Note: Intro -- Preface -- About the 2nd Springer Conference of the Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration (EMCEI-2), Tunisia 2019 -- Section 1: Engineering Applications for Environmental Management -- Section 2: Process Control, Simulations and Intensification for Environmental Management -- Section 3: Ecotoxicology, Environmental Safety and Bioremediation -- Section 4: Biotechnology for Environmental Management -- Section 5: Climate-Change-Related Effects on the Environment and Ecological Systems -- Section 6: Natural Resources, Agriculture and the Environment -- Section 7: Smart Technologies for Environmentally Friendly Energy Production -- Section 8: Remote Sensing and GIS for Environmental Monitoring and Management -- Section 9: Environmental Impacts of Natural Hazards and Environmental Risk Assessment -- Section 10: Sustainable Management of Marine and Coastal Environments -- Section 11: Sustainable Management of the Urban Environment -- Section 12: Sustainable Management of the Indoor and Built Environment -- Section 13: Environmental-Change-Related Impacts on Human Health -- About the Conference Steering Committee -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Engineering Applications for Environmental Management: Adsorption-Oriented Processes Using Conventional and Non-conventional Adsorbents -- Efficiency of Hybrid Process of Coagulation/Flocculation Followed by Membrane Filtration for the Treatment of Synthetic Vegetable Oil Refinery Wastewater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Coagulation/Flocculation Treatment -- 3.2 Dead-End Filtration -- 3.3 Cross-Flow Filtration -- 3.4 Combination of CF and CFF Processes -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Fe/Clay Composite as Catalysts for Textile Wastewater Treatment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Catalysts. , 4 Conclusion -- References -- Iron Removal from Groundwater by Adsorption Process onto Activated Carbon Obtained from Pinus Halepensis Cone Wastes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Groundwater Characterization -- 3.2 Batch Adsorption Study -- 3.3 Fixed-Bed Column Adsorption Study -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Pinus Halepensis Cone Wastes: Adsorption Prediction as a Function of Some Physicochemical Characteristics of Activated Carbons -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Adsorption of Industrial Dye BzR from Aqueous Solution Using Local Modified Clay -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Bentonite Sample -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Characterization -- 3.2 Adsorption of Bezathren Red -- 3.3 Adsorption isotherm studies -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Adsorption-Desorption of Methylene Blue by Bentonite from Aqueous Solution -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Kinetics and Isotherms Adsorption -- 4 Effect of pH on Desorption of MB -- 5 Effect of Temperature on Desorption of MB -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Removal of Disperse Dye from Aqueous Solution by Bottom Ash -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Adsorbent -- 2.2 Adsorbate -- 2.3 The Adsorption Experiment -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Characterization of Adsorbent -- 3.2 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetic Studies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Experimental Study of the Removal of Rhodamine B from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Coffee Waste -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Effect of pH -- 3.2 Effect Adsorbent Dosage -- 3.3 Effect of Contact Time and Initial Concentration of Rh B. , 3.4 Adsorption Isotherm -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Adsorption Study of Carbon Steel in 1 M HCl Solution Containing 2-(2-Methoxybenzylidene) Hydrazine-1-Carbothioamide -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Electrochemical Impedance Measurements -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) -- 3.2 Adsorption Isotherm -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Adsorption Efficiency of Graphene Oxide Toward Cyanine Dyes with Different Alkyl Chain Lengths -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Characterization -- 3.2 Effect of Contact Time -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Cu(II) Ions Removal on Functionalized Cellulose Beads from Tunisian Almond (Prunus Dulcis) Shell -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Synthesis, Functionalization, and Characterization of Cellulose Beads -- 2.2 Cu(II) Adsorption Experiments -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Beads' Characterization -- 3.2 Adsorption of Cu(II) -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Dynamics Modelling of Multicomponent Metal Ions Removal onto Low-Cost Buckwheat Hulls -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Packed Column Experiments -- 3 Modelling of Dynamics for Buckwheat Hulls -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Local Materials and Solid Waste (Sawdust) Valorization in the Treatment of Industrial Synthetic Water Field -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Synthetic Water -- 2.2 Filtering Materials Used -- 2.3 Experimental Device -- 2.4 Analysis -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Cationic Dye Removal Using Alginate-Organobentonite Composite Beads -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Preparation of Organobentonite (OB). , 2.3 Preparation of Calcium Alginate/Organobentonite Composite Beads (A-OB) -- 2.4 Adsorption and Desorption Studies -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Sorption Isotherms of MB -- 3.2 Desorption Study -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Successive Removal of Methylene Blue and Congo Red by Biomass-Based Beads from Aqueous Solutions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 FTIR Analysis -- 3.2 Effect of pH, Mass, Contact Time, and Concentration -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Malachite Green Removal Ability of a New Low-Temperature Alkali-Treated Almond Shell Adsorbent -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Adsorbate -- 2.2 Preparation of the Bioadsorbent -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 FTIR Characterization -- 3.2 Malachite Green Adsorption onto Low-Temperature Alkali-Treated Almond Shell Powder -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Low-Cost Magnetic Adsorbents for Water Remediation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Optimization of Simultaneous Removal of Binary Toxic Antibiotic and Heavy Metal by Novel Biocomposite Beads: Modeling Study Using Brouers-Sotolongo Family Equations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Biosorbent Characterization -- 3.2 Statistical Analysis -- 3.3 Kinetic and Isotherm Modeling of Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Adsorption -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Application of Almond Shell-Based Materials for Aquatic Pollutants Removal: A Mini-Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Almond Shell-Based Materials for Water Treatment -- 2.1 Application of Almond Shell-Based Materials for Heavy Metals Removal -- 2.2 Application of Almond Shell-Based Materials for Dyes Removal -- 2.3 Application of Almond Shell-Based Materials for Other Pollutants Removal -- 3 Conclusion -- References. , Fabrication of Novel Keratin/Cellulose-Based Composites for Oils and Organic Solvents Absorption -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Synthesis of (CF/C) Composite Cryogels -- 3.2 Spectroscopic Characterization -- 3.3 Oil Sorption Capacity -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Study of the Influence of Some Parameters on the Efficiency of Elimination of Zinc by Synthesized Na-Y Faujasite -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Effect of Concentration -- 3.2 Effect of Time -- 3.3 pH Effect -- 3.4 Effect of Temperature -- 3.5 Study of the Adsorption Kinetics -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Boron Sorption and Removal Using Hybrid Hydrogel Beads -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Engineering Applications for Environmental Management: Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies, Recycling and Reuse -- Reuse of Industrial Water at Mellitah Complex -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Wastewater Sources and Estimation -- 2 Experimental Work -- 2.1 Microfiltration (MF) -- 2.2 Reverse Osmosis (RO) -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Mixed Stream Water, Chemical Analysis -- 3.2 Cooling Water Microfiltration Treatment -- 3.3 Cooling Water Blowdown RO and MF Treatment -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- The Efficiency of Natural Decentralized Greywater Treatment Systems in Resolving the Wastewater Problems in the Rural Areas of Developing Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Settings, Materials, and Methods -- 2.1 Site Description -- 2.2 Design Criteria -- 2.3 Greywater Quality Monitoring -- 2.4 Greywater Flow Rates -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Raw Greywater Quality -- 3.2 Treatment Systems Performance with Regards to Organic Pollutants -- 3.3 Treatment Systems Performance with Regards to Chemical Pollutants -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , Physicochemical Characterization of Wastewater from the Mining Activity: A Case Study from Boukhadra Mine (Algeria).

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introducing the Book -- Introduction to "Sustainability of Groundwater in the Nile Valley, Egypt" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Summaries of the Book Chapters -- 2.1 Groundwater Modeling -- 2.2 Assessment of Groundwater Quality -- 2.3 Sustainability of Groundwater -- References -- Evaluation of the Groundwater Resources in the Nile Valley, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Resources -- 2.1 Renewable Water Resources -- 2.2 Non-renewable Water Resources -- 3 Groundwater Usage -- 4 Groundwater Quality -- 5 The Nile Valley and Delta Aquifers -- 6 Geomorphology and Main Characteristics of the Nile Valley -- 7 Hydrological Settings -- 8 Discharge and Recharge -- 9 Vulnerability Assessment -- 10 Proposed Scenarios and Solutions -- 11 Conclusions -- 12 Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Modeling -- Fundamentals of Groundwater Modeling Methods and a Focused Review on the Groundwater Models of the Nile Valley Aquifer -- 1 Background -- 2 Groundwater Modeling -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Defining the model's Objectives -- 2.3 Conceptual Model -- 2.4 Types of Models -- 2.5 Solution of Mathematical Formulation -- 2.6 Model Calibration -- 2.7 Model Validation: Acceptance or Rejection -- 2.8 Sensitivity Analysis -- 2.9 Uncertainty Analysis -- 2.10 Modeling Software/Codes -- 2.11 Limitations of Modeling Techniques -- 3 Application of Numerical Groundwater Modeling in the Nile Valley -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Groundwater Quality -- Contamination Sources Along the Nile Valley, Egypt and Its Impact on Groundwater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Surface Water System in the Nile Valley -- 4 Contamination Sources -- 4.1 Domestic Sources -- 4.2 Agricultural Sources -- 4.3 Industrial Sources -- 4.4 Dewatering Water -- 4.5 Colling Water -- 4.6 Impact of Contamination on Groundwater. , 4.7 Protection and Legislations -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Environmental Impacts of Treated Wastewater Contaminates on Groundwater Quality in the Nile River Valley, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Contaminants Seepage Between Groundwater and Surface Water -- 3 Environmental Impacts of Treated Wastewater Contamination -- 4 Wastewater Treatment Plants in Nile River Valley -- 5 Groundwater Assessment Methodologies -- 6 Investigations of Groundwater Contamination in Nile River Valley Aquifer -- 6.1 Case Study: Evaluation of Groundwater Resources Nearby the Main Wastewater Treatment Plants -- 7 Summary -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrochemistry and Hydrogeology Aspects of Alluvial Aquifer in Aswan City, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Collection and Methodology -- 3.1 Geomorphology -- 3.2 Geology -- 3.3 Hydrogeology -- 3.4 Water Chemistry -- 4 Numerical Groundwater Model -- 4.1 Model Setup -- 4.2 Calibration and Validation -- 4.3 Groundwater Head and Water Budget -- 5 Groundwater Table Rise Solutions -- 5.1 Bank Infiltration -- 5.2 Reduce the Water Losses from the Water Supply Network -- 5.3 Increase the Extraction Rates -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrochemical Analysis of Groundwater in the Area Northwest of El-Sadat City, West Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Overview -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Geological Settings -- 4 Hydrogeological Settings -- 4.1 Quaternary Aquifer -- 4.2 Pliocene Aquifer -- 4.3 Miocene Aquifer -- 4.4 Oligocene Aquifer -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Numerical Water Quality Indicators -- 5.2 Groundwater Hydrochemical Analysis -- 5.3 Water Quality Graphical Representation -- 6 Suitability of Groundwater for Irrigation Purposes -- 6.1 Sodium Content (SC) -- 6.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) -- 6.3 Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) -- 6.4 Permeability Index (PI). , 6.5 EC and SAR Relationship -- 6.6 Magnesium Hazard (MH) -- 6.7 Kelly's Ratio (KI) -- 6.8 Chloride Classification -- 6.9 Chloro-Alkaline Indices (CAI) -- 6.10 Corrosively Ratio (CR) -- 7 Results and Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- As a Water Resources Management Tool, Groundwater Quality Assessment for Irrigation in the Young Alluvial Plain of Western Nile Delta, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Groundwater Sampling and Parameters Analytical Procedure -- 3.2 Groundwater Quality Calculations -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Individual Parameter -- 4.2 Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQ) -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Sustainability of Groundwater -- Agricultural Drainage Strategies in Egypt as a Protection Tool Against Groundwater Contamination by Fertilizers: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Drainage Practices -- 2.1 What Is Agricultural Drainage? -- 2.2 Agricultural Drainage Systems -- 3 Poor Drainage Conditions and Their Adverse Impacts on Groundwater Quality and the Surrounding Environment -- 3.1 Waterlogging -- 3.2 Salinity -- 4 Effect of Practicing Agricultural Drainage on Groundwater Quality, Agricultural Productivity, and the Surrounding Environment -- 4.1 Conventional Drainage Practices -- 4.2 Controlled Drainage Practices -- 4.3 Summary of Subsurface Drainage Practices' impacts on Groundwater -- 5 Agricultural Drainage in Egypt -- 5.1 Brief History and Authorities -- 5.2 Responsibilities and Targets -- 5.3 Exploring Ways of Practicing Agriculture Drainage Strategies in the Nile Valley: A Case Study of El-Minia Governorate -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Pliocene Aquifer Characterization Using TEM and VES Geophysical Techniques: Case Study at the Area to the East of Wadi El-Natrun City, West Nile Delta, Egypt. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Geomorphological and Topographic Settings and Climatic Conditions -- 3 Geological and Tectonic Settings -- 4 Hydrogeological Background -- 5 Literature Review -- 6 Geophysical Surveys -- 6.1 Electrical Resistivity of Minerals and Rocks -- 6.2 Resistivity Survey -- 6.3 Transient Electromagnetic Survey -- 7 Results and Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Zones Using Electrical Resistivity and Hydrogeochemistry in West Tahta Region, Upper Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geology and Hydrology of the Study Area -- 3 Sampling, Data, and Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Geoelectrical Analysis -- 4.2 Hydrogeochemical Analysis -- 4.3 Assessment of the Collected Groundwater for Different Purposes -- 4.4 Mechanisms Controlling Groundwater Chemistry -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Mapping Groundwater Recharge Potential in the Nile Basin Using Remotely Sensed Data and GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geologic and Hydrologic Setting of the Nile Basin -- 3 Case Studies -- 4 Analytical Approach: Developing Thematic Maps -- 5 Wadis -- 5.1 Wadi Qena -- 5.2 Wadi Matula -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Sustainability of Groundwater in the Nile River Valley: Is It Possible After the Construction of GERD? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Nile River Valley Aquifer -- 3 GERD Impacts on the Groundwater in the Nile River Valley -- 4 Impact of Filling GERD Reservoir in 10 years on Groundwater Level -- 4.1 Study Area and Groundwater Model -- 4.2 Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions -- Update, Conclusions and Recommendations for "Sustainability of Groundwater in the Nile Valley, Egypt" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Update -- 2.1 Groundwater Modeling -- 2.2 Assessment of Groundwater Quality. , 2.3 Sustainability of Groundwater -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introducing the Book -- 1 Introduction to "Water Resources Management in Romania" -- 1.1 Romania: A Brief Background -- 1.2 Main Themes of the Book -- 1.3 Water Quality -- 1.4 Water Supply -- 1.5 Antropic Influences to Water Resources -- 1.6 Hydrology -- 1.7 Case Studies -- References -- Water Quality -- 2 Implementation of EU Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) in Romania-European Qualitative Requirements -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.3 Results and Discussions -- 2.3.1 The Hydrographical Basin Management Plan -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 2.5 Recommendations -- References -- 3 Causes and Effects of Water Pollution in Romania -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Water Pollution and Types -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.2.1 Significant Point Sources of Significant Pollution in Romania -- 3.3 Results and Discussions -- 3.3.1 Surface Water Bodies (SWB) -- 3.3.2 Groundwater Bodies -- 3.4 Conclusions -- 3.5 Recommendations -- References -- 4 Management of Surfaces Water Resources-Ecological Status of the Mureș Waterbody (Superior Mureș Sector), Romania -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Principles and Aspects of Water Resources Integrated Management -- 4.1.2 The Importance of Water and Areas of Use -- 4.1.3 Surface Water Resources at a National Level -- 4.2 Water Quality and Surface Water Pollution -- 4.2.1 The Necessity of Water Quality Protection -- 4.2.2 Classification of Water Pollution -- 4.2.3 Water Pollution Sources -- 4.2.4 Water Pollutants -- 4.2.5 Legal Aspects in the Field of Water Protection -- 4.2.6 Monitoring Romanian Water Quality -- 4.3 Pollutant Impact on Surface Waters -- 4.4 Case Study-Water Quality in the Mureş Hydrographic Basin, Mureş Waterbody Confluence Petrilaca-Confluence Arieş,-Reflected in an Overview of Physico-Chemical and Biological Indicators -- 4.4.1 General Presentation of the Mureş Basin. , 4.4.2 Water Contamination Indicators of Water Pollution of the Upper Mureș River Basin (2015-2017) -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- Water Supply -- 5 Water Supply Challenges and Achievements in Constanta County -- 5.1 Overview of Surface and Groundwater Resources in Constanta County -- 5.2 Drinkable Water Supply Systems -- 5.2.1 Past and Present of Drinkable Water Supply Infrastructures -- 5.2.2 Urban and Rural Drinkable Water Supply -- 5.2.3 Efficiency of Drinkable Water Supply Systems -- 5.3 Irrigation Water Supply Systems -- 5.3.1 Past and Present in Irrigation Infrastructure -- 5.3.2 Overview of the Main Types of Irrigation Water Supply Pumping Stations Used in Agriculture -- 5.3.3 Towards High-Yield Irrigation Water Pumping Stations -- 5.4 Numerical Simulation-Fundamental for Water Supply System Engineering Design -- 5.4.1 Drinkable Water Distribution Network in the Rural Area. Numerical Simulation -- 5.4.2 Irrigation Water Supply Pumping Installation. Numerical Simulation -- 5.5 Future Challenges for Reliable and Resilient Water Supply Systems. Environmental Impact -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations -- References -- 6 Drinking Water Supply Systems-Evolution Towards Efficiency -- 6.1 Introduction and Short Historical Perspective -- 6.2 Opportunities After 1990 -- 6.3 GIS Technology -- 6.4 SCADA Technology -- 6.5 Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Paradigm -- 6.6 Steps to the Future -- 6.7 Conclusions -- 6.8 Recommendations -- References -- Antropic Influence to Water Resources -- 7 The Vulnerability of Water Resources from Eastern Romania to Anthropic Impact and Climate Change -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 General Features of the Region -- 7.3 Methodologies Implemented in the Assessment of Water Resource Vulnerability -- 7.4 The Hydrographic Network, Natural and Artificial Lakes and Groundwater Bodies. , 7.5 Demographic Backgrounds -- 7.6 The Anthropic Impact upon Water Resources -- 7.7 The Evaluation of the Anthropic Impact -- 7.8 The Impact of Climate Change upon Water Resources -- 7.9 Conclusions -- 7.10 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Romanian Danube River Floodplain Functionality Assessment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Reconsidering the Flooding Lines of Defense of the Settlements -- 8.1.2 Assessing the Suitability of Economic Activities Towards a Multipurpose Polder -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Developing the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -- 8.2.2 Building the Hydraulic Model -- 8.3 Results and Discussions -- 8.3.1 Hierarchy of Spatial Distribution of the Categories of Ecological Equipotential Areas -- 8.3.2 Hydrological Scenarios in Danube's Floodplain -- 8.3.3 The Hydrographical Danube River Plan -- 8.4 The Consequences of Changing the Hydrological Conditions -- 8.5 Conclusions -- 8.6 Recommendations -- References -- 9 Deforestation and Frequency of Floods in Romania -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Methods -- 9.4 Results -- 9.4.1 The Evolution of Deforested Areas in Romania -- 9.4.2 Frequency of Floods in Romania -- 9.5 Conclusions -- 9.6 Recommendations -- References -- Hydrology -- 10 Hydrological Impacts of Climate Changes in Romania -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Synthesis of Studies on Streamflow Change Detection at Global and European Scale -- 10.2.1 Observed Hydrological Changes -- 10.2.2 Future Hydrological Changes -- 10.3 Overview of Changes in Main Climate Parameters Controlling the River Flow in Romania -- 10.3.1 Observed Climate Changes -- 10.3.2 Climate Changes Projections -- 10.4 Review of Studies on Streamflow Trends and Hydrological Impacts of Climate Changes in Romania -- 10.4.1 Observed Changes in River Flow at the Country and Regional Scale -- 10.4.2 Projected Hydrological Changes. , 10.5 Hydrological Responses to Climate Changes: The Example of the Valea Cerbului River Catchment -- 10.5.1 Study Area, Data and Methods -- 10.5.2 Observed Changes in Valea Cerbului River Flow -- 10.5.3 Projected Hydrological Responses to Climate Changes -- 10.