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  • 2015-2019  (54)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham :Springer International Publishing AG,
    Keywords: Mathematics. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (369 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783319263427
    Series Statement: Trends in the History of Science Series
    DDC: 580.903
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I: Scientization and Knowledge About Nature -- The Art of Garden and Landscape Design and the Mathematical Sciences in the Early Modern Period -- The Mathematical Sciences in Early Modern Europe -- What Happens in a Garden? -- What Is a Gardener? -- Control of Nature and Belief in Progress -- The Mathematical Sciences and Garden Design -- Concluding Remarks -- Bibliography -- Sources -- Secondary Literature -- ``Without Design, or Fate, or Force´´: Why Couldn´t John Evelyn Complete the Elysium Britannicum? -- The Culture of Knowledge and Communication in Evelyn´s Lifetime -- Evelyn´s Subordinate Position in the Pantheon -- Evelyn and Religio-political Crisis -- Evelyn and Bacon -- Evelyn and Epicurus -- Bibliography -- Sources -- Secondary Literature -- The Power of the Sun-King at the Potager du Roi -- Natural Knowledge and State Power -- The Gardens of Versailles -- Horticulture and Collection -- Gardening by Force -- Exercising Stewardship -- The Effects of the Sun -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Sources -- Secondary Literature -- Part II: Mathematical Sciences and the Art of Gardening -- The Organ of the Villa d´Este in Tivoli and the Standards of Pneumatic Engineering in the Renaissance -- The Garden of Tivoli and Its Organ -- Oreste Vannocci Biringucci´s Text -- The Organ of the Garden of Pratolino -- The Technical Solution of the Choking Vessel -- The Control of Air Turbulences in the Organ of Tivoli -- Conclusion -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Bibliography -- Sources -- Secondary Literature -- Sundials on the Quirinal: Astronomy and the Early Modern Garden -- Astronomy and the Quirinal Gardens from Gregory XIII to Urban VIII -- Galileo in the Gardens of Baroque Rome -- The Sundials of the Jesuit Garden of Sant´Andrea del Quirinale -- Sundials and Astronomical Debates in Baroque Rome. , The Image of the Sundial as an Architectural Source? -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Sources -- Secondary Literature -- Jacques Lemercier´s Scenografia of Montjeu: Architectural Prints, Cartography, and Landscape in 1620 -- Introduction -- The Site -- The Design -- The Drawing -- Bibliography -- Sources -- Secondary Literature -- Utopia, Science and Garden Art in the Early Modern Era -- Urban Utopia and the Theory of Architecture -- Architecture as a Science: The Forms and Dimensions of the Gardens in Sforzinda -- Constructed Divertimenti -- In the Centre of the World: Hanging Gardens -- From Sforzinda to Christianopolis: The Increasing Trend Towards Science and Edification -- Nova Solyma or Putting Garden Art into Perspective -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Sources -- Secondary Literature -- Part III: Botany Between Art and Science -- Botanical Illustration and the Idea of the Garden in the Sixteenth Century Between Imitation and Imagination -- In Brunfels´ Garden -- The Botanical Garden -- Images of Gardens -- Bibliography -- Sources -- Secondary Literature -- Gardens on Canvas and Paper: Cataloguing Botanical Abundance in Late Medici Tuscany -- All Kinds of Fruit: Bimbi´s Paintings and Micheli´s Lists for Cosimo III -- The Glory of Hercules: Territorial and Intellectual Statements -- Variety and Wonder: Traditions of Collecting and Display -- Progress and Discoveries? The Range of Princely Patronage -- Bibliography -- Sources, Primary Literature -- Secondary Literature -- Reconstructing Order: The Spatial Arrangements of Plants in the Hortus Botanicus of Leiden University in Its First Years -- Introduction -- Index Stirpium (1594) -- The First Printed Catalogue -- The Arrangement of Plants -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Unpublished Sources -- Printed Sources -- Secondary Literature. , Garden Visits, Observations, Reading and Excerpts: Martin Fogel (1634-1675) and His Techniques of Acquiring Knowledge -- Introduction -- Fogel´s Biography -- The Book Collection -- The Collection of Slips of Paper -- The Travel Diary -- Bibliography -- Sources -- Secondary Literature -- Part IV: Botanical Knowledge and Horticulture -- Watering the Renaissance Garden: Horticultural Theory and Irrigation Practice in Sixteenth-Century Tuscany -- Introduction -- Creating a Water Supply -- The Uses of Watering -- Watering Rules and Techniques -- Utilizing Running Water -- Irrigation and Design -- Bibliography -- Manuscript Sources -- Printed Sources -- Secondary Literature -- Gardening Nature, Gardening Knowledge: The Parallel Activities of Stabilizing Knowledge and Gardens in the Early Modern Period -- Shipping Plants and Seeds -- Producing Botanical Books -- Renamed Plants and Replanted Nature -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Sources: Printed -- Manuscript -- Secondary Literature -- Gardening Knowledge Through the Circulation of Agricultural Treatises in Portugal From