen Production Approaches -- 3.1.3 In Vitro (Cell-Free) Enzymatic Pathways for Water Splitting -- 3.2 Design of In Vitro Synthetic Enzymatic Pathways -- 3.3 Examples of Hydrogen Production from Carbohydrates -- 3.3.1 Hydrogen Production from Starch and Cellodextrins. , 3.3.2 Hydrogen Production from Xylose -- 3.3.3 Hydrogen Production from Sucrose -- 3.3.4 Hydrogen Production from Biomass Sugars -- 3.3.5 High-Rate Hydrogen Production from Glucose 6-Phosphate -- 3.4 Technical Obstacles to Low-Cost H2 Production -- 3.4.1 Enzyme Cost and Stability -- 3.4.2 Enzymatic Reaction Rates -- 3.4.3 Cofactor Cost and Stability -- 3.5 Conceptual Obstacles to Enzymatic H2 Production -- 3.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Part II: Thermoconversion -- Chapter 4: Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Biomass Gasification Technologies -- 4.3 Autothermal and Allothermal Gasification -- 4.4 Product Gas Quality -- 4.5 Supercritical Water Gasification Technology -- 4.6 Hydrogen Separation from Biomass Gasification -- 4.6.1 Membrane Separation -- 4.6.2 Membrane Integrated in the Gasification Reactor (Reformer) -- 4.6.3 Reformer and Membrane Modules -- 4.6.4 Water-Gas Shift Reaction -- 4.6.5 Water-Gas Shift with Pressure Swing Adsorption -- 4.6.6 Adsorption Enhanced Reforming -- 4.6.7 Typical Hydrogen Production Process Integrated in Biomass Gasification Systems -- 4.7 Hydrogen Production by Reaction Integrated Novel Gasification -- 4.8 Economics of Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification -- 4.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 5: Hydrogen Production from Catalytic Biomass Pyrolysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fundamentals of Biomass Pyrolysis -- 5.2.1 Composition and Characteristics of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 5.2.2 Reaction Pathways and Types of Pyrolysis -- 5.2.3 Product Distribution and Characteristics -- 5.2.4 Pyrolysis Reactors -- 5.3 Catalysts -- 5.4 One-Step Processes -- 5.5 Multi-step Processes -- 5.5.1 Catalytic Steam Reforming of Bio-Oil -- 5.5.2 Catalytic Cracking of Bio-Oil -- 5.5.3 Other Approaches -- 5.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook. , References -- Chapter 6: Low Carbon Production of Hydrogen by Methane Decarbonization -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Socioeconomic Benefits of Methane Decarbonization -- 6.3 Methane Pyrolysis Reaction -- 6.4 Technical Options for Methane Decarbonization -- 6.5 Concept Proposals -- 6.6 Economic Analysis -- 6.7 Application to Industrial Processes -- 6.7.1 Ammonia Production -- 6.7.2 Biofuel Production -- 6.8 Main Technological Problems -- 6.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Hydrogen Production by Supercritical Water Gasification of Biomass -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Supercritical Fluids and Supercritical Water -- 7.2.1 The Physical Properties of Supercritical Water -- 7.2.2 The Role of Supercritical Water in Chemical Reactions -- 7.2.3 Gasification Reactions in Supercritical Water Media -- 7.3 Hydrogen Production by Supercritical Water Gasification -- 7.3.1 Influence of Process Parameters on Hydrogen Production -- 7.3.1.1 Temperature -- 7.3.1.2 Pressure -- 7.3.1.3 Residence Time -- 7.3.1.4 Feedstock Concentration -- 7.3.1.5 Oxidant Concentration -- 7.3.1.6 Use of Catalyst -- Alkali Catalysts -- NaOH -- KOH -- Na2CO3 -- K2CO3 -- Metal-Based Catalysts -- Nickel -- Ruthenium -- Other Metal Catalysts -- 7.3.2 Literature Studies -- 7.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Part III: Electrochemical and Solar Conversions -- Chapter 8: Hydrogen Production from Water and Air Through Solid Oxide Electrolysis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Water Electrolysis -- 8.2.1 Alkaline Electrolyzer -- 8.2.2 PEM Electrolyzer -- 8.