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 11 Monitoring and Management of Water in the Siret River Basin (Romania) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Results and Discussions -- 11.5 Conclusions -- 11.6 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Water Resources from Romanian Upper Tisa Basin -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Literature About Water Resources -- 12.1.2 The Upper Tisa Basin and the Romanian Upper Tisa Basin -- 12.1.3 The Hydrometric Monitoring Network -- 12.1.4 Sources and Technics Used in the Study Development -- 12.2 Several Natural Components Which Condition the Water Resource -- 12.2.1 Geological Component -- 12.2.2 Morphological Component -- 12.2.3 Climatic Components (Precipitations and Evapotranspiration) -- 12.2.4 Hydrographic Component -- 12.2.5 Pedogeographic and Land Cover Components -- 12.3 Water Resource -- 12.3.1 Surface Water Resources -- 12.3.2 Types f Hydrological Regime of the Rivers in the Upper Tisa Romanian Basin -- 12.3.3 Groundwater Resources -- 12.3.4 Water Balance in the Upper Tisa Romanian Basin -- 12.4 Water Resource Available for the Population -- 12.4.1 Public Access to Networks or Systems of Water Supply -- 12.4.2 Required Water for the Population -- 12.4.3 Surface Water Resource and the Population Water Requirements -- 12.5 Conclusions -- 12.6 Recommendations -- References -- Case Studies -- 13 Particularities of Drain Liquid in the Small Wetland of Braila Natural Park, Romania -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.2.1 Modifications of the Water Course -- 13.2.2 The Distribution of Stream Flows on the Channels. , 13.3 Methods -- 13.4 Applications of the Liquid Leak Study -- 13.4.1 Distance to Roads and Accessibility -- 13.4.2 The Building Restrictions -- 13.4.3 Optimal Solution -- 13.5 Conclusions -- 13.6 Recommendations -- References -- 14 Assessment of Some Diurnal Streamwater Profiles in Western and Northern Romania in Relation to Meteorological Data -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Review of the Literature Describing Diurnal Streamwater Profiles -- 14.3 Geographic Description of the Study Area and Measurement Sites -- 14.3.1 General Description of the Study Area -- 14.3.2 Measurement Sites -- 14.4 Instruments, Data and Methods -- 14.4.1 Instruments -- 14.4.2 Data -- 14.4.3 Methodology -- 14.5 Diurnal Streamwater Profiles -- 14.6 Conclusions -- 14.7 Recommendations -- References -- 15 Drought and Insolvency: Case Study of the Producer-Buyer Conflict (Romania, the Period Between the Years 2011-2012) -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.3 Results -- 15.4 Discussions -- 15.5 Conclusions and Policy Implications -- References -- 16 Water Resources from Apuseni Mountains-Major Coordinates -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Literature About Water Resources in Apuseni Mountains -- 16.1.2 Apuseni Mountains in Carpathian and National Context -- 16.1.3 Sources and Technics Used in the Study Development -- 16.2 Natural Components Which Condition the Water Resource -- 16.2.1 Climatic Components (Precipitations and Evapotranspiration) -- 16.2.2 Geological and Morphological Components -- 16.2.3 Pedogeographic and Land Cover Components -- 16.2.4 Hydrographic Component -- 16.3 Water Resource in the Apuseni Mountains -- 16.3.1 Underground Water Resource -- 16.3.2 Surface Water Resources -- 16.4 Water Balance in the Apuseni Mountains -- 16.5 Conclusions -- 16.6 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusion. , 17 Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations for "Water Resources Management in Romania".

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- An Overview of Climate Change in Egypt -- Introduction to "Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security in Egypt" -- 1 Background/Overview -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapter's Summary -- 3.1 An Overview of Climate Change in Egypt -- 3.2 Land and Water Resources -- 3.3 Smart Farming -- 3.4 Livestock, Fishery, and Aquaculture -- 3.5 Socioeconomic Impacts -- References -- An Overview of Paleo-Climate Evidence in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Palaeoclimate Through Geological Time -- 3 Causes of and Consequences of Global Paleoenvironmental and Climatic Changes -- 4 Major Mass Extinction Events -- 4.1 The Ordovician-Silurian Mass Extinction Event (Fig. 3) -- 4.2 Late Devonian (Frasnian-Fammenian) -- 4.3 Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction -- 4.4 Triassic- Jurassic Mass Extinction -- 4.5 Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction -- 5 Hyperthermal Events -- 6 Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in Egypt -- 7 Anthropocene Warming -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Governance and Institutional Structure of Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Governance in Egypt -- 3 Environmental Policies and Legislation in Egypt -- 4 Role of Civil Society Organizations and Private Sector -- 5 Gender Mainstreaming in the Climate Change Policies in Egypt -- 6 Engagement in Regional and Global Climate Change Governance -- 7 Challenges Facing Climate Change Governance in Egypt -- 8 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening -- 9 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in Addressing Climate Change Challenges in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Role of Science in the Assessment of Climate Change Scenarios -- 2.1 At the Global Level -- 2.2 At the Regional Level -- 3 Innovations and Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation Measures -- 3.1 Management of Water Resources. , 3.2 Breeding for Drought Tolerance -- 3.3 Breeding for Heat Tolerance -- 3.4 Crop Simulation Models -- 4 Management of Sustainable Livestock Production Under Expected Harsh Environment -- 5 Scientific Research and Innovations to Address Climate Changes in Egypt -- 6 Monitoring, Assessment and Follow-Up of Climate Change Related Impact on Egypt -- 7 Climate Change Modeling in Egypt -- 8 Improved Crop Varieties and Livestock Breeds -- 9 Challenges of Innovation, Knowledge, and Scientific Research (SDS Egypt Vision 2030) -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Recommendations -- References -- Land and Water Resources -- Impact of Climate Change on Plant-Associated Fungi -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Relation Between Climate Change and Diversity of Soil Fungi -- 3 Plants and Mycorrhizal Fungi: Effect of Climate Change on This Relationship -- 4 Effects of Climate Change on Saprophytic Fungi -- 5 Effects of Climate Change on the Pathogenic Fungi -- 6 Effect of Climate Change on Soil Mycobiomes -- 7 Direct Impact of Changing Temperatures on Fungi -- 8 The Need for Modern Tools for Monitoring Climate Changes and Some Closing Remarks -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Impacts of Climate Change on Microbial Activity in Agricultural Egyptian Soils -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Soil Microbial and Enzyme Activities -- 3 Response of Microbial Activity to Climate Change -- 3.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2 Impact of Carbon Dioxide -- 3.3 Impact of Soil Moisture Content -- 3.4 Impact of Soil Salinity -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Soils as Driver and Victim of Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural GHG Invention of Egypt -- 3 Drivers of Soil GHG Emissions -- 3.1 Soil Type and Composition -- 3.2 Soil Temperature and Moisture -- 3.3 Fertilization as a Source of NO2 Emission -- 3.4 Soil Miss-Management (Heavy Tillage). , 3.5 Rice Cultivation -- 3.6 Burning of Crop Residues -- 4 Impact of Climate Changes on Soil Functions -- 4.1 Depletion of Soil Organic Matter -- 4.2 Impact of Sea Level Rise (SLR) on Soils of Egypt -- 4.3 Impact of Rainfall Scenarios on Soils -- 4.4 Geographical Nature of Climate Changes Impacts in Egypt -- 4.5 History of Flooding Rainstorms in Egypt -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendation -- References -- Soil Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation: Some Implications to Egypt -- 1 Introduction: Climate Change and Carbon Cycle -- 2 Emissions of CO2: Reasons and Mitigation -- 3 Soil Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation and Greenhouse Gases Reduction -- 4 Soil C Stock -- 4.1 Soil Organic C Stock -- 4.2 Soil Inorganic Carbon (SIC) Stock -- 5 Soil Nitrogen (N) Stock and Its Relation to Soil Organic C -- 6 Required Variables for Calculating Soil C and N Stocks -- 7 Factors Controlling of Carbon Stocks in the Soil -- 7.1 Soil Properties -- 7.2 Climate Conditions -- 7.3 Land Use -- 7.4 Topography -- 8 The Impact of Soil Carbon Sequestration on the Sustainability of Agroecosystem and Crop Productivity -- 9 Management Practices and Soil Carbon Sequestration -- 10 Soil Carbon Sequestration in Arid and Mediterranean Sea Region -- 11 Implication of Climate Change and Soil Carbon Sequestration on Egypt -- 11.1 Soil C and N in Nile Delta, Egypt in Current State and the Context of Climate Change -- 11.2 Influence of Changing Climate on Soil C and N Stocks and Sequestration -- 12 Potential Soil Carbon Sequestration in Egypt and Nile Delta -- 13 Sequestration Rate of Soil C and N Stocks in North Nile Delta Egypt -- 14 Summary -- References -- Mapping Egypt Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise Scenarios -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area: Nile Delta -- 3 Climate Change Observations and Potential Impacts. , 3.