the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries -- Introduction -- State of the Art -- Methodology -- The Agricultural Treatises Circulating in Portugal from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries -- The Preponderance of Spanish Agricultural Treatises -- The Growth in Importance of the French Treatises Throughout This Period -- Comparing the Circulation of Agricultural Treatises in Portugal With That in Other Countries -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Commerce and Erudition: Civic Self-Representation Through Botany and Horticulture in Germany, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries -- Augsburg -- Breslau -- Frankfurt, Hamburg, Nuremberg -- Nuremberg: The Volkamer Family -- Bibliography -- Sources -- Secondary Literature -- Part V: Perspective. , Landscape Design and the Natural Sciences in Germany and the United States in the Early Twentieth Century: ``Reactionary Moder... -- The Ideology of the Naturgarten (Nature Garden) in Germany -- Garden Architect Willy Lange, the Naturgarten (Nature Garden) and the Natural Sciences -- Landscape Types and Natural Garden Design -- Austrian Examples for Lange´s Ideas About Natural Garden Design? -- The Naturgarten as an Expression of ``Reactionary Modernism´´? -- Tendencies of Natural Garden Design in the United States: The Example of Frank A. Waugh -- William Miller and Jens Jensen: Advocates of the Prairie Style of Landscape Gardening -- Bibliography -- Sources -- Secondary Literature -- Index.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Two interglacial epochs are included in the suite of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The experimental protocols for simulations of the mid-Holocene (midHolocene, 6000 years before present) and the Last Interglacial (lig127k, 127 000 years before present) are described here. These equilibrium simulations are designed to examine the impact of changes in orbital forcing at times when atmospheric greenhouse gas levels were similar to those of the preindustrial period and the continental configurations were almost identical to modern ones. These simulations test our understanding of the interplay between radiative forcing and atmospheric circulation, and the connections among large-scale and regional climate changes giving rise to phenomena such as land–sea contrast and high-latitude amplification in temperature changes, and responses of the monsoons, as compared to today. They also provide an opportunity, through carefully designed additional sensitivity experiments, to quantify the strength of atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and land-surface feedbacks. Sensitivity experiments are proposed to investigate the role of freshwater forcing in triggering abrupt climate changes within interglacial epochs. These feedback experiments naturally lead to a focus on climate evolution during interglacial periods, which will be examined through transient experiments. Analyses of the sensitivity simulations will also focus on interactions between extratropical and tropical circulation, and the relationship between changes in mean climate state and climate variability on annual to multi-decadal timescales. The comparative abundance of paleoenvironmental data and of quantitative climate reconstructions for the Holocene and Last Interglacial make these two epochs ideal candidates for systematic evaluation of model performance, and such comparisons will shed new light on the importance of external feedbacks (e.g., vegetation, dust) and the ability of state-of-the-art models to simulate climate changes realistically.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: archive
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Highlights: • We provide comprehensive discussion of carbon cycle forcings in interglacials. • We compare transient simulations of climate-carbon cycle models through Holocene and Eemian interglacials. • We synthesyze role of forcings in previous and current study in one summary figure. Abstract: Changes in temperature and carbon dioxide during glacial cycles recorded in Antarctic ice cores are tightly coupled. However, this relationship does not hold for interglacials. While climate cooled towards the end of both the last (Eemian) and present (Holocene) interglacials, CO2 remained stable during the Eemian while rising in the Holocene. We identify and review twelve biogeochemical mechanisms of terrestrial (vegetation dynamics and CO2 fertilization, land use, wildfire, accumulation of peat, changes in permafrost carbon, subaerial volcanic outgassing) and marine origin (changes in sea surface temperature, carbonate compensation to deglaciation and terrestrial biosphere regrowth, shallow-water carbonate sedimentation, changes in the soft tissue pump, and methane hydrates), which potentially may have contributed to the CO2 dynamics during interglacials but which remain not well quantified. We use three Earth System Models (ESMs) of intermediate complexity to compare effects of selected mechanisms on the interglacial CO2 and δ13CO2 changes, focusing on those with substantial potential impacts: namely carbonate sedimentation in shallow waters, peat growth, and (in the case of the Holocene) human land use. A set of specified carbon cycle forcings could qualitatively