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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford :Elsevier,
    Keywords: Chemistry. ; Imaging systems in chemistry. ; Science. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical Imaging Analysis covers the advancements made over the last 50 years in chemical imaging analysis, including different analytical techniques and the ways they were developed and refined to link the composition and structure of manmade and natural materials at the nano/micro scale to the functional behavior at the macroscopic scale. In a development process that started in the early 1960s, a variety of specialized analytical techniques was developed - or adapted from existing techniques - and these techniques have matured into versatile and powerful tools for visualizing structural and compositional heterogeneity. This text explores that journey, providing a general overview of imaging techniques in diverse fields, including mass spectrometry, optical spectrometry including X-rays, electron microscopy, and beam techniques. Provides comprehensive coverage of analytical techniques used in chemical imaging analysis Explores a variety of specialized techniques Provides a general overview of imaging techniques in diverse fields.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (493 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780444634504
    Series Statement: Issn Series ; v.Volume 69
    DDC: 543
    Language: English
    Note: Front Cover -- Advisory Board -- Chemical Imaging Analysis -- Copyright -- Contents -- Series Editor's Preface -- Preface -- Chapter 1 - Chemical Imaging Introduction -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 SEMICONDUCTORS - MICROELECTRONICS -- 1.3 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND NANOANALYSIS -- 1.4 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 - Spatially Confined Analysis -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 CHEMICAL IMAGING ANALYSIS -- 2.3 POINT ANALYSIS AND 2-D IMAGING ANALYSIS -- 2.4 SURFACE ANALYSIS, ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY FOR SURFACE ANALYSIS -- 2.5 DETECTION LIMITS, SENSITIVITY -- 2.6 TECHNIQUES BASED ON INNER-SHELL EXCITATION -- 2.7 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, ELECTRON AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION -- 2.8 METROLOGY AT THE NANOLEVEL -- 2.9 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 - History and Present Status of Micro- and Nano-Imaging Analysis -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 BEAM AND PROBE TECHNIQUES -- 3.3 MASS SPECTROMETRY -- 3.4 OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY -- 3.5 X-RAY MICROSCOPY -- 3.6 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY -- 3.7 SURFACE SENSITIVE ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY -- 3.8 TECHNIQUES BASED ON MEGAELECTRONVOLT PROTONS AND OTHER HEAVY IONS -- 3.9 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 - Nanotechnology and Analytical Chemistry -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 NANOSTRUCTURAL MATERIALS -- 4.3 DNA AND NANOTECHNOLOGY -- 4.4 SPECTROSCOPIC EFFECTS -- 4.5 DIMENSIONAL ASPECTS -- 4.6 MICRO- AND NANO-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS, NEMS) -- 4.7 MINIATURISATION IN ANALYSIS -- 4.8 BIOMIMETICS -- 4.9 NANOTOXICOLOGY, ECOTOXICOLOGY -- 4.10 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 - Mass Spectrometry and Chemical Imaging -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 LASER ABLATION INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY -- 5.3 SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY -- 5.4 FOURIER TRANSFORM LASER MICROPROBE MASS SPECTROMETRY -- 5.5 ATOM PROBE MICROSCOPY. THE 3-D ATOM PROBE -- 5.6 MOLECULAR IMAGING, MASS SPECTROMETRY IMAGING. , 5.7 ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY AND IMAGING ANALYSIS -- 5.8 PROSPECTS AND CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 - X-Ray Imaging -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 X-RAY FOCUSSING -- 6.3 SYNCHROTRON SOURCES -- 6.4 X-RAY ANALYSIS AND IMAGING -- 6.5 COHERENCE AND IMAGING -- 6.6 EXAMPLES OF MICRO-CHARACTERISATION IN SR FACILITIES IN EUROPE -- 6.7 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS AND IMAGING -- 6.8 LABORATORY X-RAY IMAGING SYSTEMS -- 6.9 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 - Electron-Based Imaging Techniques -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 ELECTRON INTERACTION WITH MATTER -- 7.3 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL -- 7.4 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS -- 7.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 - Particle-Based Imaging Techniques -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 PARTICLE-SOLID INTERACTION -- 8.3 ION BEAM ANALYSIS -- 8.4 INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS -- 8.5 HELIUM ION MICROSCOPY -- 8.6 FOCUSSED ION BEAM SYSTEMS -- 8.7 LARGE VOLUME COSMIC RAY TOMOGRAPHY -- 8.8 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 - Spectroscopic Imaging -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY -- 9.3 SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING TECHNIQUES -- 9.4 NONLINEAR OPTICAL MICROSCOPY -- 9.5 NANOPARTICLES -- 9.6 LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROMETRY -- 9.7 RAMAN IMAGING -- 9.8 COMBINATIONAL TOOLS FOR IMAGING -- 9.9 HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION IMAGING -- 9.10 DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 - Chemical Imaging as an Analytical Methodology -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 THE EVOLUTION OF IMAGING ANALYSIS -- 10.3 MICRO- AND NANOIMAGING ANALYSIS -- 10.4 IMAGING ANALYSIS: A COMPLEX DATA GATHERING TOOL -- 10.5 OUTLOOK -- 10.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Index -- Color Plates.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Antarctic Vostok ice core provided compelling evidence of the nature of climate, and of climate feedbacks, over the past 420,000 years. Marine records suggest that the amplitude of climate variability was smaller before that time, but such records are often poorly resolved. Moreover, it is not ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] An iridium anomaly at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary layer has been attributed to an extraterrestrial body that struck the Earth some 65 million years ago. It has been suggested that, during this event, the carrier of iridium was probably a micrometre-sized silicate-enclosed aggregate ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: seawater ; snow ; differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry ; sampling ; quality assurance ; cadmium ; lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of contamination during the collection of samples of environmental interest to detect trace metal is discussed. Attention is focused on the leaching of metals from sampling devices used to collect surface and deep seawater. A procedure to test metal release is applied to emphasize the importance of conditioning samplers before use. The procedure for checking the contamination extent and decontamination of firn and ice cores to detect ultratrace elements (particularly Cd and Pb) is presented and applied to some firn cores collected in Antarctica during the 1990–1991 Italian expedition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-11-20