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Anthropogenic Climate Change -- 3.2 SLR and Agriculture in the Nile Delta -- 4 The Methodology of the Development of Interactive Web Enabled SLR Scenarios (SLRS) -- 5 SLRS Architecture -- 6 SLRS Main Components -- 7 Results -- 8 Discussion -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Smart Farming -- Agricultural Production in Egypt: Assessing Vulnerability and Enhancing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Vulnerability of the Near East and North Africa Region to Climate Change -- 3 The Farming System in Egypt -- 4 Vulnerability of Egypt to Climate Change -- 4.1 Vulnerability of Water Resources to Climate Change -- 4.2 Vulnerability of the Crop Production System -- 4.3 Vulnerability of the Livestock Production System -- 4.4 The Vulnerability of the Fishery Production System -- 4.5 Enhancing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Change in Egypt -- 5 Climate Change Adaptation Efforts -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Vulnerability of Crop Pollination Ecosystem Services to Climate Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pollination as an Essential Ecosystem Service -- 3 Role of Pollinators in Sustaining Agricultural Productivity -- 4 Climate Change and Crop Pollination -- 4.1 Impact of Climate Change on Crop Diversity -- 4.2 Effect of Climate Change on Crop Flowering Time -- 5 Vulnerability of Pollinating Insects to Climate Change -- 5.1 Decline of Insect Pollinators in Egypt -- 5.2 Solitary Bees and Nest Fragmentation -- 5.3 Bees and Shortage of Foraging Resources -- 5.4 Honeybee Pests and Diseases -- 5.5 Honeybee and Pesticides -- 6 Newly Approaches for Bee and Other Pollinators Conservation -- 7 Potential Mitigation Measures of Climate Change Impacts on Pollinators -- 8 Conclusion -- 9 Recommendations -- References. , Exploring Changes in the Agricultural Calendar as a Response to Climate Variability in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture -- 3 The Climate (Temperature and Precipitation) Variability of Egypt, Is There Any Change? -- 4 Crop Weather Calendar and Crop Activity Calendar -- 5 Data, Geographical Domain, and Satellite-Derived Phenology -- 6 Management and Adjusting of the Agricultural Calendar as a Coping Mechanism to Climate Variability -- 7 Innovations and Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation Measures -- 8 Challenges Still Facing Climate Change Governance in Egypt -- 9 Satellite Images, GIS, Mathematical Models in Studying Climate Change in 2030 -- 10 Impact of Climate Change on Field Crops' Production and Net Value -- 11 Overall Discussion -- 12 Conclusions -- 13 Recommendations -- References -- Projected Crop Coefficients Under Climate Change in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Climate Change Scenario -- 2.2 The Projected Value of ETo Using Hargreaves-Samani Equation -- 2.3 The Predicted Values of ETo Using Penman-Monteith Equation in 2030 -- 3 Kc Values for Field Crops in the Agro-Climatic Zones in 2030 -- 3.1 The Projected Planting and Harvest Dates for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 3.2 The Projected Date of Kc Growth Stages and Its Values for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 3.3 Comparison Between Kc Values for Field Crops in 2016 and 2030 -- 3.4 The Projected Values of ETc for the Studied Field Crops in 2030 -- 4 The Projected Kc Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in the Agro-Climatic Zones in 2030 -- 4.1 The Projected Planting and Harvest Dates for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030 -- 4.2 The Projected Date of Kc Growth Stages and Its Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030 -- 4.3 Comparison Between Kc Values for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2016 and 2030. , 4.4 The Projected Value of ETc for the Studied Fruit Crops in 2030.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Environmental and Climatic Implications of Lake Manzala, Egypt: Modeling and Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lake Manzala Characteristics -- 3 Lake Manzala State of the Art -- 3.1 Environmental Assessments -- 3.2 Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling -- 3.3 Climate Change Impacts -- 4 Research Deficits and Study Objectives -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Lagoon Water Quality Index (LWQI) -- 5.2 Trophic Index (TRIX) -- 5.3 MIKE21 Modeling System -- 5.4 Climate Change Estimates -- 6 Data Collection and Analysis -- 7 Water Quality Assessment of Lake Manzala -- 8 Trophic Status Assessment of Lake Manzala -- 9 Impacts of Future Climatic Changes on the Lake Characteristics -- 9.1 Developing of Manzala Model -- 9.2 Climate Change Impacts -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Recommendations for Future Work -- References -- Modeling of Water Quality Parameters in Manzala Lake Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and Stochastic Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Manzala Lake -- 3 Data-Driven Modeling -- 3.1 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 3.2 Neural Networks System -- 3.3 Fuzzy Logic -- 4 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Investigating the Impacts of Dredging on Improving the Water Quality and Circulation of Lake Mariout via Hydrodynamics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Development -- 2.1 Hydrodynamic Simulation -- 2.2 Water Quality Simulations -- 3 Model Scenarios -- 4 Model Results -- 4.1 Hydrodynamic Modeling Results -- 4.1.1 Scenario-0 (Baseline) -- 4.1.2 Scenario-01 -- 4.1.3 Scenario-02 -- 4.1.4 Scenario-03 -- 4.1.5 Scenario-04 -- 4.1.6 Scenario-05 -- 4.2 Water Quality Modeling Results -- 4.2.1 Scenario-0 (Baseline) -- 4.3 Comparison of All Model Scenarios. , 5 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Impacts on Egyptian Delta Lakes´ Biodiversity: A Case Study on Lake Burullus -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lake Burullus -- 3 Physicochemical and Limnological Features -- 4 Commercial Fishes in Lake Burullus -- 5 Aquatic Macrophytes of Lake Burullus -- 6 Birds -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendation -- References -- Coastal Lakes as Hot Spots for Plant Diversity in Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sites Description -- 2.1 Land Forms -- 2.2 Lakes Morphometry -- 2.3 Sediment and Water Characteristics -- 2.4 Prevailing Climate -- 3 Prevailing Habitats -- 4 Plant Diversity -- 4.1 Taxonomic Diversity -- 4.2 Habit and Life Form -- 4.3 Endemic and Near-Endemic Species -- 4.4 Threatened Species -- 5 Plant Communities -- 6 Succession Trends -- 7 Goods and Services -- 8 Carbon Sequestrations Potential -- 9 Identified Threats -- 10 Conservation Measures -- 11 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Responses of Zooplankton to Long-Term Environmental Changes in the Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Zooplankton -- 2.1 Zooplankton Population Dynamics: Similarities and Differences -- 2.1.1 Lake Manzala -- 2.1.2 Lake Burullus -- Long-Term Changes in Zooplankton Communities in Lake Burullus -- 2.1.3 Lake Edku -- 2.1.4 Lake Mariout -- 2.1.5 Lake Bardawil -- 3 Zooplankton and Environmental Changes of Coastal Lakes (Case Study Lake Burullus) -- 4 Linking Zooplankton and Fisheries -- 4.1 Zooplankton and Gut Contents of Fishes -- 4.1.1 Tilapias -- 4.1.2 Mullets -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Fisheries of Egyptian Delta Coastal Wetlands -- Burullus Wetland Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Present Status of Fish Species -- 2 Fish Production -- 3 Fishing Equipment and Techniques -- 3.1 Entangling Gears -- 3.1.1 Gill Net -- 3.1.2 Trammel Net -- 3.1.3 Stationary Trammel Nets (Saksook). , 3.2 Encircling Gears -- 3.2.1 El-Gafsha (Shebak El-Habl) -- 3.2.2 El-Ganeb -- 3.3 Trawl Gears (Dragged Gears) -- 3.3.1 Lawat -- 3.3.2 Lokkafa -- 3.3.3 E1-Kerba -- 3.4 Seine Nets (El-Shalta) -- 4 Fisheries -- 4.1 Cichlidae -- 4.1.1 Abundance of Different Cichlid Species in the Burullus Wetland -- 4.1.2 Seasonal Variations of Cichlid Species in the Catch -- 4.1.3 Mortality and Survival Rates -- 4.2 Muglidae -- 4.2.1 Seasonal Fluctuation of the Mullet Catch -- 4.2.2 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Mullet Fry -- Water Movement -- Water Temperatures -- Chlorosity -- Amount of Food -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations for Fisheries Management -- References -- Earth Observations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes Monitoring and Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Remote Sensing Applications in the Northern Coastal Lakes -- 2.1 Describing Lakes´ Geomorphological Properties -- 2.1.1 Mapping Lakes Boundaries and Coastal Changes -- 2.1.2 Case Studies -- Lake Bardawil -- Lake Manzala -- Lake Burullus -- Lake Idku -- Lake Mariout -- 2.2 Evaluating Lakes Water Quality -- 2.2.1 Physicochemical Parameters -- 2.2.2 Biological Component (Chl-a) -- 2.3 Retrieving the System ``Good Conditions´´ -- 3 Simulating the Climatic Changes and Predicting Impacts -- 4 Future Plan: Rehabilitation and Management -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Are the Egyptian Coastal Lakes Sustainable? A Comprehensive Review Based on Remote Sensing Approach -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Application of Remote Sensing on Lake -- 2.1 Surface Water Area of Lakes -- 2.1.1 Lake Boundaries Delineation by Visible and NIR Bands -- 2.1.2 Differentiating Lake Area from Surrounding Land by Thermal Imagery -- 2.1.3 Extraction of Lake Water Bodies Using RS Techniques -- 2.1.4 Water Surface Area Changes Using RS -- 2.2 Bathymetry of Lakes -- 2.2.1 Bathymetry Detection by Active Altimetric Sensing. , 2.2.2 Lake Bathymetry Indicators -- 2.3 Water Quality by RS -- 3 Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 3.1 Lake Mariout -- 3.2 Lake Edku -- 3.3 Lake Burullus -- 3.4 Lake Manzala -- 3.5 Lake Bardawil -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Changes in a Coastal Lake Dynamic System and Potential Restoration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Developments Versus Sustainability -- 2.1 Aspects of Changing Features of Coastal Lakes -- 2.1.1 Sea Water Exchange and Salinity Level -- 2.1.2 Nutrient Loadings into Lakes -- 2.1.3 Internal Circulation and Localities of Sand Accumulation -- 2.2 Understanding Impact on Functional Dynamic System -- 2.3 Risks and Ability to Recover -- 3 Employing Remote Sensing Techniques in Tracking Transformation Pattern -- 3.1 Role of Satellite-Based Products in Change Monitoring -- 3.2 Case Study: Water Quality Indexing for Lake Burullus -- 3.2.1 Water Quality Index -- 3.2.2 Study Area -- 3.2.3 Selected Variables and Spectral Processing -- 3.2.4 Result Analysis: WQI -- 4 Strategy for Coastal Lake Restoration -- 4.1 Proposed Management Strategies -- 4.2 Reasoning Challenges, Effectiveness, and Adaptability -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes and Wetlands: Climate Change and Biodiversity -- 1 Summary -- 1.1 Climate Change and Water Quality Modeling -- 1.2 Biodiversity, Zooplankton, and Fish -- 1.3 Remote Sensing Applications and Potential Restoration of Lakes -- 2 Challenges Facing the Egyptian Coastal Lakes -- 3 Conclusions -- 4 Recommendations -- References -- Erratum to: Earth Observations for Egyptian Coastal Lakes Monitoring and Management -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Introduction to "Mitigating Environmental Stresses for Agricultural Sustainability in Egypt" -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Purpose of the Book -- 1.3 Themes of the Book and Contribution of the Chapters -- 1.3.1 Improve Crop Tolerance for Abiotic Stresses -- 1.3.2 Recent Approaches to Biotic Stress Tolerance -- 1.3.3 Advanced Procedures in Improving Crop Productivity -- 1.3.4 Sustainability of Environmental Resources from a Crop Production Perspective -- References -- Part IIImprove Crop Tolerance for Abiotic Stresses -- 2 Drought Tolerance in Some Field Crops: State of the Art Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rice -- 2.2.1 Economic Importance -- 2.2.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.2.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.2.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.2.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.3 Maize -- 2.3.1 Economic Importance -- 2.3.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.3.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.3.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.3.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.4 Barley -- 2.4.1 Economic Importance -- 2.4.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.4.