explain atmospheric CO2 dynamics from 8 ka BP to the pre-industrial. However, when applied to Eemian boundary conditions from 126 to 115 ka BP, the same set of forcings led to disagreement with the observed direction of CO2 changes after 122 ka BP. This failure to simulate late-Eemian CO2 dynamics could be a result of the imposed forcings such as prescribed CaCO3 accumulation and/or an incorrect response of simulated terrestrial carbon to the surface cooling at the end of the interglacial. These experiments also reveal that key natural processes of interglacial CO2 dynamics – shallow water CaCO3 accumulation, peat and permafrost carbon dynamics - are not well represented in the current ESMs. Global-scale modeling of these long-term carbon cycle components started only in the last decade, and uncertainty in parameterization of these mechanisms is a main limitation in the successful modeling of interglacial CO2 dynamics.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    Format: text
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Numerical models are important tools for understanding the processes and feedbacks in the Earth system, including those involving changes in atmospheric CO2 (CO2,atm) concentrations. Here, we compile 55 published model studies (consisting of 778 individual simulations) that assess the impact of six forcing mechanisms on millennial-scale CO2,atm variations: changes in freshwater supply to the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean, the strength and position of the southern-hemisphere westerlies, Antarctic sea ice extent, and aeolian dust fluxes. We generally find agreement on the direction of simulated CO2,atm change across simulations, but the amplitude of change is inconsistent, primarily due to the different complexities of the model representation of Earth system processes. When freshwater is added to the North Atlantic, a reduced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is generally accompanied by an increase in Southern Ocean- and Pacific overturning, reduced Antarctic sea ice extent, spatially varying export production, and changes in carbon storage in the Atlantic (rising), in other ocean basins (generally decreasing) and on land (more varied). Positive or negative CO2,atm changes are simulated during AMOC minima due to a spatially and temporally varying dominance of individual terrestrial and oceanic drivers (and compensating effects between them) across the different models. In contrast, AMOC recoveries are often accompanied by rising CO2,atm levels, which are mostly driven by ocean carbon release (albeit from different regions). The magnitude of simulated CO2,atm rise broadly scales with the duration of the AMOC perturbation (i.e., the stadial length). When freshwater is added to the Southern Ocean, reduced deep-ocean ventilation drives a CO2,atm drop via reduced carbon release from the Southern Ocean. Although the impacts of shifted southern-hemisphere westerlies are inconsistent across model simulations, their intensification raises CO2,atm via enhanced Southern Ocean Ekman pumping. Increased supply of aeolian dust to the ocean, and thus iron fertilisation of marine productivity, consistently lowers modelled CO2,atm concentrations via more efficient nutrient utilisation. The magnitude of CO2,atm change in response to dust flux variations, however, largely depends on the complexity of models' marine ecosystem and iron cycle. This especially applies to simulations forced by Antarctic sea ice changes, in which the direction of simulated CO2,atm change varies greatly across model hierarchies. Our compilation highlights that no single (forcing) mechanism can explain observed past millennial-scale CO2,atm variability, and identifies important future needs in coupled carbon cycle-climate modelling to better understand the mechanisms governing CO2,atm changes in the past.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Continuous records of the atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO2, CH4, and N2O are necessary input data for transient climate simulations, and their associated radiative forcing represents important components in analyses of climate sensitivity and feedbacks. Since the available data from ice cores are discontinuous and partly ambiguous, a well-documented decision process during data compilation followed by some interpolating post-processing is necessary to obtain those desired time series. Here, we document our best possible data compilation of published ice core records and recent measurements on firn air and atmospheric samples spanning the interval from the penultimate glacial maximum ( ∼  156 kyr BP) to the beginning of the year 2016 CE. We use the most recent age scales for the ice core data and apply a smoothing spline method to translate the discrete and irregularly spaced data points into continuous time series. These splines are then used to compute the radiative forcing for each GHG using well-established, simple formulations. We compile only a Southern Hemisphere record of CH4 and discuss how much larger a Northern Hemisphere or global CH4 record might have been due to its interpolar difference. The uncertainties of the individual data points are considered in the spline procedure. Based on the given data resolution, time-dependent cutoff periods of the spline, defining the degree of smoothing, are prescribed, ranging from 5000 years for the less resolved older parts of the records to 4 years for the densely sampled recent years. The computed splines seamlessly describe the GHG evolution on orbital and millennial timescales for glacial and glacial–interglacial variations and on centennial and decadal timescales for anthropogenic times. Data connected with this paper, including raw data and final splines, are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.871273.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-01-08