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells -- 8.3 Assessment and Application Status -- 8.3.1 Technical Assessment -- 8.3.2 Economic Assessment -- 8.3.3 Co-electrolysis of Steam and CO2 -- 8.4 Key Materials for SOECs -- 8.4.1 Electrolyte -- 8.4.2 Oxygen Electrode -- 8.4.3 Hydrogen Electrode. , 8.5 Performance Degradation of SOEC Electrodes -- 8.5.1 Oxygen Electrodes -- 8.5.1.1 LSM -- 8.5.1.2 MIEC Oxygen Electrodes -- 8.5.1.3 Degradation by Contaminants -- 8.5.1.4 Improved Durability via Reversible Operations -- 8.5.1.5 Development of Robust Oxygen Electrodes -- 8.5.2 Ni Cermet Hydrogen Electrodes -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9: Bioelectrochemical Production of Hydrogen from Organic Waste -- 9.1 What Is Bioelectrochemical Production of Hydrogen? -- 9.2 MEC Principles and Advantages -- 9.3 MEC Architecture -- 9.4 Factors Affecting MEC Performance -- 9.4.1 Anode Electrode Materials and Anodic Biocatalysts -- 9.4.2 Cathode Electrode Materials and Cathodic Catalysts -- 9.4.3 Chamber Volume, Electrode Size, and Electrode Position -- 9.4.4 Separator -- 9.4.5 Power Supply -- 9.4.6 Substrates -- 9.4.7 Electrolyte -- 9.4.8 Other Operational Factors -- 9.5 Hydrogen Yield of Organic Waste-Fed and Scaled-Up MECs -- 9.5.1 Hydrogen Yield from Organic Waste in MECs -- 9.5.2 Hydrogen Yield in Scaled-Up MECs -- 9.6 Anodic Bacterial Community -- 9.7 Technological Challenges for Practical Implementation -- 9.7.1 Challenges Associated with the Anode and Electrolyte -- 9.7.1.1 Metabolic Diversity -- 9.7.1.2 Electron Losses by Methanogens -- 9.7.1.3 Electrode Resistance -- 9.7.1.4 Electrolyte Buffer Capacity and Conductivity -- 9.7.2 Challenges Associated with the Cathode -- 9.7.2.1 Expensive Catalysts and High Potential Losses -- 9.7.3 Challenges Associated with Cell Design and Separator -- 9.7.3.1 pH Imbalance Between Anode and Cathode Chambers -- 9.7.3.2 Biofouling on Surface of Membranes -- 9.7.3.3 Gas Crossover Through Membranes -- 9.7.3.4 Membraneless Single-Chambered Design -- 9.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 10: Solar Hydrogen Production -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.2 The Growing Energy Demand Challenge -- 10.3 Solar Technologies -- 10.4 Solar Hydrogen Production -- 10.5 Thermochemical Processes -- 10.6 Materials for Hydrogen Production -- 10.7 Solar Reactor Concepts -- 10.8 Solar Fuels -- 10.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Part IV: Separations and Applications with Fuel Cells -- Chapter 11: Separation and Purification of Hydrogen Using CO2-Selective Facilitated Transport Membranes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Membranes for H2 Purification -- 11.3 Polymeric Facilitated Transport Membranes for H2 Purification -- 11.4 Membranes for Low-Pressure H2 Purification -- 11.4.1 CO2 Transport Properties -- 11.4.2 H2S Transport Properties -- 11.4.3 Membrane Stability -- 11.4.4 Water-Gas-Shift (WGS) Membrane Reactor -- 11.4.5 Pilot-Scale Membrane Fabrication -- 11.5 Membranes for High-Pressure H2 Purification -- 11.5.1 Mixed Matrix Membranes -- 11.6 Potential Industrial Applications -- 11.6.1 Low-Pressure H2 Purification for Fuel Cells -- 11.6.2 High-Pressure H2 Purification -- 11.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- Nomenclature -- Greek Letter -- Subscripts -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 12: Hydrogen Production for PEM Fuel Cells -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Membrane Reactors -- 12.2.1 Membrane Categories -- 12.2.2 Palladium-Based Membranes -- 12.3 High-Grade Hydrogen Generation for Fuel Cells from Reforming of Renewables in MRs -- 12.3.1 Ethanol Steam Reforming in MRs -- 12.3.2 Methanol Steam Reforming in MRs -- 12.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Index.