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.4.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.4.5 Breeding and Biotechnology Efforts -- 2.5 Sunflower -- 2.5.1 Economic Importance -- 2.5.2 Mean Performance and Genetic Diversity -- 2.5.3 Related Traits to Drought Tolerance -- 2.5.4 Genetic Behavior -- 2.5.5 Breeding Efforts and Biotechnology -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.7 Recommendations -- References -- 3 Performance and Genetic Diversity in Water Stress Tolerance and Relation to Wheat Productivity Under Rural Regions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Concept of Water Stress and Its Impact on Wheat Plants -- 3.2.1 Impact of Water Stress on Wheat Plants. , 3.3 Importance of Coordination Between Plant Breeders and Specialists in Other Related Fields of Science -- 3.4 Critical Stages of Water Stress Impact on Wheat -- 3.5 Adaptation Mechanisms for Water Stress Conditions -- 3.6 Foundations of Wheat Crop Tolerance to Water Stress -- 3.6.1 Plant Characteristics and Their Genetic Behavior Relevant to Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.7 Yield Performance in Relation to Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.8 Genetic Diversity and Sources of Water Stress Tolerant Genotypes -- 3.9 Breeding Efforts -- 3.9.1 Breeding Strategies -- 3.9.2 Mutations -- 3.10 Role of Biotechnology in Improving Water Stress Tolerance -- 3.10.1 Molecular Markers -- 3.10.2 Gene Transfer Technology -- 3.11 Agricultural Procedures to Support Wheat Productivity Under Water Stress Conditions -- 3.11.1 Land Leveling -- 3.11.2 Raised Bed Method -- 3.11.3 Cultivate Tolerant Varieties -- 3.11.4 Sowing Date -- 3.11.5 Plant Density -- 3.11.6 Fertilization -- 3.11.7 Irrigation System -- 3.11.8 Humic and Amino Acids Treatment -- 3.12 Conclusions -- 3.13 Recommendations -- References -- 4 Heat Stress Tolerance, Challenges and Solutions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Concepts Related to Heat Stress -- 4.2.1 Heat Stress -- 4.2.2 Vant Hoff Concept (Q10 Coefficient) -- 4.2.3 The Concept of Thermal Units -- 4.2.4 Daily Thermoperiodicity Concept -- 4.2.5 Seasonal Thermoperiodicity Concept -- 4.3 Heat Stress Impact on the Egyptian Agriculture Sector -- 4.4 Physiological and Biochemical Impacts of Heat Stress -- 4.5 Critical Periods of Crop Plants to Heat Stress -- 4.6 Nature of Resistance to Heat Stress -- 4.6.1 Heat Avoidance -- 4.6.2 Heat Tolerance (Thermotolerance) -- 4.7 Classification of Crop Plants According to Temperature -- 4.7.1 Cold Season Crops -- 4.7.2 Hot Season Crops. , 4.8 Is It Possible to Mitigate Extreme Heat Stress on Crop Plants? How Crop Plants Can Deal with Heat Stress? -- 4.8.1 Traits Relevant to Heat Stress Tolerance -- 4.8.2 Breeding Achievements -- 4.9 Biotechnology -- 4.9.1 Molecular Markers -- 4.9.2 Gene Transfer and Tissue Culture Technology -- 4.10 Agronomic Practices -- 4.10.1 Sowing Date -- 4.10.2 Fertigation -- 4.10.3 Intercropping -- 4.11 Conclusions -- 4.12 Recommendations -- References -- 5 Environmental Pollution Tolerance in Crop Plants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Source of Pollutants -- 5.2.1 Natural Resources -- 5.2.2 An Unnatural Source -- 5.3 Tolerance to Air Pollutants -- 5.4 Tolerance to Heavy Metals Pollutants -- 5.5 Damage Mechanisms of Heavy Metals and Effects on Crop Plants -- 5.6 Water Pollution -- 5.7 Stress-Sensing in Plants -- 5.8 Resistance Mechanisms of Crop Pants to Environmental Pollutants -- 5.9 Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characters Related to Environmental Pollutants Tolerance -- 5.9.1 Morphological Characters -- 5.9.2 Physiological Characters -- 5.9.3 Biochemical Characters -- 5.10 Genetic System and Nature of Gene Action Controlling Inheritance of Environmental Pollutants Tolerance -- 5.11 Role of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology in the Development of Cultivars Tolerant to Environmental Pollutants -- 5.11.1 Breeding Methods -- 5.11.2 Biotechnology -- 5.12 Procedures for Pollution Control -- 5.12.1 Air Pollutants -- 5.12.2 Heavy Metals -- 5.13 Conclusions -- 5.14 Recommendations -- References -- 6 Rapid Screening Wheat Genotypes for Tolerance to Heavy Metals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.3 Results -- 6.3.1 Influence of Heavy Metals on Germination -- 6.3.2 Influence of Heavy Metals on Root Characteristics -- 6.3.3 Influence of Heavy Metals on Shoot Characteristics -- 6.3.4 Phytotoxicity Index -- 6.3.5 Tolerance Index -- 6.4 Conclusions. , 6.5 Recommendation -- References -- 7 Performance, Adaptability and Stability of Promising Bread Wheat Lines Across Different Environments -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Plant Materials and Experimental Layout -- 7.2.2 Statistical Analysis -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Analysis of Variance -- 7.3.2 Mean Performance of Wheat Genotypes Under Different Environments -- 7.3.3 Tolerance Index (TOL) -- 7.3.4 Phenotypic Stability Analysis -- 7.3.5 Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction Method (AMMI) -- 7.4 Conclusions -- 7.5 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Effect of Salt Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of African Locust Bean {Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth.} Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Plant Material -- 8.2.2 Establishment of Cell Suspension Culture Under Salt Stress Conditions -- 8.2.3 Effect of Salt Stress on Ions Uptake of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.2.4 Effect of Salt Stress on Proline Content of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.2.5 Electrophoretic Analysis: (Biochemical Markers) -- 8.2.6 Chemical Analysis -- 8.2.7 Statistical Analysis -- 8.3 Results and Discussions -- 8.3.1 Establishment of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture Under Salt Stress Conditions (NaCl) -- 8.3.2 Effect of Different Concentrations of NaCl on Ions Uptake (Na+, K+, Ca2+, P3+ and N3+) of P. biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.3.3 Effect of Different Concentration of NaCl on Proline Content of Parkia biglobosa Cell Suspension Culture -- 8.3.4 Electrophoretic Analysis -- 8.3.5 Chemical Analysis -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 8.5 Recommendations -- 8.6 Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IIIRecent Approaches for Biotic Stress Tolerance -- 9 Varietal Differences and Their Relation to Brown Rot Disease Resistance in Potato. , 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Survey the Causal Organism of Potato Brown Rot Disease Ralstonia solanacearum in Weeds -- 9.3 Isolation of R. solanacearum from Different Potato, Weeds and Irrigation Water -- 9.4 Identification of R. solanacearum -- 9.4.1 Traditional Methods -- 9.4.2 Molecular Biology Techniques -- 9.4.3 Pathogenicity Test -- 9.5 Varietal Differences in Relation to Brown Rot Disease Resistance -- 9.6 Effect of Plant Extracts on R. solanacearum Growth in Vitro -- 9.7 Conclusions -- 9.8 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Effect of Soil Type and Crop Rotation on the Causal Agent of Potato Brown Rot Disease Under Egyptian Condition -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Effect of Soil Type on Potato Brown Rot Disease Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum -- 10.3 Effect of Soil PH on Persistence of Potato Brown Rot Disease Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum -- 10.4 Effect of Crop Rotation on Potato Brown Rot Disease -- 10.5 Influence the Persistence of Ralstonia solanacearum by Different Plant Species and Habitats -- 10.6 Conclusions -- 10.7 Recommendations -- References -- 11 Advanced Methods in Controlling Late Blight Disease in Potatoes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Backgrounds Economic -- 11.3 The Late Blight Disease -- 11.4 The Pathogen -- 11.5 Diagnose the Disease -- 11.5.1 Traditional Methods -- 11.5.2 DNA Markers -- 11.5.3 Diagnosis Remotely -- 11.5.4 Bioinformatics -- 11.6 Control Methods -- 11.6.1 Chemical Methods -- 11.6.2 Resistant Cultivars -- 11.6.3 Alternatives of Fungicides -- 11.7 Conclusions -- 11.8 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Developing Rust Resistance of Wheat Genotypes Under Egyptian Conditions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Types of Wheat Rusts -- 12.3 Economic Importance -- 12.3.1 Losses in Yield and Grain Quality -- 12.4 Race Analyses -- 12.4.1 Yellow Rust -- 12.4.2 Leaf Rust -- 12.4.3 Stem Rust -- 12.5 Genetic Variability. , 12.6 Genetic System and Genes Responsible Resistance.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction to the Agriculture Productivity in Tunisia -- Introduction to "Agriculture Productivity in Tunisia Under Stressed Environment" -- 1 Background -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapters' Summary -- 3.1 Overview of Tunisian Sustainable Agriculture -- 3.2 Sustainable Agriculture Water Management -- 3.3 Tunisian Marine and Terrestrial Living Environment -- References -- Overview of Tunisian Sustainable Agriculture -- Assessment of the Environmental Sustainability of Family Farming: The Case of Cereal Sector in Tunisia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cereal Sector in Tunisia -- 3 Methodological Framework -- 4 Data -- 5 Empirical Results and Discussion -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Sustainability and Plasticity of the Olive Tree Cultivation in Arid Conditions -- 1 History Overview -- 2 Importance of the Olive Sector -- 2.1 Cultivated Area, Tree Number and Varieties -- 2.2 Production -- 3 Genetic Resources -- 4 Environmental Conditions of the Olive Specie -- 5 Temperature -- 5.1 Rainfall -- 5.2 Light -- 5.3 Soil -- 6 Shoot Architecture and Olive Tree Biology -- 7 Training System for Sustainable Olive Orchard -- 8 Orchard Management for Sustainable Olive Cultivation -- 8.1 Soil Management -- 8.2 Water Use -- 8.3 Fertilization Strategy -- 8.4 Pest Control -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Tunisian Date Cultivars: Economical Aspect, Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Characterization and Potential Valorization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History and Symbolic Meaning -- 3 Importance of Dates -- 4 Traditional Use of Dates -- 5 Identification of Common and Non-common Cultivars -- 5.1 Early and Fresh Dates -- 5.2 Soft Dates -- 5.3 Dry Dates -- 6 Dates Characterization -- 6.1 Physiological Characterization -- 6.2 Dates: A Nourishing Fruit with an Exceptional Composition -- 6.3 Sensory Characterization. , 7 Dates Cultivars Valorization -- 7.1 Valorization in Food Industries -- 7.2 Valorization of Date Sorting Gaps by Drying to Obtain a Powder for Animal Feed -- 7.3 Valorization in Cosmetics and Artisanal Products -- 7.4 Energy Production -- 7.5 Manufacture of Date Palm wood and Furniture with Liquid Wood -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Ecological Distribution, Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Rosa Species in Tunisia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Taxonomic Characters of Rosa Species in Tunisia -- 2.1 Rosa Dumetorum Thuil. -- 2.2 Rosa Pomifera L. -- 2.3 Rosa Rubigenosa L. -- 2.4 Rosa Canina L. -- 2.5 Rosa Moschata Herrm. -- 2.6 Rosa Sempervirens L. -- 2.7 Rosa Gallica L. -- 2.8 Rosa Sicula Tratt. -- 2.9 Rosa Agrestis Savi. -- 2.10 Rosa Stylosa Desv. -- 2.11 Rosa Micrantha Sm. -- 3 Prospection and