    Description: The timing of initiation of human impacts on the global climate system is actively debated. Anthropogenic effects on the global climate system are evident since the Industrial Revolution, but humans may have altered biomass burning, and hence the climate system, for millennia. We use the specific biomarker levoglucosan to produce the first high-temporal resolution hemispheric reconstruction of Holocene fire emissions inferred from ice core analyses. Levoglucosan recorded in the Greenland North Greenland Eemian ice core significantly increases since the last glacial, resulting in a maximum around ~2.5 ka and then decreasing until the present. Here we demonstrate that global climate drivers fail to explain late Holocene biomass burning variations and that the levoglucosan maximum centered on ~2.5 ka may be due to anthropogenic land clearance.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Highlights: • We provide comprehensive discussion of carbon cycle forcings in interglacials. • We compare transient simulations of climate-carbon cycle models through Holocene and Eemian interglacials. • We synthesyze role of forcings in previous and current study in one summary figure. Abstract: Changes in temperature and carbon dioxide during glacial cycles recorded in Antarctic ice cores are tightly coupled. However, this relationship does not hold for interglacials. While climate cooled towards the end of both the last (Eemian) and present (Holocene) interglacials, CO2 remained stable during the Eemian while rising in the Holocene. We identify and review twelve biogeochemical mechanisms of terrestrial (vegetation dynamics and CO2 fertilization, land use, wildfire, accumulation of peat, changes in permafrost carbon, subaerial volcanic outgassing) and marine origin (changes in sea surface temperature, carbonate compensation to deglaciation and terrestrial biosphere regrowth, shallow-water carbonate sedimentation, changes in the soft tissue pump, and methane hydrates), which potentially may have contributed to the CO2 dynamics during interglacials but which remain not well quantified. We use three Earth System Models (ESMs) of intermediate complexity to compare effects of selected mechanisms on the interglacial CO2 and δ13CO2 changes, focusing on those with substantial potential impacts: namely carbonate sedimentation in shallow waters, peat growth, and (in the case of the Holocene) human land use. A set of specified carbon cycle forcings could qualitatively explain atmospheric CO2 dynamics from 8 ka BP to the pre-industrial. However, when applied to Eemian boundary conditions from 126 to 115 ka BP, the same set of forcings led to disagreement with the observed direction of CO2 changes after 122 ka BP. This failure to simulate late-Eemian CO2 dynamics could be a result of the imposed forcings such as prescribed CaCO3 accumulation and/or an incorrect response of simulated terrestrial carbon to the surface cooling at the end of the interglacial. These experiments also reveal that key natural processes of interglacial CO2 dynamics – shallow water CaCO3 accumulation, peat and permafrost carbon dynamics - are not well represented in the current ESMs. Global-scale modeling of these long-term carbon cycle components started only in the last decade, and uncertainty in parameterization of these mechanisms is a main limitation in the successful modeling of interglacial CO2 dynamics.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    Format: text
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-10-05
    Description: One of the controlling factors of NEE that is highly sensitive to changes in climate is fire activity. Here we present results form a transient integration with the fully coupled MPI- Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) of the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology covering the last 6000 years. The model comprises dynamical components for atmosphere, ocean, and biosphere including an approach to simulate fire dynamics. The simulation is analyzed with a focus on land carbon and fire dynamics. A range of observational products is used to constrain the models ability to simulate fire distribution and changes in fire regimes over the course of the last 6000 years. On the global land scale, the model run shows a small decrease of the global mean temperature and a decline in annual precipitation. For the land carbon storage there is a significant decrease. On the regional scale, the effect on temperature and precipitation due to changes in the orbital parameters with time is much stronger. A shift of the tropical rain belt combined with changes in vegetation is simulated. Striking is for example a reduction in the vegetation cover in central East Asia over the last 6000 years with a subsequent decreasing trend in land carbon. Related to these climatic changes the fire activity is changing as well. We simulate a reduction of 5% in annual global burned area within the last 6000 years. Regionally, the simulation points out trends in the fire activity corresponding to the changes in vegetation shifts: e.g. there is an increase of ~ +15% in central East Asia and a reduction of about 20% in tropical West Africa in burned area mainly a result of the redistribution of fuel abundance. Simulated changes in fire activity are compared to fire activity records reported in the global charcoal database (Power et al., 2008) and levoglucosan values out of ice cores. A special focus of the analysis will lie on an assessment of correlation between fire activity and large-scale climate indexes (e.g. ENSO, NAO). Focusing on the last 100 yrs the modeled variability is checked against a reconstruction of a yearly global fire history (Mouillot et al., 2005). This comparison points out regions with a significant influence of anthropogenic disturbed fires, which are not represented in the ESM, but play a major role in the last few decades.
