Description: In this work we used controlled microcosms to study the effect of temperature and pH on brGDGTs in lake water. We collected surface water from Kennedy Lake, Tucson, AZ, a shallow eutrophic artificial reservoir previously described by Martínez-Sosa & Tierney (2019). From the collected samples we set up a series of microcosms, consisting of 1L glass flasks filled with lake water, and manipulated single environmental factors including temperature and pH. For our temperature incubations, we selected four conditions (9C, 18C, 27C and 35C) and incubated 3 1L flasks under each condition for two periods of time (4 or 6 weeks). For the pH incubations, we used commercially available freshwater aquarium non-phosphate buffers (Proprietary composition, Seachem, Madison, GA, USA) to manipulate the pH of the microcosms. For these experiments we targeted four pH conditions (4, 5, 6 and 7), and included two control samples: one where we added enough buffer to maintain the initial pH (Control + Buffer), and another to which we added no buffer (Control - Buffer). GDGTs were analyzed on an Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC coupled to an Agilent 6120 single quadrupole mass spectrometer using two BEH HILIC silica columns (2.1 x 150 mm, 1.7 um; Waters) and the methodology of Hopmans et al. (2016). We calculated peak areas using the MATLAB package software ORIGAmI (Fleming et al. 2016) and estimated the concentration of brGDGTs by comparing the obtained peaks with a C46 internal standard (Huguet et al. 2006) normalized to the volume of each sample.

Description: Soil profiles were collected along a transect across the Serengeti ecosystem, in Tanzania from 2-3S and 34-35.5E, 1153 to 1677 m above sea level and 0 to 1.6 m soil depth. The samples are modern soils and the temporal span of the soil depth profiles is unconstrained, likely centuries to millennia. The survey is intended to observe soil microbial lipid biomarkers that are commonly used as proxies for temperature and pH and to assess their robustness in alkaline carbonate-precipitating soil profiles, where soil carbonate proxies can also be applied. These modern calibrations can inform reconstructions of Eastern African paleoenvironments using the same proxies in geological archives. Lipid extractions and purifications were performed at USC in 2018-2019 and abundances of branched and isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers were obtained by high pressure liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, performed in 2020-2021 at the University of Arizona. Contextual data include total dissolved solids and pH measurements at the University of Houston in 2020-2021. For more information, please consult associated manuscript on the GDGTs within these soil profiles: Peaple et al., (2022) Identifying the drivers of GDGT distributions in alkaline soil profiles within the Serengeti ecosystem, Organic Geochemistry, in review. A publication on the bulk organics and compound specific carbon isotopic composition of plant waxes in the same soils: Zhang, et al. (2021) Carbon isotopic composition of plant waxes, bulk organics and carbonates from soils of the Serengeti grasslands, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 311, 316-331, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2021.07.005. That study includes stable hydrogen isotopic data on plant wax, available from doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.921002. A publication on multiple oxygen isotopes within carbonates in the same soil profiles can be found at: Beverly, E.J., Levin, N.E., Passey, B.H., Aron, P.G., Yarian, D.A., Page, M. and Pelletier, E.M. (2021) Triple oxygen and clumped isotopes in modern soil carbonate along an aridity gradient in the Serengeti, Tanzania. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 567, 116952, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116952. That study includes stable carbon isotopic data on soil carbonates, available from doi:10.5281/zenodo.4919027.

Description: We examine a single interglacial during the late Pliocene (KM5c, ca. 3.205 +/- 0.01 Ma) when atmospheric CO2 concentrations were higher than pre-industrial, but similar to today and to the lowest emission scenarios for this century. As orbital forcing and continental configurations were also similar to today, we are able to focus on equilibrium climate system response to modern and near-future CO2. We have synthesised largely published datasets, scrutinised their age models, and generated mean absolute SSTs and their anomaly relative to the pre-industrial. Here we present those values for both alkenone and foraminifera-Mg/Ca proxies.