Localization of Different Rosa Species Inventoried in Tunisia -- 4 Ecological Characteristics of Some Species of Rosa in Tunisia -- 4.1 Edaphic Characteristics of Species Distribution Areas of Rosa Sp. in Northern and Central Tunisia -- 4.2 Bioclimatic Characteristics of Northern and Central Tunisia Occupated by Rosa Species -- 4.3 The Plant Communities of Rosa Sp. in Tunisia -- 5 Phytochemistry of Tunisian Rosa Species -- 5.1 Essential Oil Composition -- 5.2 Fatty Acid Composition -- 5.3 Ascorbic Acid Content -- 5.4 Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Contents -- 5.5 Polyphenol Composition -- 5.6 Carotenoid Content and Composition -- 6 Biological Activity -- 6.1 Antioxidant Activity -- 6.2 Insecticidal Activity -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendation -- References -- Natural Mediterranean Plants Products: A Sustainable Approach for Integrated Insect Pests Management -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Plant Secondary Metabolites -- 2.1 Terpenoids -- 2.2 Alkaloids -- 2.3 Phenylpropanoids -- 3 Secondary Metabolites in Mediterranean Plants. , 4 Mode of Action Against Pest Insects -- 4.1 Anti-feeding Activity -- 4.2 Repulsive Activity -- 4.3 Toxic Activity -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Invasive Alien Plants Management in Tunisia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biological Invasions -- 2.1 Invasion Process -- 2.2 IAP Impacts -- 3 IAP Management -- 3.1 Global Context -- 3.2 Management General Scheme -- 4 IAP Management in Tunisia -- 4.1 Potentially IAP Inventory -- 4.2 Silverleaf Nightshade Management (Solanum Elaeagnifolium Cav. # SOEL) -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Study of the Effect of the Biochar Amendment on the Physic-Chemical Properties of a Soil Cultivated in Green Mint (Mentha Viridis L.) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Soil Test Results -- 3.2 Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potency of Methanolic Extracts of Mint -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Sustainable Agriculture Water Management -- Assessing the Water Productivity of Durum Wheat in Tunisian Semi-Arid Conditions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Water Use Efficiency in Tunisia -- 2.1 Water Use Efficiency and Productivity Concepts -- 2.2 Irrigation Water Use Efficiency -- 2.3 Water Use Efficiency of Wheat Under Semi-Arid Conditions -- 3 Inter Relationship Between Yield, Water Use and Water Use Efficiency of Durum Wheat: A Case Study in Northeastern Tunisia -- 3.1 Study Area -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.3 Scenarios of Irrigation Scheduling and Pedoclimatic Conditions -- 3.4 Inter Relationship Between Yield, Water Use and Water Use Efficiency -- 4 Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Assessing Institutional Barriers to Effective Dissemination Strategies of Proven Water Management Practices to Face Climate Change Threats in the Citrus Growing Area in Tunisia -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Agricultural Extension System in Tunisia: An Overview -- 3 Methodological Framework -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Barriers Related to Institution Organization, Human Resource and Decision Making -- 4.2 Barriers Related to Institution Linkages and Partnerships -- 4.3 Barriers Related to Time Allocation -- 4.4 Efficiency of the Research-Extension Interface -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Stable Isotopes for Sustainable Management of Agricultural Water: Case of Mateur Plain (North Tunisia) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Concepts of Isotope Hydrology -- 2.1 Water Isotopes -- 2.2 Isotopic Fractionation -- 2.3 Isotopes in the Water Cycle -- 3 Case Study of the Mateur Plain (Northern Tunisia) -- 3.1 Site Description -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.3 Water Levels and Flow Pathways -- 3.4 Geochemical Processes Affecting Groundwater Quality -- 3.5 Groundwater Residence Time as Inferred by Isotopic Tracers -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Assessing the Blue and Green Water Resources Use for Regional Crop Production in a Semi Arid Area (The Cap Bon Case Study, Tunisia) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Resources and Agriculture in the Cap Bon Region -- 2.1 Description of the Study Site -- 2.2 Characteristics of the Climate -- 2.3 Blue and Green Water Resources Situation -- 2.4 Characteristics of the Irrigated and Rainfed Agriculture -- 3 Impact of Climate Change -- 3.1 Water Resources -- 3.2 Irrigated and Rainfed Agriculture -- 3.3 Climate Change Adaptation -- 4 Methodology and Used Data -- 4.1 Calculating Blue and Green Crop Water Use -- 4.2 Used Data -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Water Foot Print -- 5.2 Green Water Footprint of Wheat -- 5.3 Blue and Green Water Footprint of Tomato -- 5.4 Blue and Green Water Footprint of Citrus -- 5.5 Sustainability of the Water Footprint -- 5.6 Spatial and Temporal Scales. , 6 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Tunisian Marine and Terrestrial Living Environment -- Producing Barbarine Lambs on Tunisian Rangelands Could be Sustainable and Provide Healthy Meat -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lamb Production on Tunisian Arid Rangeland: A Synthesis of Trials Data -- 2.1 Data Description and Statistical Analysis -- 2.2 Results -- 2.3 Discussions -- 3 Sustainability of Lamb Production on Rangeland -- 3.1 Improvement of the Rangeland Quality -- 3.2 Valorisation of Lamb Meat Produced on Rangeland -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Freshwater Fish Farming and Fishery Management in Tunisian Reservoirs: Limitations and Opportunities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Study Sites -- 2.2 Sampling -- 2.3 Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Species Composition -- 3.2 Fish Species Dynamics -- 3.3 Vertical Distribution -- 3.4 General and Specific Abundance -- 3.5 Population Structure -- 4 Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Updates, Conclusions, and Recommendations for "Agriculture Productivity in Tunisia Under Stressed Environment" -- 1 Update -- 2 Conclusions -- 3 Recommendations -- References -- Author Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introductory Section -- Introduction to "Groundwater in Egypt's Deserts" -- Background -- Themes of the Book -- Chapter's Summary -- Groundwater Occurrence and Ecosystem Services -- Groundwater Resources, Quantity, Quality and Their Management -- Potential Use of Groundwater and Future Expansion -- References -- An Overview of the Egyptian Deserts' Resources -- Introduction -- The General Features of Egyptian Deserts -- The Main Geographical Units -- Climate -- Habitats -- Natural Resources -- Water Resources -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Occurrence and Ecosystem Services -- Groundwater Ocurrences in West Nile Delta, Egypt -- Introduction -- Geomorphologic, Geologic and Hydrogeologic Settings -- Field Measurements -- Geoelectrical Measurements -- Hydrological and Hydrochemical Measurements -- Results and Discussion -- Geoelectrical Results -- Hydrological Results -- Physical-chemical Parameters and Major Elements -- Isotopic Composition of Groundwater -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Characterizing Ecosystem Services to Human Well-Being in Groundwater Dependent Desert Environments -- Introduction -- Characterizing and Valuing Ecosystem Services from Groundwater in Dryland Ecosystems -- Provisioning Services -- Regulating and Supporting Services -- Cultural Services -- Case Study Materials and Methods -- Approach to the Characterization of Ecosystem Services -- Case Study Area -- Characterization of Ecosystem Services -- Tier 1 Assessment of Ecosystem Services -- Characterization of Ecosystem Services -- Defining the Scope for Assessment of Ecosystem Service Values -- Discussion of Scope for Management Scenarios Using the Ecosystem Service Framework -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References. , Groundwater Exploration, Quantity, Quality, and Their Management -- Geophysical Groundwater Exploration in Arid Regions Using Integrated Land-Based Magnetic and DC Resistivity Measurements: A Case Study at Gilf Kebir Area, South Western Desert, Egypt -- Introduction -- Climate and Geomorphology -- Geological and Hydrogeological Setting -- Geophysical Investigations -- Geophysical Data Acquisition -- Data Processing and Interpretation -- Results and Discussion -- Eight Bells Site -- NE Jabal Kamel Site -- North of Jabal Kamel Site -- Nosb El-Amir Site -- Integrative Approach -- Summary and Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Ground Water Potentiality in Siwa and Baris Oases, Western Desert, Egypt -- Introduction -- Groundwater Potentiality in Siwa Oasis -- Location of Siwa Oasis -- Climate and Geomorphology of Siwa Oasis -- Geology of Siwa Oasis -- Hydrogeology of Siwa Oasis -- The Factors Constraining Sustainable Development of Siwa Oasis -- Water Resources Management -- Salt Lakes in Siwa Oasis -- Salinization in Siwa Oasis -- The Springs, Wells and Water Resources -- Ground Water Potentiality in Baris Oasis -- Location of Baris Oasis -- Topography of Baris Oasis -- Geology of Baris Oasis -- Geologic Structures of Baris Oasis -- Hydrogeology of Baris Oasis -- Hydro-geophysical Aspect of Baris Area -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater and Characteristics of the Tertiary-Quaternary Aquifer System West of Mallawi, Upper Egypt -- Introduction -- Geomorphological and Geological Setting -- Geomorphological Setting -- Geological Setting -- Geologic Structure -- Aquifer Systems -- Quaternary Aquifer (The Nile Alluvium Aquifer) -- Oligocene-Pleistocene Aquifer -- Middle Eocene Limestone Aquifer -- Hydrogeological Cross Sections -- Groundwater Movement -- Aquifer Parameters. , Long Duration Pumping and Recovery Tests -- Well Performance Test (Step Drawdown Test) -- Hydrochemical Characteristics of Different Aquifers -- Groundwater Salinity -- Groundwater Types -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Characterization and Quality Assessment in Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Kharga Oasis, Egypt -- Introduction -- The Study Area -- Material and Methods -- Sampling Protocol -- Laboratory Analysis -- Spatial Distribution Analysis -- Results and Discussions -- Major Hydrochemical Parameters -- Groundwater Quality Evaluation -- Statistics Analysis -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Potential in the Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt -- Introduction -- Hydrogeology of the NSAS -- Origin of Groundwater in the NSAS -- Water Resources in Bahariya Oasis -- Location of Bahariya Oasis -- Sampling and Analysis -- Climate -- Air Temperature -- Rainfall and Relative Humidity -- Evaporation -- Geology and Geomorphology of the Bahariya Oasis -- Topography -- Geologic Setting -- Hydrogeology of the Bahariya Oasis -- The Cambrian Rocks -- The Lower Cretaceous -- The Lower Cenomanian (Bahariya Formation) -- Piezometric Head and Groundwater Flow -- The Regional Groundwater Flow -- The Local Groundwater Flow -- Hydraulic Parameters -- The Recharge of the Nubian Aquifer System -- The Groundwater Extraction -- Monitoring the Groundwater Flow -- Water Quality -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Quality and Potentiality of Moghra