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-10-05
    Description: One of the controlling factors of net ecosystem exchange that is highly sensitive to changes in climate is fire activity. A model study to describe these controlling factors is validated using multiple proxies to understand fire activity on a continental scale. We present results form a transient integration with the fully coupled Earth System Model (ESM) ECHAM5/MPI-OM1/JSBACH of the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology covering the last 6000 years. The model comprises dynamical components for atmosphere, ocean, and biosphere including an approach to simulate fire dynamics. The simulation is analyzed with a focus on land carbon and fire dynamics. A range of observational products are used to constrain the models ability to simulate fire distribution and changes in fire regimes over the course of the last 6000 years. On the global land scale, the model run shows a small decrease of the global mean temperature and a decline in annual precipitation. For the land carbon storage there is a significant decrease. Due to the changes in the orbital parameters with time, regionally the effect on precipitation and temperature is stronger, which results in a shift of the tropical rain belt combined with changes in vegetation. Striking is for example a reduction in the vegetation cover in central East Asia over the last 6000 years with a subsequent decreasing trend in land carbon. Related to climatic changes the fire activity is changing as well. We simulate a reduction of 5% in annual global burned area within the last 6000 years. Regionally, the simulation points out trends in the fire activity corresponding to the changes in vegetation shifts: e.g. there is an increase of 15% in central East Asia and a reduction of about 20% in tropical West Africa in burned area mainly a result of the redistribution of fuel abundance. Simulated changes in fire activity are compared to fire activity records reported in the global charcoal database (Power et al., 2008) and levoglucosan values out of ice cores. As the charcoal data and levoglucosan data show opposite trends, we demonstrate the sensitivity of the modeled and observed trend to the chosen grid boxes of the model domain. Whereas the charcoal sites are biased to North-America and show an opposite trend than the ice-core data from Kilimanjaro, the investigation of levoglucosan data out of remote ice cores (EPICA or NEEM) are additional used to get a global view on the trend in fire activity.
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-10-05
    Description: One of the controlling factors of net ecosystem exchange that is highly sensitive to changes in climate is fire activity. A model study to describe these controlling factors is validated using multiple proxies to understand fire activity on a continental scale. We present results form a transient integration with the fully coupled Earth System Model (ESM) ECHAM5/MPI-OM1/JSBACH of the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology covering the last 6000 years. The model comprises dynamical components for atmosphere, ocean, and biosphere including an approach to simulate fire dynamics. The simulation is analyzed with a focus on land carbon and fire dynamics. A range of observational products are used to constrain the models ability to simulate fire distribution and changes in fire regimes over the course of the last 6000 years. On the global land scale, the model run shows a small decrease of the global mean temperature and a decline in annual precipitation. For the land carbon storage there is a significant decrease. Due to the changes in the orbital parameters with time, regionally the effect on precipitation and temperature is stronger, which results in a shift of the tropical rain belt combined with changes in vegetation. Striking is for example a reduction in the vegetation cover in central East Asia over the last 6000 years with a subsequent decreasing trend in land carbon. Related to climatic changes the fire activity is changing as well. We simulate a reduction of 5% in annual global burned area within the last 6000 years. Regionally, the simulation points out trends in the fire activity corresponding to the changes in vegetation shifts: e.g. there is an increase of 15% in central East Asia and a reduction of about 20% in tropical West Africa in burned area mainly a result of the redistribution of fuel abundance. Simulated changes in fire activity are compared to fire activity records reported in the global charcoal database (Power et al., 2008) and levoglucosan values out of ice cores. As the charcoal data and levoglucosan data show opposite trends, we demonstrate the sensitivity of the modeled and observed trend to the chosen grid boxes of the model domain. Whereas the charcoal sites are biased to North-America and show an opposite trend than the ice-core data from Kilimanjaro, the investigation of levoglucosan data out of remote ice cores (EPICA or NEEM) are additional used to get a global view on the trend in fire activity.
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-10-05
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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