    Description: The international endeavour to retrieve a continuous ice core, which spans the middle Pleistocene climate transition ca. 1.2–0.9 Myr ago, encompasses a multitude of field and model-based pre-site surveys. We expand on the current efforts to locate a suitable drilling site for the oldest Antarctic ice core by means of 3-D continental ice-sheet modelling. To this end, we present an ensemble of ice-sheet simulations spanning the last 2 Myr, employing transient boundary conditions derived from climate modelling and climate proxy records. We discuss the imprint of changing climate conditions, sea level and geothermal heat flux on the ice thickness, and basal conditions around previously identified sites with continuous records of old ice. Our modelling results show a range of configurational ice-sheet changes across the middle Pleistocene transition, suggesting a potential shift of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to a marine-based configuration. Despite the middle Pleistocene climate reorganisation and associated ice-dynamic changes, we identify several regions conducive to conditions maintaining 1.5 Myr (million years) old ice, particularly around Dome Fuji, Dome C and Ridge B, which is in agreement with previous studies. This finding strengthens the notion that continuous records with such old ice do exist in previously identified regions, while we are also providing a dynamic continental ice-sheet context.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Parrenin, Frédéric; Cavitte, Marie G P; Blankenship, Donald D; Chappellaz, Jérôme A; Fischer, Hubertus; Gagliardini, Olivier; Masson-Delmotte, Valerie; Passalacqua, Olivier; Ritz, Catherine; Roberts, Jason L; Siegert, Martin J; Young, Duncan A (2017): Is there 1.5-million-year-old ice near Dome C, Antarctica? The Cryosphere, 11(6), 2427-2437, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2427-2017
    Publication Date: 2023-03-31
    Description: Ice sheets provide exceptional archives of past changes in polar climate, regional environment and global atmospheric composition. The oldest dated deep ice core drilled in Antarctica has been retrieved at EPICA Dome C (EDC), reaching ~800,000 years. Obtaining an older paleoclimatic record from Antarctica is one of the greatest challenges of the ice core community. Here, we use internal isochrones, identified from airborne radar coupled to ice-flow modelling to estimate the age of basal ice along transects in the Dome C area. Three glaciological properties are inverted from isochrones: surface accumulation rate; geothermal flux; and the exponent of the Lliboutry velocity profile. We find that old ice (〉1 Myr, 1 million years) likely exists in two regions: one ~40 km south-west of Dome C along the ice divide to Vostok, close to a secondary dome that we name "Little Dome C" (LDC); and a second region named "North Patch" (NP) located 10-30 km north-east of Dome C, in a region where the geothermal flux is apparently relatively low. Our work demonstrates the value of combining radar observations with ice flow modelling to accurately represent the true nature of ice flow, and the formation of ice-sheet architecture, in the centre of large ice sheets.
    Keywords: Accumulation rate, standard deviation; Accumulation rate in ice equivalent per year; AGE; Antarctica; Distance; DomeC_area; Factor; Ground heat, flux; Ground heat, flux, standard deviation; Height; Ice thickness; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Melt rate; Melt rate, standard deviation; MULT; Multiple investigations; Number of years; Standard deviation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 95189 data points
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-02-17
    Keywords: AGE; Carbon dioxide, dry-air mole fraction; Carbon dioxide, dry-air mole fraction, standard deviation; Radiative forcing of atmospheric carbon dioxide; Radiative forcing of atmospheric carbon dioxide, standard deviation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 625492 data points
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-02-17
    Keywords: AGE; Methane, dry-air mole fraction; Methane, dry-air mole fraction, standard deviation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 60350 data points
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2023-02-17
    Keywords: AGE; Nitrous oxide, dry-air mole fraction; Nitrous oxide, dry-air mole fraction, standard deviation; Radiative forcing of atmospheric nitrous oxide; Radiative forcing of atmospheric nitrous oxide, standard deviation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 538344 data points
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