Aquifer, Northwestern Desert, Egypt -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Climate -- Topography and Geomorphology -- Well Logging Interpretations -- Electric Logging -- Gamma-Ray Log -- Results and Discussion -- Lithology -- Groundwater Potentiality -- Formation Water Resistivity (Rw) -- Formation Factor (F) -- Porosity and Effective Porosity. , Total Porosity -- Volume of Shale -- Permeability -- Hydrochemistry -- Pumping Tests -- Hydraulic Properties -- Water Evaluation and Suitability to Use -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Transboundary Groundwater Management Issues in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) -- Introduction -- Overview of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) and Its Sustainability Challenge -- Background to the Sustainable Utilization of Groundwater in Transboundary Systems -- Overview of Transboundary Cooperation in the NSAS -- Challenges and Way Forward -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Groundwater Quality for Irrigation as an Aspect of Sustainable Development Approaches: A Case Study of Semi-Arid Area Around Ismailia Canal, Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Geological Setting -- Surface Water System -- Groundwater System -- Methodology -- Samples Collection and Analyses -- Groundwater Quality for Irrigation -- Results and Discussion -- Hydrogen Ion Activity (pH) -- Salinity Hazard -- Sodicity Hazard -- SAR and EC -- Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) -- Kelley's Ratio (KR) -- Alkalinity Hazard (RSC and RSBC) -- Corrosivity Ratio Index (CRI) -- Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Egypt's Deserts -- Introduction -- Groundwater in the Nile Basin -- Groundwater in Egypt's Desert -- Sustainability of Groundwater in Egypt's Deserts -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Potential Use of Groundwater and Future Expansion -- 14 Groundwater Exploitation in Mega Projects: Egypt's 1.5 Million Feddan Project -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Background -- Description of the Project -- Implementation of the Project -- Discussion and Debates Surrounding the Project -- Conclusions -- References. , Optimum Economic Uses of Precious Costly Ground Water in Marginal and Desert Lands -- Case Study in Egypt -- Introduction and Desert Soils -- Marginal Lands -- Degraded Lands -- Definitions of Most Degraded Lands and Other Types of Land Associated with Degraded Land -- Water Scarcity, Water Shortage and Related Concepts -- Water Scarcity -- Type of Water Scarcity -- Some Important Parameters Related to Water Uses in Scarce and Arid Areas -- Water Situation in Egypt -- Questions About the Water Shortage in Egypt -- Water Use Priority in Egypt -- Using Ground Water in Desert Cultivation -- Specifying the Location of Agricultural Extension -- Egypt Reduces the Rice Cultivation Due to the Water Shortages -- Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- Assessment of Water Resources in Egypt: Current Status and Future Plan -- Introduction -- Water Resources -- Conventional Water Resources -- Non-Conventional Water Resources -- Water Demands -- Future Water Expectations -- Water scenarios for the year 2025 -- Water scenarios for the year 2050 -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Update, Conclusions, and Recommendations for "Groundwater in Egypt's Deserts" -- Introduction -- Update -- Groundwater Occurrence and Ecosystem Services -- Groundwater Exploration, Quantity, Quality and Their Management -- Potential Use of Groundwater and Future Expansion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Introduction to "Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Tunisia" -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Themes of the Book -- 1.3 Chapters' Summary -- 1.3.1 Remote Sensing and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 1.3.2 Remote Sensing and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 1.3.3 Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 1.3.4 Soil Degradation and Drought -- 1.3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- References -- Part IIRS and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 2 Approaching the Tunisian Human Environment by Using RS and the Dasymetric Method -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Portraying the Density of Population: An Overview of the Methods in Use -- 2.3 The Dasymetric Method -- 2.4 Related Cartographic Literature -- 2.5 Advantages of the Dasymetric Method Applied to the Tunisian Territory -- 2.6 Methodology and Methods Implementation -- 2.7 Results and Discussion -- 2.8 Conclusion -- 2.9 Recommendations -- References -- 3 The Role of GIS as a Planning Tool in a Tunisian Urban Landscape, Sfax City -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 GIS and Planning of Green Spaces -- 3.3 GIS Assessement of Natural Space Planning in Sfax City -- 3.3.1 GIS Assessement of Urban Sprawl and Consumption of Agricultural Spaces in Sfax City -- 3.3.2 GIS Assessment of Green Space Consideration in the Sustainable Development Context -- 3.4 Green Spaces Issues in the Actors' Discourses -- 3.4.1 Complicated Mission of Local Authorities -- 3.4.2 An Active and Influential Civil Society -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 3.6 Recommandations -- References -- 4 Spatio-Temporal Monitoring of the Meskat System Distribution in the Tunisian Sahel Region Using TM Landsat Images -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Meskat System. , 4.3 Recognition of the Meskat System Processing in Tunisian Sahel Region: Thematic Focus and Methodology -- 4.3.1 Study Area -- 4.3.2 Exploitation of Satellite Images -- 4.3.3 Methodology -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Land Use Mapping -- 4.4.2 Spatio-Temporal Evolution of the Meskat System -- 4.4.3 Rate of Change of the Meskat System -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- 5 Spatial Distribution of Solanum elaeagnifolium in the Tunisian Arid Region Using GIS Tools -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Introducing Concepts and Terms -- 5.2.1 Definitions -- 5.2.2 Biological Invasion Process -- 5.3 Mapping Is an Effective Approach to Manage Invasive Alien Plants -- 5.4 Solanum elaeagnifolium Mapping Using GIS -- 5.4.1 Methodological Approach -- 5.5 Results and Discussion -- 5.5.1 EL Alam Land Cover Mapping in 2014-2015 -- 5.5.2 Solanum elaeagnifolium Spatial Distribution -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations -- References -- 6 PROMETHEE and Geospatial Analysis to Rank Suitable Sites for Grombalia Aquifer Recharge with Reclaimed Water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Method -- 6.2.1 Description of the Study Area -- 6.2.2 Methodology -- 6.2.3 Calculation of Surface Needed for Aquifer Recharge -- 6.3 Results and Discussions -- 6.3.1 Spatial Datasets Used -- 6.3.2 Constraints Layer -- 6.3.3 Suitable Sites Ranking -- 6.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Part IIIRS and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 7 Using RS and GIS to Mapping Land Cover of the Cap Bon (Tunisia) -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Objectives of the Present Study -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Documents Used -- 7.5 The Cap Bon as an Application Field -- 7.5.1 Overview of the Study Area -- 7.5.2 Model Space for a Better Understanding -- 7.5.3 The Conceptual, Logical and Physical Data Model -- 7.6 Creation of the Geodatabase -- 7.6.1 The Structure of the Geodatabase. , 7.6.2 The Image Processing and Loading of Datasets -- 7.6.3 The Implementation of the Geodatabase -- 7.7 Multiscalar Mapping of Land Cover and Land Use -- 7.7.1 Level 1 Mapping of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Cap Bon -- 7.7.2 Mapping Level 2 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Plain of Grombalia -- 7.7.3 Mapping Level 3 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Local Delegation of Soliman -- 7.8 Conclusion -- 7.9 Recommendations -- References -- 8 A GIS Based DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Methods to Assess Groundwater Vulnerability to Pollution: Case Study of Oued Laya (Central Tunisia) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Assessment of Vulnerability of Shallow Aquifer to Pollution and Methodology -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Methodology -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Thematic Maps Presentation -- 8.4 Standard DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.5 Pesticide DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.6 SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.7 Standard DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.8 Conclusion -- 8.9 Recommendations -- References -- Part IVRS and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 9 Mapping Environmental Risk Degradation Under Climate Stress and Anthropogenic Pressure: Case Study of Abdeladim Watershed, Tunisia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodological Framework -- 9.2.1 GIS: The Study's Relevance to Agricultural Productivity -- 9.2.2 The Steps of the Work -- 9.3 Conceptual and Methodological Framework -- 9.3.1 Sensitivity and Potential Sensitivity to Degradation: The Study's Interest in Preserving Agricultural Productivity -- 9.4 Abdeladim Watershed: A Fragile Natural Balanced Environment Undergoing Significant Anthropic Pressure -- 9.5 Trends in the Evolution of the River System/Hydrographic Network -- 9.5.1 Linear Erosion -- 9.5.2 Regressive Erosion -- 9.5.3 Lateral Erosion. , 9.6 Potential Sensitivity to Degradation -- 9.6.1 Potential Sensitivity to Agricultural Land Degradation to Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.6.2 Sensitivity of Sloping Agricultural Land to Degradation by Soil Loss -- 9.6.3 Sensitivity to Watercourse Erosion Degradation -- 9.7 Measures to Combat the  Degradation of Agricultural Lands -- 9.7.1 The Extension of Information -- 9.7.2 Control of Potential Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.7.3 Control of Potential Degradation by Loss of Soil -- 9.7.4 Control of Potential Degradation by Stormwater -- 9.8 Discussions -- 9.9 Conclusion -- 9.10 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Risk Assessment in Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Case Study: Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 Conceptual Risk Framework -- 10.3.2 Workflow -- 10.3.3 Data Acquisition and Development of a Geodatabase -- 10.3.4 Land Use/Land Cover Analysis Based on the Urban Atlas Standard -- 10.3.5 Hazard Analysis -- 10.3.6 Exposure Analysis -- 10.3.7 Vulnerability and Integrated Risk Assessment -- 10.4 Results -- 10.4.1 Flash Floods and Coastal Erosion in Monastir -- 10.4.2 Exposure to Flash Floods -- 10.4.3 Social Vulnerability and Flash Flood Risk -- 10.4.4 Web-Based Information System -- 10.5 Discussion and Lessons Learned -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part VSoil Degradation and Drought -- 11 Monitoring of Land Use-Land Cover Changes and Assessment of Soil Degradation Using Landsat TM and OLI Data in Zarzis Arid Region -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Land Degradation Constraints -- 11.2.3 Landsat Image Processing -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 ISOCLUST Classification -- 11.3.2 Land Use and Land Cover Maps of 2007 -- 11.3.3 Land Use and Land Cover of 2014 -- 11.3.4 Change Analysis Using the Land Change Modeler Tool. , 11.4 Conclusions -- 11.5 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Drought Assessment in Tunisia by Time-Series Satellite Images: An Ecohydrologic Approach -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Principles of the Ecohydrology -- 12.3 Remote Sensing Integration in Ecohydrological Approaches -- 12.3.1 Overview of Remote Sensing Principles -- 12.3.2 Concepts of Remote Sensing Uses in Ecohydrology -- 12.4 Humidity Canopy Assessment at the Ecoregion Level -- 12.5 Ecohydrology Equilibrium Assessment by Remote Sensing -- 12.5.1 Water Balance Modelling with Times-Series LAI-MODIS -- 12.5.2 Water Stress Index Effect on Ecohydrologic Equilibrium -- 12.6 Data Quality of MODIS -- 12.6.1 Calibration of LAI-MODIS -- 12.6.2 Quality Assessment of MODIS Time-Series Images -- 12.7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Part VIRS and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- 13 Monitoring of Dryland Vulnerability by Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Processing: Case of Wadi Bouhamed Watershed (Southern Tunisia) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Global Overview of Dryland Degradation -- 13.2.1 Erosion -- 13.2.2 Desertification -- 13.2.3 Factors Affecting Land Degradation -- 13.3 Modeling and Mapping Land Degradation -- 13.3.1 Image Transformations -- 13.3.2 Image Classifications -- 13.4 Study Area: The Wadi Bouhamed Watershed -- 13.4.1 Climate Context of the Studied Area -- 13.4.2 Vegetation Cover -- 13.4.3 Slope -- 13.4.4 Human Issues -- 13.4.5 Soil Conservation Management -- 13.5 Land Degradation Over the Watershed of Wadi Bouhamed -- 13.5.1 Methods and Multi-sources Data -- 13.5.2 Land Uses Changes in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Image Classification -- 13.5.3 Vegetation Cover in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by NDVI -- 13.5.4 Soils Distribution in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Brightness Index -- 13.6 Conclusions -- 13.7 Recommendations. , References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- Introduction to "Management and Development of Agricultural and Natural Resources in Egypt's Deserts" -- Egypt's Deserts -- The Main Geomorphic Features of the Agro-ecological Zones in the Egyptian Deserts -- Northern Coastal Belt -- Western Desert -- The Inland Sinai and the Eastern Desert -- The Climate in the Egyptian Deserts -- Northern Coastal Belt -- The Western Desert -- The Inland Sinai and the Eastern Desert -- Water Resources in the Egyptian Deserts -- Northern Coastal Belt -- The Western Desert -- The Inland Sinai and the Eastern Desert -- Soil Resources in the Egyptian Deserts -- Northern Coastal Belt -- The Western Desert -- The Inland Sinai and the Eastern Desert -- Biodiversity in Egypt -- Livestock -- Potential Uses of Agricultural and Natural Resources -- References -- Soil Resources and Their Management -- An Overview of Lakes and Depressions' Environments in the Egyptian Deserts -- Introduction -- How Deserts of Egypt Form and Evolve in Space and Time -- Western Desert -- Eastern Desert -- Sinai Peninsula -- Lakes and Depressions of the Western Desert -- Qattara Depression -- Wadi El-Natrun Lakes -- Siwa Oases: Salt Lakes and Soils -- Qarun (Moeris) Lake -- Wadi El-Rayyan Lakes -- Sustainable Land Resources of El-Faiyum -- Lakes of the Inland of Sinai and the Eastern Desert -- Lake Timsah -- Bitter Lakes -- El-Temsah and Bitter Lakes Pollution -- Soils of East Bitter Lakes -- Hardpan Hazard in East Bitter Lakes Soil -- Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Types and Distribution of Calcareous Soil in Egypt -- Introduction -- Definition of Calcareous Soil -- Types and Distribution of Calcareous Soils in Egypt -- Particle Size Distribution of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) -- Physical and Chemical Properties of Egyptian Calcareous Soils -- Soil Texture -- Calcium Carbonate Content. , Soil pH -- Organic Matter Content -- Soil Salinity -- Cation Exchange Capacity -- Soil Moisture Characteristics -- Soil Crusting -- Mineral Composition of Calcareous Soils -- Soil Fertility Status -- Soil Management Practices -- Tillage Operation -- Application of Organic and Mineral Fertilizers -- Irrigation Management -- Integrated Management Practices -- Soil Management and Irrigation with Low-Quality Water -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- Appendix -- References -- Re-inviting Mining for Egypt-A Framework for Small and Artisanal Mining -- Introduction -- Review of Artisanal and Small Scale Mining -- The Bolivian Model for Cooperatives of Miners -- The Moroccan Model for Cooperatives of Artisanal Miners -- Indian Experience -- US Aid Support for Small-Scale Mining -- Chinese Approach to Small Scale Mining -- South African Approach to Small-Scale Mining -- Artisanal Mining in Sudan -- Egypt's Needs for Small Scale Mining -- Small Scale Mining of Iron and Chrome Ores -- Potential Small Scale Mining of Zinc, Lead and Copper Ores -- Prospects for Small Scale Gold Mining -- Mineral Sands -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Microbial Biota in Some Localities in the Egyptian Desert Soils -- Introduction -- Background -- Assessment of Microbioata in Some Localities in the Egyptian Desert -- Total Microbial Counts -- Nitrogen Fixing Microorganisms -- Phosphate Dissolving Microorganisms -- Fungi -- Yeasts -- CO2 Evolution -- Western Desert Microbial Assessment -- Siwa Oasis -- New Valley -- Marsa Matrouh -- Alexandria (Maruit) -- Sinai Pensiula -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Incidence and Impact of Some Heavy Metals Pollutants in Some of the Different Newly Developed Regions, Egypt -- Introduction -- Background Pollution of Heavy Metals -- Sources of Heavy Metal Soil Pollutions. , Impact of Heavy Metal on -- Pollution in Egyptian Environment -- Heavy Metals in Soil and Plant -- Factors Affecting Heavy Metals Behavior in Soil -- Soil Remediation -- Traditional Treatment -- Soil Phytoremediation -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Development and Sustainability of Soil Resources in Egypt's Deserts -- Sustainable Soil Management to Mitigate Soil Erosion Hazards in Egypt -- Introduction -- General Knowledge on Soil Erosion -- Geologic Erosion -- Accelerated Erosion -- Soil Erosion in Egypt -- Distribution of Soil Erosion in Egypt -- Drivers of Soil Erosion in Egypt -- Water Erosion in Egypt -- Wind Erosion in Egypt -- Tillage Erosion in Egypt -- Measures of Soil Erosion Control in Egypt -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References -- Sustainable Development of Microbial Community in Some Localities in the Desert Soil of Egypt -- Introduction -- Nitrogen Fixers -- Phosphate Dissolving Microorganisms -- Microbial Phytohormone Production -- Biochemical Activities of Soil Microorganisms -- Biological Control -- Background -- Sustainable Development of Microbial Communities at Different Localities in Egyptian Desert Soils -- Siwa Oases -- New Valley -- Maruit (West Alexandria) -- Sinai Pensiula -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Bio-fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture Development Under Salinity Stress -- Introduction -- Background on Sustainable Agriculture in Egypt -- Salinization as Critical Abiotic Stress and Its Impact -- Soils Salinization in Egypt -- Effect of Soil Salinity on Plants, Soil and Microbial Community -- Different Biological Approaches for Alleviating Soil Salinity -- Use of Salt Tolerant Crops and Genotypes -- Use of Microbes in the Form of Bio-fertilizers -- Bio-fertilizers as Efficient tool for Alleviation of Soil Salinity. , What is the Meaning of Bio-fertilizers -- Types of Microorganisms Used as Bio-fertilizers -- Mechanisms Used by Microorganisms in Bio-fertilizers for Alleviating Salinity Stress -- Stimulation of the Plant Growth Under Salt Stress -- Inducing Plant Resistance Against Salinity Stresses -- Impact of Bio-fertilizers on Plant Productivity Under Salt Stress -- Yield and Its Component -- Plant Chemical Constituents -- Soil Fertility and Microbial Diversity -- Application of Biofertilization Technology in the Egyptian Lands, Where and How? -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Weeds in the Egypt's Deserts and Their Management -- Multi-task of Weed Plants in Desert Environment -- Introduction -- Weeds in Desert Regions -- Weeds as a Source for Bioactive Constituents -- Weeds as Source of Biopesticides -- Phytochemicals from Weeds Root Exudates -- Weeds as a Source of Medicines -- Edible Weeds for Human Foods -- Palatable Weeds for Animal Grazing -- Weeds as Soil Indicators -- Weed Grasses for Landscape Purpose -- The Role of Some Weeds in Phytoremediation -- Weeds for Nitrogen Fixation and Replenish Elements to Soil Health -- Weeds in Industries Aspects -- Weeds as Soil Erosion Defender and Combat Land Degradation -- Weeds for Supporting Biodiversity -- Role of Weeds via Pollination in Crop Productivity -- Weeds to Combat Land Degradation and Desertification -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Ecological Management of Weeds in Desert Regions -- Introduction -- Damage Caused by Weeds -- Weeds Problems Over the World -- Weeds Problems in Egypt, Especially in Newly Reclaimed Lands -- Understudying the Ecology of Weeds for Successful Control -- Factors Affected Weeds Spreading -- The Superiority of Weeds than Crop Plants -- Characteristics Related to Weed Seeds Production -- Weed Classification. , The Natural Classification of Weeds -- Classification According to Water Requirements -- Classification According to Place of Spreading -- Weeds in Different Egyptian Desert Region -- Siwa Oasis -- Weeds Species in the North Coast of Egypt -- Weed Plants in Eastern North Coast of Egypt (North Sinai) -- Weed Species in South Sinai Egypt (Ras Sudr and El-Tur) -- Distribution of Weeds in New Valley Governorate (El-Frafra to El-Khraga Oasis) -- Distribution of Weeds in Tushka -- Practices for Managing Weeds -- Ecological Weeds Management -- Components of Ecological Weed Managements -- Weed Prevention -- Seed Banks -- Conservation Tillage -- Mulches -- Crop Rotation -- Cover Cropping -- Mowing -- Soil Solarization -- Reduced Nitrogen -- Biological Control -- Ecological Weed Management -- Ecological Weed Management in New Cultivated Lands -- Considerations -- Programs -- Considerations for Successfully Weeds Control -- Under Irrigated -- Under Rainfed -- Weed Managements for Conservation of Natural Range Lands Resources -- Rational Use of Chemical Control in Cultivated Desert Lands -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Insects in the Egypt's Deserts and Their Management -- Entomofaunal Communities in Desert Ecosystems -- Introduction -- Equilibrium Status of Desert Ecosystem -- Ecosystem Components -- Natural Criteria for Biotic Population Density Adjustment -- Natural Fundamentals Govern Desert Ecosystems -- Role of Entomofaunal Communities in Desert Ecosystems -- Role of Insect Species in the Food Chain -- Interactions of Entomofaunal Communities Under the Desert Ecosystems -- Entomofaunal Communities Under the Egyptian Desert Ecosystem Conditions (Northwestern Coast, Study Case) -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Recommendations -- References -- Sustainable Management of Insect Communities in the Cultivated Desert Regions -- Introduction. , Cultivation in Desert.